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IMAPE Research Paper No. 08

Resources Analysis, Province of Palawan

Provincial Planning and Development Office Province of Palawan

October 2001

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.

IMAPE Project. Policy and Development Foundation, Inc.

Unit 7B Vernida I Condominium, 120 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City, Metro Manila Philippines

Telephone: (632) 813-6178/79 Fax: (632) 813-6179

Email: [email protected]

IMAPE Project Philippines

Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies on the Environment Project

Project concept Resources Analysis

Province of Palawan 1


- Project Concept -

Final Documentation, Oct. 2001

Prepared by:

Provincial Planning & Development Offie (PPDO) Geographic Information System (GIS) Unit

Provincial Capitol Puerto Princesa City

Palawan




List of Contents Introduction 3 Objectives and Principles of the Resources Analysis 5 Data Sources 7 Implementation and Project Activities 17 Project Partners and Cooperation 18 Limitations of the study 19 List of Tables Table 1: Environmentally Critical Area Network (ECAN) 9 Table 2: Existing land uses by type and definition 13

List of Maps Map 1: Environmentally critical Area Network (ECAN) 10 Map 3: Palawan Land Management Units 12 Map 3: Palawan Existing Land Uses (1988, based on LMU) 14 Map 4: Existing Infrastructre 16




- Project Concept -

Introduction

The Province of Palawan is reportedly rich in land and marine

resources. About 25% of the total land area or roughly 375,000 has

are potentially suitable for agricultural and livestock production,

ranging from irrigated rice land to upland farming and agroforestry1.

The remaining or potential forest areas (together about 1,100,000 has)

are a valuable source for minor forest products and, where it is

permitted by the Environmentally Critical Area Network (ECAN),

controlled logging and forestation2. The estimated provincial water

bodies of around 49,408 sq. km provide a wealth of marine resources3.

Fishing and exploitation of marine products has become of increasing

importance for household livelihood. The value of fish production

doubled between 1993 and 19984. In the year 2000, around 21.38% of

all employed persons (a total number of around 42,131) reported

fishing as their major livelihood activity. With an average family size of

4.98 persons, this amounts to 210,655 out of the total 755,412 people

depending on fishing as main source of income5.

However, socio-economic data on the development situation of

households and communities in Palawan indicates that resource

availability and utilization so far did not translate into a significantly

increasing economic welfare of the population6. In the year 2000, only

about 30,73% of the 150,983 households in Palawan had an income

higher than the poverty line defined by the National Economic

Development Authority (NEDA). This means that a total number of

104,586 households in the Province did not have sufficient financial

1 Based on the Protected Areas for Agriculture (NPAA/NAAD) map, BSWD, 1988 2 The ECAN permits the latter activities in the controlled buffer zone and the traditional use zone 3 figure taken from the Provincial Development Plan 2001 - 2005 4 Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), figure taken from the Provincial Development Plan 2001 - 2005, Value in 1993 = 1,636,054, Value in 1998 = 3,058,878 (in 1,000 pesos) 5 Demographic data based on NSO Census 2000

Palawan: a province rich

in land and marine

resources

Poverty incidence

and economic

performance



resources to satisfy all their basic needs. The high poverty incidence

can be explained by looking at employment figures. With 80.43% of all

persons aged 15 - 64 in gainful work, the employment rate in the year

2000 was below the national average of 86.10%. But even more

significant is the fact that 64.19% of the employed persons reported to

be underemployed, which means that their work did not give them

sufficient income to support their families.

About 62.60% of the labor force population is employed in the primary

sectors agriculture, fishery and forestry while it is only 8.85% in the

industry sector and 28.03% in the trade sector. It is noted that those

Municipalities with the highest proportion of employment in the primary

sector are also among those with the highest poverty incidence.

Examples are Linapacan, Cagayancillo and Rizal. On the opposite, the

Municipalities with higher proportion of employed persons in industry

and trade sectors (like Aborlan, Magsaysay and Cuyo) do better in

terms of household income (refer to annex 1 for comparison by

municipality).

The summary above points out that the utilization of resource is

characterized by low productivity with only marginal benefits to farmers

and fishermen. This situation is commonly associated with a lack of

infrastructure, poor market linkages, low technology and skills levels

and absence of investment capital.

The Provincial Government of Palawan has given attention to this

problem. On the assumption that employment in the primary sector will

continue to be the main source of livelihood, the Governor has

prioritized poverty alleviation through increased productivity and the

promotion of income generating industries as the major converns of

the current administration7. The creation of Special Development

areas (SDA) is expected to bring employment opportunities in

6 information below is taken from the draft Human Development Report for Palawan, PPDO 2001 7 ‘State-of-the-Province Address’ delivered by Hon. Joel T. Reyes on July 1, 2001

Increase in productivity and income generation

Employment distribution

by sectors and Municipalities

Low productivity in

the primary sectors



resource-based industries8. Part of this effort will be the identification

of growth clusters for five major development sectors (Fisheries,

Livestock, Crops, Agroforestry and Tourism) and the designation and

promotion of resource based industrial developments. This strategy

gives attention to enhance production and at the same time to develop

the viable schemes for the processing of resources.

Objectives and Principles of the Resources Analysis

The project on resources analysis is designed to assist in the

generation of data for potential locations, areas and production levels

for those resources, that will justify investments for the establishment

of resource based industries. The study is also conceptualized to

assist in the decision making for the selection of growth clusters.

It is intended to provide documentation on the promotion and

marketing of resource-based industrial development.

The analysis is also an instrument to control and direct land uses and

to plan management intervention. If conducted on a regular basis, it

can be vital source to monitor land use changes.

In summary, the study consists of three main steps:

• Delineation of potential suitable locations for the development of

different resources (land and marine uses)

• Identification of development opportunity areas, where different

resource / land uses can be developed and intensified in a

sustainable manner

• Comparison of different locations for development in terms of the

existing frame conditions based on a set criteria pertaining to

socio-economic parameters, infrastructure and utilities, farm

technologies and others

8 The following information is taken from the Terms of Reference on the Preliminary Study on Growth Area Master Planning, PPDO, undated

Identification of locations for

resource-based development

Framework for environmental

monitoring

Analytical steps

Marketing of resources



The suitability analysis is done by cartographic overlay of potential and

existing land uses, aided by Geographic Information (GIS) technology.

The land resources or land uses that will be examined are rice,

cultivated annual crops, trees and vines, pasture and grazing,

agroforestry/ forest plantation and extraction of minor forest products.

Information will be provided on following aspects:

• The suitable geographic location for resource developed

• The size of the land area

• The potential volume and value, based on current production

levels

The following criteria have been selected for suitability analysis9

1. Slope

2. Ersoion hazard

3. Hydrological properties

4. Soil: Alluvium

5. Elevation

6. Presence of protected, endangered ecosystems and species

The analysis of the different land uses further compares the potential

land suitability with the existing land uses. The guiding principle in this

analytical step is that of sustainability. Any particular resource or land

use is only recommended in those locations, where its requirements

will satisfy the geo-physical characteristics of the land, without causing

deterioration. The analysis will provide information on:

• The area and location, where a current land use is in conflict with

the suitability criteria and where land is being overused

(unsustainable). This information is useful in preparation of

management interventions (such as measures to prevent soil

erosion)

9 Based on a joint assessment with GIS section of PCSDS/PTFPP on July 16, 2001

Step 1: Suitability

analysis

Step 2: Sustainability

analysis



• The area and location, where the intensity of current land use is

below the suitability level. This land is a potential development

opportunity

• The area and location where the current land use are meeting

the suitability criteria (sustainable use of land)

The identified sustainable areas for the different land uses / resources

are clustered and then linked to additional information such as the

presence of infrastructure (road density, power and water availability),

socio-economic indicators (employment patterns, educational levels

etc), the presence of technology ( post harvest facilities, farm and

fishing technologies, agricultural extension) and accessibility of

markets. This will allow a comparison of different clusters in terms of

the frame conditions for their development and the required

intervention levels, such as the provision of addition infrastructure,

skills development etc.)

Data Sources

The study uses a set of spatial data, each of them imposing conditions

or restriction on the potential and existing land use. They are:

• Environmentally Critical Area Network, PCSDS

• Land Management Units, BSWD/LREP, 1988

• Existing Land Use (Municipal and Provincial Governments)

• Climatic maps

• Biodiversity data

• Infrastructure and utilities

• Socio-economic parameters

Step 3: Comparison of identified

locations



Example: Identification of areas for irrigated rice cultivation

Step 1: Suitability analysis Data sources: • LMU, ECAN, Biodiversity data Criteria: 1. Slope: Nearly level to gently sloping, 0-3%, up to 8% if terraced 2. Ersoion hazard: no to slight erosion 3. Hydrological properties: poorly to moderately drained 4. Soil: Alluvium, collu-alluvium (clay, loam) 5. Elevation: below 100 m 6. Absence of protected, endangered ecosystems and species

Output: • Map showing the locations which are suitable for the cultivation of irrigated rice Step 2: Sustainability analysis Data sources: • Suitability map by resource (land use), Existing land use map Criteria: • If current use is irrigated rice and suitable use is of lower intensity (i.e. forest), then the

area is overused (unsustainable use) • If current use is rice and suitable use is rice, then the use is sustainable • If current use is of lower intensity then rice and suitable use is rice, then the area is a

development opportunity area for irrigated rice Output: • Sustainability map for the land use type írrigated rice` • Cluster of development opportunity areas for land use type írrigated rice` Step 3: Examination of existing facilities / socio-economic conditions by location Data sources: • Sustainability map for the land use type írrigated rice` • Infrastructure map • Facilities map (post harvest, market places, extension services) • Socio-economic parameters by barangay breakdown Criteria (examples): • Road density per area of development opportunity land • Capacity of post harvest facilities • Distance (travel time) to markets • Farm technology levels used • Access to sources of energy (% rates) Output: • Comparative analysis of different locations by the selected indicators



The ECAN establishes a graded system of protection and

development control over the whole province, to ensure forest

protection and conservation, watershed protection, preservation of

biological diversity, maintenance of maximum sustainable yield and

others10.

Table 1: Environmentally Critical Area Network (ECAN)

ECAN Zone Definition Criteria Suitable land uses Core Zone Fully and strictly protected and above 1,000m; Forest,

maintained free of human virging forest or first growth; gathering of forest intervention steep gradient, > 50% slope; species for medicinal peaks of mountains with purposes elevation > 500m;

Buffer Zone, Generally surrounds the core elevation > 500m < 1,000 m; Forest, restricted use area zopne and provides a slope 36 - 50%; limited and non

protective barrier critical watershed; consumptive elevation < 500m >300m to activities protect the remaining

forested

peaks of watersheds; adjacent to critical ecosystems

elevation <500m, 10km belt

surrounding core zone; Buffer Zone, Encircles and provides the elevation 100 - 500m; Forest, controlled use outer buffer to the core slope 18 - 35%; controlled forest

and restricted zones extraction (minor forest products, strictly controlled logging and mining

Traditional use Edges of intact forest where slope > 18% but elevation upland farming thraditional land use is below 100m; systems, social already stabilized or being open brushland or grassland, forestry stabilized still classified Timberland; industrial tree Timberland/Public Land

<100m; plantation

Multiple/manipulativ The area where the landscape areas classified as A&D; no restrictions Use zone has been modified for areas with slope < 18%; different forms od land uses Mangrove Forest (1) Mangrove forest Buffer strips along 20m along rivers Forest, vegetative rivers and cover escarpments (1)

10 Republic Act 7611, Adopting the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan, 1992

Environmentally Critical Area Network

(ECAN)



Map 1: Environmental Critical Area Network

(Source: Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff, PCSDS)



The LMU were established by the Bureau of Soils and Water

Management (BSWM) in 1988 to define land suitability. Land suitability

is a classification of land into categories based on the degree to which

the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental

requirements of specific crops, without deterioration. A particular area

of land may have a high suitability for irrigated rice but low suitability

for growing fruit trees because of the poor soil drainage11:

11 AUSAID/NEDA, PPFP Training Program, 1996, p. 76

Land Management Units (LMU)



Map 2: Palawan Land Management Units



Existing land use data contains information on the way an area of land

is actually being put to use, e.g. to grow rice or to build houses on. The

different types or classes of lan d use reflect the impact of people upon

the land, ranging from intensive uses with high impact (built-up areas)

to extensive uses with low impact (protected forest).

Table 4: Existing land uses by type and definition

Land use type Definition Built-up area Concentration of buildings and infrastructure

used for urban activities Urban Center residential dwellings and commercial establishments Large institution hospitals, schools, churches. Which occupy considerable

portions of land (around 1 ha and above) Tourism area locations, where tourists come for leasure, recreation

and boarding / lodging Irrigated rice lands rice growing area served by irrigation facilities or

dependent on occurrence of rain Cultivated annual crops crops that need annual cultivation:

corn, peanut, upland rice, vegetables (mungbean, tomato, squash), rootcrops (sweet potato, cassava)

Perennial Trees and cashew, jackfruit, clove, abaca, coconut, mango, banana vine crops Pasture grazing animals, commercial cattle raising Forest plantation, Integrated Social Forestry, Reforestation, Industrial tree Tree farming, plantation, catchment Community-based forest Hillside farming, management, upland farming Production forest Minor forest product Gathering of forest products like rattan, almasiga, extraction in protection bamboo, etc Forest Protected Forest, Forest no extraction Mangroves Mangrove forest Fishponds, saltbeds Mining, quarrying extraction of minerals, sand and gravel Other uses, not classified above

Existing Land Use



Map 3: Palawan Existing Land Uses (1988, based on LMU)



A series of spatial data is used with information on the road network in

potential areas for resource development initiatives as well as the

location and type of available facilities (post harvest, extension

services) and utilities (power, water). The sources are maps, which are

available at the Provincial Government Offices, particularly the PPDO.

Socio-economic information for Palawan is made available through the

Community-based Monitoring System (CBMS), a household survey

conducted in the year 2000. A set of indicators is used to document

the human development situation and conditions in the area. These

indicators pertain to educational levels and attainment, employment by

sector, health conditions, peace and order, economic activities et.

Infrastructure and utilities

Socio-economic parameters



Map 4: Existing Infrastructure facilities



Implementation and Project Activities

It is proposed to pilot the land resources analysis in two locations. One

is Brooke's Point (with Espanola), the other is Taytay (with El Nido).

The selection is based on the criteria that Taytay and Brooke’ Point

have been identified as alternative growth centers to Puerto Princesa

City 12.

The first activity to implement the resource analysis will be the

generation of digital data needed for the suitability analysis. While the

Land Management Units are being digitized by the GIS Unit of PPDO,

the ECAN and biodiversity needs to be obtained from the PCSDS and

other sources.

Once, all data sets are available, the suitability classes per resource

(land use) need to be identified (using the criteria mentioned above)

and suitability profiles for each resource generated.

Crucial to the sustainability analysis is the availability of recent and

valid information on existing land uses. While digital data is available

for parts of El Nido and Taytay (through the NIPAP) and Espanola,

where the Municipal Government was assisted by the Palawan

Tropical Forestry Protection Programme (PTFPP) in generating land

use maps, the Brooke’s Point data is both not yet digitized and does

not have the required accuracy/validity. For areas in EL Nido and

Taytay that are not covered by the NIPAP survey, the existing land use

map needs to be procured from the Municipal Governments, validated

and converted into digital format.

Once the data is available, sustainability profiles for each resource

can be performed by overlaying land suitability and existing land use

for each respective resource. Based on this analysis, priority

opportunity areas for resource development can be identified.

Pilot sites: Brooke’s Point

and Taytay

Activities for step 1 of project

implementation


implementation



For the comparison of identified development opportunity areas, most

of the required data is available at the PPDO. In terms of economic

data (like production cost, markets, farm-gate prices), some field

validation will be necessary. The first activity is to cluster the

development opportunity areas (output of step 2). In a second activity,

the set of criteria to be used in the analysis needs to be finalized and

applied to find preferred development clusters. Finally, the results of

the analysis will have to documented and presented for decision

making.

Project Partners and Cooperation

It is proposed to undertake the project as a collaborative effort of the

Provincial Planning and Development Office, concerned provincial

departments, the municipal government agencies and PTFPP/PCSDS.

The analysis and documentation itself can be performed by staff from

the GIS Unit of the Provincial Planning and Development Office. As

the output is expected to assist the Plans and Programs Division of the

Office in preparing feasibility studies on the Special Development

Areas, each step needs to be closely coordinated with staff from the

Division. A number of provincial offices, in particular agriculture,

environment and economic enterprise development, should also be

involved. Their expertise is needed in validation and refinement of

criteria for suitability analysis. As main users of the results, they should

also contribute to project implementation

It is further advised to involve the municipal governments to an extent

that goes beyond the role of providing land use data in map format.

The project can deliver results that may be of great value to the

municipal planners. For this purpose, the project should be presented

and discussed to representatives of the Local Government Units.

12 Provincial Physical Framework Plan 200 - 2010, Province of Palawan


implementation

Plans and Programs

Division (PPDO)

Municipal Governments

Provincial Line agencies:

Agriculture, Environment,

Economic Enterprise

development



The Provincial Government of Palawan has established a cooperation

for data exchange on land use with the Palawan Council for

Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS) and the Palawan Tropical

Forestry Protection Program (PTFPP). The cooperation is specified in

a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) among the parties, that includes

the resources analysis. Therefore, the PCSDS and PTFPP should be

consulted.

Limitations of the study

The main limitation of the analysis is its dependency on the quality of

existing land use data. Field validation is too costly and in the absence

of other sources (like recent satellite images), the existing land use

maps from the Municipalities have to be used, which are not all of

satisfactory quality.

The selected resources / land uses comprise of general categories

only. It is noted that more detailed information is also required for

particular crops (for example Cashew under the tree crop land use

type). It is suggested that the results from the analysis will be

examined and detailed further as the need arises. This will require

additional agricultural knowledge and interpretation of the conditions

for specific crops.

In terms of the development areas to be studied, there are limitations

on the fisheries sector. While information is available for the general

location of fishing grounds, more detailed data (area, extent, resources

etc.) is not existing. Given this situation, the assessment of possible

development clusters will be rather general. The question of

sustainability levels cannot be addressed. This would need further

scientific research. The tourism sector is not part of the analysis,

simply because an extensive research has been conducted by the

Government of the Philippines in cooperation with JICA.

Quality of land use data

Fisheries and Tourism sectors

Degree of detail for resources /

land uses

PCSDS and PTFPP



Analysis also excludes mineral resources. Like for the aquatic

resources, this would need a separate study.

PPDO GIS Unit

October 15, 2001



Annex 1: Employment data for Palawan ( based on CBMS

survey year 2000)

Location Employment Income above Underemployed Employment by Sector (%) rate (%) poverty line (%) persons (%) Agric./Fish./For. Industry Services Philippines 86,10 68,20 25,10 37,30 16,10 46,60 Palawan 80,43 30,73 64,19 62,60 8,85 28,03 Aborlan 75,68 38,44 81,85 56,38 8,40 35,22 Agutaya 69,43 19,97 48,93 80,28 5,23 14,49 Araceli 90,38 24,16 96,36 74,66 10,46 14,88 Balabac 88,79 82,78 57,15 76,83 4,85 18,31 Bataraza 82,71 23,15 65,44 70,01 9,41 20,50 Brooke's Point 82,07 69,85 76,70 71,70 3,98 24,32 Busuanga 85,61 20,49 82,52 56,20 10,48 18,42 Cagayancillo 81,64 11,75 29,70 68,79 3,67 26,93 Coron 74,89 13,93 52,08 56,96 11,02 32,02 Culion no data no data no data no data no data no data Cuyo 73,34 29,65 70,89 42,73 14,42 42,86 Dumaran 85,96 15,19 99,34 72,59 8,51 18,86 El Nido 84,60 28,66 65,35 78,08 9,99 13,44 Española 52,84 27,09 74,10 58,49 11,36 30,15 Kalayaan no data no data no data no data no data no data Linapacan 62,85 9,76 94,85 83,33 1,71 14,94 Magsaysay 79,87 36,02 50,87 48,61 11,40 39,99 Narra 82,75 21,67 57,59 42,31 12,64 45,04 Quezon 93,81 19,52 61,88 61,82 5,85 32,32 Rizal 95,30 0,31 73,98 80,57 7,43 12,00 Roxas 77,78 25,19 72,92 52,10 11,82 36,08 San Vicente 78,67 30,52 50,04 63,32 6,09 30,78 Taytay 80,97 20,40 64,39 72,52 8,08 19,39 PPCity no data no data no data no data no data no data



Annex 2: Land Management Units (BSWD, LREP 1988)

LMU CLASS

LMU DESCRIPTION

PHYSIOGRAPHY

SOILS

SOIL CHEMISTRY

HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTY

PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

1 Fishpond level, 0-1 percent slope, elevation 0-1 m.

moderately deep to very deep, fluvio marine deposit,dark gray dark brown, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, yellowish brown, nudulain by partly decomposed or decomposed plant residues

soil ph 3.4 extremely acid, high OM content medium phosphorus; trace potassium; high base saturation percentages and CEC; high Ca and Mg, low fertility

Under water, very poorly drained

Fishpond Tidal flooding, salinity

2 Mangrove/ nipa level to nearly level, 0-3 percent slope elevation 0-2 meter above sea level

moderately deep to very deep, fluvio marine deposit,dark gray dark brown, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, yellowish brown, nudulain by partly decomposed or decomposed plant residues


Under water, very poorly drained

Mangrove/ Nipa Tidal flooding, salinity

3 Beach ridges/swales

level to nearly level, 0-3 percent slope elevation 0-2 meter above sea level.

poorly develop profile moderately deep to deep coarse texture with AC horizon, gray dark brown grayish brown, dark grayish brown


Well drained Built up area, coconut

Tidal flooding

6 River level level to nearly level 0-3 percent slope elevation 3-6 meter above sea level

deep, alluvial deposit, dark brown, brown to dark brown, light brownish gray, yellowish brown, silt loam to silty clay loam

soil ph 4.0 to 4.6 low Dm content and available phosporous, medium to low exchangeable potassium; high calcium and manganese; low inherent fertility.

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, moderately slow, permeability water holding capacity is medium.

Coconut, corn, vegetable, peanut and bamboo

Seasonal flush flood

7 River terrace level to nearly level, 0-3 percent slope elevation 5-8 m. above sea level

deep alluvial deposit dark brown, brown, light brownish gray, yellowish brown and strong brown silty clay loam silty clay loam to clay loam.

soil ph is high, OM, nitrogen and available phosporous is exchangeable potassium is medium to low, base saturation percentages and cation exchange capacity is high, electrical conductivity is favorable; inherent fertility is high to moderate

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, hydraulic conductivity is moderate and water holding capacity is medium

Paddy rice rainfed, coconut, corn, vegetable and kaingin

Slight seasonal flooding flush flood



LMU

CLASS LMU DESCRIPTION

PHYSIOGRAPHY SOILS SOIL CHEMISTRY HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTY

PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

9 Broad alluvial plain

level to nearly level, 0-3 percent slope elevation 5-10 m. above sea level

Deep alluvial consist of fluvialtile materials sand, silt clay and sometimes gravel, dark gray, gray, light gray, greenish gray, dark grayish brown grayish brown, sandy clay loam, loam to clay

soil ph 3.9 to 6.7 OM & nitrogen content medium to low available phosporous and exchangeable potassium is to calcium and magnesium is high base saturation percentage medium to high; cation exchangeable capacity medium and general fertility is low and possible toxicity of micro-nutrient.

Moderately well drained to poorly drained, water holding capacity medium; permeability is moderate.

Coconut, pri, prn, corn, kaingin, vegetble and cashew, grassland, pasture and build up

Seasonal flooding nutrient toxicity.

10 Inland swamp, tree type

Concave, 0-3 percent slope, elevation 4-8 m.above sea level

Deep depression or shallow lake; recent alluvium sand, silt and clay and decomposed plant residue; bluish gray, dark gray, light gray to gray and strong brown and yellowish brown.

soil ph 5.0 high to low OM content; phosporous high to medium, BSP low CEC high, to medium, K low Ca and Mg low fertility level is low.

Very poorly drained Hydrophetic trees

Severely flooded

11 Inland swamp, grassy type

Concave, 0-3 percent slope, elevation 4-8 m.above sea level

Deep depression or shallow lake; recent alluvium sand, silt and clay and decomposed plant residue; bluish gray, dark gray, light gray to gray and strong brown and yellowisj brown.

soil ph 5.0 high to low OM content; phosporous high to medium, BSP low CEC high, to medium, K low Ca and Mg low fertility level is low.

Very poorly drained Hydrophetic grasses

Severely flooded

16 Infilled valley Level to nearly level; elevation is from 0-100 m. above sea level

Collu-alluvium, dark gray to gray, light gray to gray, dark grayish brown and strong brown mottles; silty clay loam to clay.

soil ph 4.1 to 6.8; OM and nitrogen content is medium to low, available phosphorous is low, exchangeable potassium medium, Ca and Mg is high, BSP & CEC to medium salinity is favorable and inherent fertility

Moderately well drained to poorly drained, hydraulic conductivity, slow and water holding capacity is medium.

Pri, prn, vegetable, coconut, cashew kaingin, grass, shrubs and forest

Slighty flooded low fertility and possible toxicity of micronutrient



LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

17 Enclosed valley Level to gently sloping 0-3 percent. Elevation 80-100 m. above sea level

Deep collu-alluvium. Light gray to gray grayish brown with strong brown mottles, light clay to clay texture.

soil ph 4.2 to 4.7 OM and nitrogen medium to high available phosporous low to medium, high available phosporous low to medium, K is medium to high; Ca & Mg is high, BSP medium CEC is high salinity is favorable and moderate fertility.

Moderately well drained to poorly drained, hydraulic conductivity, slow and water holding capacity is medium.

Pri, prn, vegetable, coconut, cashew kaingin, grass, shrubs and forest

Slighty flooded low fertility and possible toxicity of micronutrient

18 Collu-alluvial plain

Level to gently sloping 0-8 percent slope, 90-100 m. elevationv

Moderately deep to deep collu-alluvial light gray to gray grayish brown with strong brown yellowish brown mottles comprise of sand, silt and clay with gravel

Soil ph 4.7 to 6.6 OM and nitrogen content is medium exchangeable K is medium to low, Ca & Mg is high, BSP and CEC is high salinity is favorable and moderate fertility.

Somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained water holding capacity is medium, permeability is moderate.

Pri, prn, upland rice, coconut, corn, cashew, grasses, shrubs, bamboo and forest

Toxicity and metalic element present of surface rock.

19 Narrow alluvial plain

Level to gently sloping 0-3 percent slope, 2 to 4 meters above sea level

Deep alluvium consist predominantly of sand silt and clay, gravel and coral, shells near the seashore, dark gray to gray, dark grayish brown and light gray to gray silty clay loam to clay.

Soil ph 4.6 to 5.9 OM nitrogen is medium to low available phosporous and exchangeable potassium is low Ca and Mg high, CEC & BSP medium, salinity in favorable low fertility.

Somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained; water holding capacity is low, permeability is slow.

Pri, prn, upland rice, coconut, cashew grasses, corn, kaingin, shrub and forest nipa and built areas.

Slight to moderate flooding possible toxicity of metallic element.

20 Broad alluvial valley

Level to gently sloping, 0-3 percent slope, 3-10 meters above sea level

Colu-alluvium compose of fine sediment with few gravel, stone and boulders deposited on valley floor by water, gray, dark gray to gray, light gray to gray, dark grayish brown to greenish gray, sandy clay loam to clay under low or fine and coarse material.

Soil ph 4.2 to 5.6 OM nitrogen content is medium to low available phosporous is low exchangeable potassium is medium to low Ca & Mg is high, CEC & BSP medium, salinity is favorable low fertility.

Somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained hydraulic conductivity to moderate and water holding is medium.

Pri, prn, upland rice, coconut, cashew, grasses, corn, vegetable, kaingin and built areas.

Slight to moderate seasonal flooding possible toxicity of metallic element.



LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

21 Alluvial terrace Nearly level to gently sloping 0-8 percent slope 50 to 10 m. above sea level

Collu alluvium compose of fine sediment sandy clay with occasional gravel, stone and boulders deposited through the current of water and gravity.

Soil ph 5.0 to 5.4 OM and nitrogen content, available is high exchangeable potassium is medium to low, Ca & Mg is high, BSP, CEC is medium , salinity is favorable, low fertility level.

Somewhat poorly drained to poorly drained, hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow and water holding capacity is medium.

Pri, prn, upland rice, coconut, cashew, grasses, corn, vegetable, kaingin and built areas.

None to slight erosion, present of stone and possible toxicity of metallic element.

22 Residual terrace Level to gently sloping 0-3 percent slope 5 to 10 m. elevation

Derived from sedimentary, volcanic, metamorphic and ultrabasic rock or from the weathering of unconsolidated complex rock, sandy clay loam to clay, dark brown with strong brown and yellowish brown mottlers undrlain by fine and coarse material.

Soil ph 5.0 to 5.4; OM and nitrogen content is medium, available phosporous is high exchangeable potassium is low Ca and Mg is high CEC is medium and BSP is high salinity is favorable, general fertility is low.

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, hydraulic conductivity is moderately slow and water holding capacity is medium.

Prn, corn, peanut, vegetable, cashew, coconut, fruit trees, grasses, shrubs, bamboo, forest and kaingin.

Slight erosion.

23 Residual terrace Gently sloping to undulating slope 3 to 8 percent, elevation is to 40m.

Derived from sedimentary, volcanic, metamorphic and ultrabasic rock or from the weathering of unconsolidated complex rock, sandy clay loam to clay, dark brown with strong brown and yellowish brown mottlers undrlain by fine and coarse material.

Soil 4.0 to 5.9, OM and nitrogen content is medium, available phodporous is low exchangeably potassium is medium, Ca & Mg is high, CEC to BSP percentage is medium; salinity is favorable natural fertility is low.

Moderately well drained to somewhat to poorly drained, water holding capacity is medium hydraulic conductivity is moderate low.

Prn, corn, peanut, vegetable, cashew, coconut, fruit trees, grasses, shrubs, bamboo, forest and kaingin.

None to slight erosion

24 Residual terrace Undulating rolling 8 to 18 percent slope; elevation 20 to 60 m.

Shallow to moderately deep sandy clay loam to clay derived from unconsolidated complex rock, grayish brown to dark grayish brown, brown to dark brown, strong brown, yellowish brown and yellowish red.

Soil ph 4.2 to 6.9, OM and nitrogen content is medium available phosporous is low exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, CEC and BSP are high salinity is favorable general fertility is moderate.

Well drained to moderately well drained, hydraulic conductivity moderate and slow water holding capacity is medium.

Cassava, cashew, kaingin, shrubs, grasses, and forest.

Slight to moderate erosion



LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

36 Limestone plain Nearly level to gently sloping, 0-8 percent slope elevation less than 500 m.

Shallow to moderately deep light clay to heavy clay derived from weather limestone, dark grayish brown to grayish brown, brown to dark brown, dark reddish.

Soil ph 5.4 to 6.1 OM and nitrogen content is medium to high, exchangeable potassium and available phosphorous is low, Ca & Mg high, CEC and BSP medium, salinity is favorable fertility level is low.

Somewhat poorly drained; water holding capacity is high, hydraulic conductivity is low.

Upland rice, corn, cashew, coconut, grass pasture, bamboo, forest and shrubs.

Low fertility

45 Undissected plateau

Nearly level to gently sloping 1-9, 100 to 200 m. elevation

Shallow to moderately deep derived from metamorphic rock (slate, quartzite) A horizon grayish brown sandy clay loam . B horizon, brown to dark brown and grayish brown, sandy clay loam underlain by fine and coarse material of a metamorphic rock.

Soils ph 4.7 to 5.0; OM and nitrogen content is medium, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium is medium to low Ca & Mg low; salinity is favorable general fertility is low

Moderately well drained to well drained, permeably is moderately slow, water holding capacity is low

Cashew, fruit trees, bamboo, shrubs, grasses and forest

Slight erosion low fertility

46 Dissected plateau

Nearly level to gently sloping 1-8 percent slope elevation 100 to 200 meters.

Shallow to moderately deep, derived from unconsolidated metamorphic rock meta volcanic and meta sedimentary rock, dark brown, dark grayish brown to dark brown sandy clay loam to clay loam. B horizon, brown to dark brown to yellowish brown.

Soil ph 4.5 to 4.8; OM and nitrogen content is moderate to low, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium low, Ca & Mg is low CEC I is low to medium, BSP is low, salinity is favorable, material fertility is low.

Well drained to moderately well drained; permeability is moderately slow, water holding capacity is low.


Slight erosion low fertility

52 Volcanic complex

Gently sloping to undulating volcanic complex plateau 8-18 percent slope. 100 to 200 m. elevation

Shallow to very shallow gravely clay loam derived from ultrabasic rock (diorite peroditite) meta volcanic, sedimentation rock and metamorphic dark grayish brown, brown to dark brown mottled by strong brown, yellowish brown.

Soil ph 4.5 to 4.8; OM and nitrogen content is moderate to low, available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium low, Ca & Mg is low CEC I is low to medium, potassium low, Ca & Mg is low CEC I is low to medium,

Well drained to moderately well drained; permeability is moderately slow, water holding capacity is low.


Slight erosion low fertility shallowness

64 Limestone hill, low relief

Gently sloping to undulating limestone hill 8 to 18 percent slope, elevation less than 500 m.

Moderately shallow, gray, grayish brown and dark grayish brown clay, underlain by consolidated limestone rock.

Soil ph 7.1 to 7.3, OM and nitrogen content is medium available, Ca & Mg is high CEC is high. Salinity is favorable, general fertility is moderate.

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, water holding capacity is high

Coconut, cashew, kaingin, pasture, grass, shrubs and forest

Moderate shallow slight erosion



LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

65 Limestone hill, high relief

Rolling to moderate by steep slope 30 to 50 percent elevation less than 500 meters.

Moderately shallow to shallow, gray to dark grayish brown clay B Horizon yellowish brown, light yellowish brown, light gray to gray, underlain by consolidated limestone rock. Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly designed.

Soil ph 4.9 to 7.3; OM and nitrogen content is medium to high, available content medium to high, available, phosphorous low, exchangeable potassium is high to low; Ca , Mg, & BSP high salinity is favorable, general fertlity is moderate to high.

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, water holding capacity is medium

Shrub, forest, kaingin, pasture upland rice and corn

Shallow soil rock outcrap in some areas, slight to moderate erosion

69 Shale/sandstone hills, low relief

Undulating to rolling 18 to 30 percent slope; elevation is less than 500 m.

Moderately shallow, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, clay, loam to clay. B horizon, light gray to gray, light brownish gray to light yellowish brown, silty clay loam to clay underlain by consolidated shale And sandstone materials.

Soil ph 5.8 to 6.1 OM, nitrogen content is medium to low available phosphorous to medium, exchangeable potassium is low, Ca, Mg, medium to high CEC, BSP is high, salinity is favorable, general fertility level is low.

Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, water holding capacity is medium and hydraulic conductivity is moderate.

Forest, shrub, pasture, kaingin, coconut, corn, and upland rice

Shallow, slight to moderate erosio,n fertility level is low

70 Shale/sandstone hill, high relief

Rolling to moderate by steep slope 30 to 50 percent elevation less than 500 meters.

Developed from shale/sandstone materials dark grayish brown, grayish brown, brown to dark brown, clay loam to clay

Soils ph is 4.5 to 5.0 OM; nitrogen content is medium to low available phosphorous to exchangeabl e potassium medium to high, Ca, Mg, BSP, CEC high salinity is favorable, low fertility.

Well drained, hydraulic conductivity rapid, water holding capacity is medium.

Forest, shrub, pasture, kaingin, coconut, corn, and upland rice

Shallow soil, moderate to severe erosion, low fertility

80 Unconsolidated complex sedimentary hill, low and high relief

Undulating to rolling 18 to 30 percent slope, elevation, 100 to 200 m.

Shallow soils, dark gray to gray, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, brown to dark brown, sandy clay loam to clay. B horizon brown to dark brown, dark yellowish brown and strong brown sandy clay loam to clay underlain by mixture of fine and coarse material of unconsolidated sedimentation rock.

Soil ph 4.5 to 5.0; OM nitrogen content is medium, exchangeable potassium is low, BSP is high, salinityis favorable material fertility level is low.

Well drained soil, water holding capacity is low

Forest, shrubs, grassland, pasture, cashew, coconut and upland rice.

Shallow soils low fertility slope and erosion is moderate.



LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

83 Basaltic hill low relief

Undulating to rolling 18 to 30 percent slope; elevation is less than 200 m.

Shallow soils, dark brown, sandy clay loam to clay, underlain by rock fragment, stone and boulders.

Soils ph 4.9 – 5.2, OM nitrogen content is medium available phosporous is medium potassium, Ca, Mg, is high, CEC high, BSP medium salinity is favorable, general fertility level is moderate.

Well drained soils, water holding capacity is medium



84 Basaltic hill high relief

Rolling to undulating steep slope, 30 –50 percent slope, elevation less than 200m.

Shallow soils, dark brown, sandy clay loam to clay, underlain by rock fragment, stone and boulders.

Soils ph 6.0 to 6.2, OM nitrogen content is medium, phosphorous is low, potassium, Ca, Mg is high, BSP, CEC is also high, fertility is moderate.




89 Ultrabasic hill low relief

Undulating to rolling 18 to 30 percent slope elevation less than 500 m.

Shallow soils, dark grayish brown, dark brown, grayish brown and dark reddish brown clay loam to clay underlain by rock fragment stone and boulder.

Soils ph 4.4 to 6.0, CEC is high.M nitrogen content is medium, phosphorous, potassium is low, Ca, Mg is high, BSP &




90 Ultrabasic hill high relief

Rolling to moderately steep slope, 30 to 50 percent slope, elevation less than 500 m.

Shallow soils, dark brown, brown to dark brown, dark yellowish brown reddish brown, strong clay, medium by rock fragment stone and boulder.

Soil ph 4.7 to 6.0 OM, nitrogen content is medium, phosphorous potassium is low, Ca, Mg, and CEC is high, BSP is medium. Salinity is favorable generalfertility level is low.




104 Metamorphic hill high relief

Undulating to steep slope 8 to 50 percent slope, elevation is less than 100 m.

Shallow soils, dark grayish dark brown very dark brown, brown to dark brown sandy clay loam to clay loam underlain by rock fragment.

Soil ph 4.1 to 4.9, OM nitrogen content is medium to low phosphorous medium to low, potassium, Ca, Mg, is medium CEC is low, BSP medium, fertility level is low.






LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

105 Metamorphic hill high relief

Steep to very steep slope 30 to 50 elevation less than 200 m.


Soil ph 4.1 to 4.9, OM nitrogen content is medium to low phosphorous medium to low, potassium, Ca, Mg

Well drained soils, water holding capacity is medium medium CEC is low, BSP medium, fertility level is low.



110 Metavolcanic hill low relief



Soil ph 4.9, OM nitrogen content is medium, phosphorous, low potassium, Ca, Mg, low CEC, low BSP is high, fertility is low.

Well drained, water holding capacity is low



111 Metavolcanic hill high relief



Soil ph 4.9 to 5.0; OM nitrogen content is medium, potassium. Ca high CEC low, BSP high.

Well drained, water holding capacity is low



118 Karstic limestone mountain rocky

Moderately steep to very steep slope 30 to 50 percent elevation less than 500

Metamorphic limestone, marbolize very shallow or their A horizon, underlain by marbolize limestone.

Soil ph 5.4 to 6.1 Shrubs and forest.

Very shallow soil steep ,moderate to severe erosion highly suitable for wildly sanctuary

131 Metamorphic mountain


Developed from schist state, chest, feldspar, near schist marble none Shrubs and forest


132 Ultrabasic mountain


Derived from peridotite and pyroxenite Soil ph 4.0 to 6.0 none Shrubs and forest




LMU



PRESENT LAND USE

LIMITATION

136 Low meta volcanic mountain

Moderately steep to very steep slope, elevation is from 500 to 1000 m.

Derived from meta andesite and low grade volcanic spilitic and basic flow

none none Shrubs and forest


169 Beach sand Level to nearly level, narrow strip along the shoreline consist mainly of sand, silt, gravel and stone.

Farm by the action of wave fluvio marine deposit, bluish gray dark brown, dark grayish brown.

Soil ph 3.5 extremely and OM high, phosphorous medium low fertility.

none Coconut, grasses, bakawan and nipa

Tidal flooding, salinity and low fertility, coarse texture.

170 Riverwash Level to nearly level, 0-3 percent slope

Consist of sand, gravel, stone and boulders

none none

172 Plateau scarpment

none

174 Lakes none

178 Quarry none

182 Saltbed none



Annex 3: Sustainability Anaysis, using the Municipality of Espanola as Sample

Map 1: Existing general land use

Map 2: Existing Land Use Irrigated Rice

Map 3: Land Management Units

Map 4: Suitability for Irrigated and Irrigable Rice

Map 5: Sustainability for Irrigated and Irrigable Rice

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