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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 2 (2019) pp. 373-383

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

373

Resistivity Method Applied to Aquifer Protection Study in Agbor- Obi and

Environs, Delta State, Nigeria

1Egbai, J.C, 1Oseji, J.O, 2Ogala, J.E and 1Emmanuel, E.D

1Department of Physics, 2Department of Geology Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

Abstract

Geoelectric investigation was carried out at Agbor-Obi and

environs to determine the aquifer protective capacity. Sixteen

vertical electrical soundings were carried out with maximum

current electrode separation of 700m. The data were interpreted

by partial curve matching and computer iteration using

computer software (Win Resist). The result shows five to six

distinct layers after analyses with the fourth layer being the

aquiferous layer. The aquifer protective capacity ratings for

Agbor-Obi and environs show poor ratings for 15 VES (< 0.1)

except VES 1 having weak protective aquifer rating of (0.1 –

0.19). The result of Dar-Zarrouk parameters shows a very good

evaluation about the aquifer protective capacity of Agbor-Obi

and environs. Some water samples were collected from some

VES locations and analyzed. The results show low

concentration of constituents in the water samples when

compared with World Health Organization (WHO) analyses of

2006. Though the area is not protected but for the low aquifer,

the water is good for domestic and industrial purposes.

Keywords: Protective capacity ratings, Dar-Zarrouk

parameters, Agbor-Obi, longitudinal conductivity,

transmissivity.

INTRODUCTION

Agbor-Obi is a Community in Agbor. Agbor is the

headquarters of Ika South Local Government Area of Delta

State. It lies within latitudes 6°10¹N to 6°20¹N and longitudes

6° 10¹E to 6° 20¹ E. Figure 1 shows a sketch map of the study

area and VES locations.

The topsoil in this area is reddish in colour and lateritic in

nature. It is of equatorial climate made of two seasons, the wet

and dry season. The wet season commences from April and

ends in September while the dry commences from October and

ends in March and subsistence Farming is carried out by the

Community. The relative humidity of Agbor is extremely high,

about 80% and annual rainfall is about 20.5mm to 420.6mm.

Agbor-Obi area is prone to drilling failure for groundwater

because the area has low aquifer level. As a result of this it

becomes very pertinent that geophysical survey should always

be carried out to gain insight about the nature of aquifer before

the commencement of borehole drilling.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method is adopted for the

purpose of this work because it serves as a guide to

groundwater exploration and a tool for the evaluation of Dar-

Zarrouk Parameters. The Conductivity, permeability,

transmissivity porosity of groundwater is the basic parameters

that geophysical exploration needed for groundwater

evaluation.

Electrical Resistivity methods involves the earth’s response to

the flow of electric current at the subsurface and passing of

current in the ground by a pair of current electrode and

recording the resultant potential difference through another pair

of electrode called the potential electrode. VES measures

variations with depth in the resistivity of the earth. The

equipment used in the exploration is the Abem Terrameter SAS

1000AB. The maximum current electrode separation is 700m.

The aim of the research is to analyze and compute the aquifer

characteristics in terms of resistivity and aquifer thickness, and

compute the Dar-Zarrouk Parameters from vertical electrical

sounding data. It is also aim at computing the protective

capacity rating of the over burden in the area of study.

The study will provide a better understanding of the depth of

the aquifer thickness and characteristics of aquifer from Dar-

Zarrouk Parameters.

The geoelectric method is utilized in mapping low and high

resistive layers which makes it very useful in vulnerability

studies (Sorensen et al, 2005). The equipment used is the Abem

Terrameter signal averaging system (SAS) 1000 AB.

Further work in this area could be seen from the work of Egbai

et al., 2015 Amidu and Olayinka, 2006, Ehirim and Ofor, 2011,

Atakpo 2009; and Utom et al, 2012.

The Dar Zarrouk Parameter is utilized in aquifer protection

studies and evaluation of aquifer characteristics.

Figure 1: Sketch map of the study area and VES locations.



374

THEORY

The geoelectric data are generally expressed as apparent

resistivity’s “ a ” as shown below

IVK

a

Where ∆V is the measured potential difference,

I, the current transmitted and K is the geometric factor.

For a given layer, longitudinal conductance is expressed as

hSL and transverse resistance is expressed as hTR

Where h =layer thickness, = layer resistivity

For n layers

n

nn

i i

iL

hhhhhS

.............

3

3

2

2

1

1

1

n

nn

i i

iR

hhhhhT

.............

3

3

2

2

1

1

1

DATA ACQUISITION AND RESULT

In the field, the Schlumberger configuration was adopted with

maximum current electrode separation of 700m which was

assumed sufficient in allowing a depth penetration of 112m.

Potential electrode separation was equally increased several

times during the sounding from 1.0 to 20.0m.

The procedure involves the introduction of current into the

ground by means of the two current electrodes and measuring

the potential difference by means of the two potential

electrodes. The distance between the two current electrodes and

the two potential electrodes were measured. The instrument

used was the Abem Terrameter SAS 1000AB with inbuilt

booster.

The apparent resistivity is calculated as follows (Egbai, 2012)

IV

b

bL

a

2

2

2

2

Where L= distance between the two current electrodes

b= distance between the two potential electrodes

The graph of apparent resistivity against electrode separation

2

L was plotted and a smooth curve obtained. The data

obtained were curved match before computer iteration using

the software to obtain the model parameters. From the model

parameters, the resistivity of the various layers, thicknesses of

the layers are known.

On the whole, Sixteen Vertical Electrical Soundings were

carried out in the area of the study which was used to compute

the aquifer protection. Figure 1 shows the schematic map of the

sixteen VES. Table 1 and 2 shows Geometric parameters

(model parameters) of 16 VES and Dar Zarrouk parameter of

the iterated values respectively. Figure 2 shows Schlumberger

configuration of the field survey. Figures 3 to 7 show the typical

sounding curves for some VES locations. Table 3 shows the

Protective Capacity Rating got from Dar Zarrouk parameters.

Figure 8 shows the contour map of 3D structure of aquifer

resistivity of the locations; figure 9 shows the longitudinal

conductance contour map of the study area. Figure 10 shows

the hydraulic conductance contour map of the study area, and

figure 11 shows the 3D subsurface aquifer transmissivity of the

various VES locations.

Figure 12 a – c show the geoelectric section of the study area.

Figure 13 shows the diagnostic parameter of the study area. An

average hydraulic conductivity of 10m2/day (MWT, 1990) is

assumed for the existing boreholes in Agbor and environs.

Figure 2: Schlumberger configuration

AB = Current electrodes MN = Potential electrodes

Water samples were randomly collected from the various

locations in Agbor Obi and environs. Six samples were

collected from six different boreholes in the area. VES 1:

Aliferkede Village, Agbor – Obi

VES 5: Ihogbe lane, Agbor Obi

VES 8: Iregwa Street, Agbor Obi

VES 10: Edike Street, Agbor Obi

VES 12: Orikeze Street, Agbore Obi

VES 15: Orewa Street, Ewuru

The samples were collected in 1.0 litre sample bottles. The

bottles were thoroughly rinsed with water and later with

distilled water and then corked. These water samples were

subjected to chemical analyses



375

Table 1: Geoelectric parameter and lithologic delineation VES at Agbor-Obi Area.

S/N Layers Resistivity Thickness Dept Lithology Curves

h

VES 1 190.2 0.8 0.8 Lateritic Topsoil HKQH

1 2 83.0 3.6 4.5 Sandy Clay

3 379.6 10.4 14.9 Fine to Medium sand

4 167.2 12.7 27.6 Medium Sand

5 74.0 26.9 54.5 Medium to Coarse Sand

6 584.3 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 261.7 1.7 1.7 Lateritic Topsoil HKH

2 2 127.3 7.6 9.4 Clayey



5 3942.9 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 648.9 0.9 0.9 Lateritic Topsoil KHA

3 2 216.9 7.6 8.5 Clayey Sand


4 1941.7 17.3 40.0 Medium to coarse Sand

5 3849.8 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 209.8 1.4 1.4 Lateritic Topsoil HAA

4 2 72.9 4.5 6.0 Clayey Sand



5 555.7 --- --- Coarse Sand


5 2 142.1 5.1 6.2 Clayey Sand


4 668.4 19.0 45.0 Medium Sand

5 4509.4 --- --- Coarse Sand


6 2 250.6 7.8 8.8 Clayey Sand


4 1075.2 19.2 41.1 Medium Sand

5 2199.3 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 651.9 1.2 1.2 Lateritic Topsoil QHA

7 2 308.9 9.3 10.5 Clayey Sand


4 731.4 19.0 48.4 Medium Sand

5 2099.3 --- --- Medium to Coarse Sand


8 2 266.5 4.3 5.0 Clayey Sand


4 345.2 31.2 63.0 Medium Sand





376

S/N Layers Resistivity Thickness Dept Lithology Curves

h

9 2 279.4 7.2 8.2 Clayey Sand


4 360.8 18.9 41.3 Medium Sand



10 2 183.0 9.9 11.1 Clayey Sand


4 205.3 19.8 47.1 Medium Sand



11 2 272.5 6.7 7.9 Clayey Sand


4 141.6 36.4 64.0 Medium Sand

5 2496.0 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 63.6 0.8 0.8 Lateritic Topsoil KHAA

12 2 224.8 3.1 3.9 Clayey Sand


4 358.0 11.8 24.2 Medium Sand


6 610.0 --- --- Coarse Sand


13 2 403.2 10.2 11.5 Clayey Sand


4 702.0 20.0 63.9 Medium Sand

5 3432.5 --- --- Coarse Sand

VES 1 1022.5 1.2 1.2 Lateritic Topsoil HAK

14 2 434.7 6.2 7.3 Clayey Sand


4 3500.1 21.9 42.5 Medium Sand


VES 1 163.0 1.1 1.1` Lateritic Topsoil KHA

15 2 428.1 9.6 7.3 Clayey Sand


4 700.8 18.4 42.5 Medium Sand



16 2 234.5 9.3 10.7 Clayey Sand


4 533.8 19.4 48.5 Medium Sand




377

Table 2. Dar Zarrouk Parameter Obtained from the Iterated Field Data at Agbor-Obi Area.

S/N Aquifer

Resistivity

Aquifer Thickness

H

Conductivity

1

Longitudinal

Conductance

xhS

Transverse

Resistivity

hR

Transmissivity

khTr

Diagnostic

Parameters

k

VES1 740.0 26.9 0.001351 0.036342 19906.00 269 0.01351

VES2 3942.9 30.1 0.000253 0.007165 118681.29 301 0.00253

VES3 1941.7 17.3 0.000515 0.008910 35391.41 173 0.00515

VES4 464.1 25.2 0.002155 0.054306 11695.32 252 0.02155

VES5 668.4 19.0 0.001496 0.028424 12699.60 190 0.01496

VES6 1075.2 19.2 0.000930 0.017856 20643.84 192 0.00930

VES7 731.4 19.0 0.001367 0.025973 13896.60 190 0.01367

VES8 345.2 31.2 0.002897 0.090386 1070.24 312 0.02897

VES9 360.8 18.9 0.002772 0.052391 6819.12 189 0.02772

VES10 205.3 19.8 0.004871 0.096446 4064.94 198 0.04871

VES11 1416.0 36.4 0.000706 0.025698 51542.40 364 0.00708

VES12 605.6 18.0 0.001651 0.029718 10900.80 180 0.01651

VES13 702.0 20.0 0.001425 0.028500 14040.00 200 0.01425

VES14 3500.1 21.9 0.000286 0.006263 76652.19 219 0.00286

VES15 700.8 18.4 0.001427 0.026256 12894.72 184 0.01427

VES16 533.8 19.4 0.001873 0.036336 10355.72 194 0.01873

Table 3: First order Geoelectric Parameter and Dar ZarroukParamater of the Study Area.

S/N Layers Resistivity Thickness

n

i

hS1 1

1

Longitudinal

Conductivity

of Protecting

Layers

Protective

Capacity

Rating

VES 1

1 190.2 0.8 0.004206

0.102890

Weak 2 83.0 3.6 0.043374

3 379.6 10.4 0.027397

4 167.2 12.7 0.075957

5 74.0 26.9 0.363514

6 584.3 --- ---

VES 2

1 261.7 1.7 0.006496

0.0570795

Poor 2 127.3 7.6 0.059702

3 436.6 26.8 0.061384

4 298.8 30.1 0.100736

5 3942.9 --- ---

VES 3

1 648.9 0.9 0.001387

0.008232

Poor 2 216.9 7.6 0.003503

3 742.3 14.2 0.019129

4 1941.7 17.3 0.008909

5 3849.8 --- ---

VES 4

1 209.8 1.4 0.006673

0.055682

Poor 2 72.9 4.5 0.061728

3 370.9 37.1 0.100027

4 464.1 25.2 0.054299

5 555.7 --- ---

\

VES 5

1 286.4 1.1 0.003841

0.0316975

Poor 2 142.1 5.1 0.035891

3 337.7 19.8 0.058632

4 668.4 19.0 0.028426

5 4509.4 --- ---



378


n

i

hS1 1

1

Longitudinal

Conductivity

of Protecting

Layers

Protective

Capacity

Rating

VES 6

1 359.3 1.0 0.002783

0.022113

Poor 2 250.6 7.8 0.031125

3 359.8 13.2 0.036687

4 1075.2 19.2 0.017858

5 2199.3 --- ---

VES 7

1 651.9 1.2 0.001841

0.035025

Poor 2 308.9 9.3 0.030107

3 230.0 18.9 0.082174

4 731.4 19.0 0.025978

5 2099.3 --- ---

VES 8

1 126.7 0.7 0.005525

0.077131

Poor 2 266.5 4.3 0.016135

3 136.4 26.8 0.196481

4 345.2 31.2 0.090382

5 1243.6 --- ---

VES 9

1 141.0 1.0 0.007092

0.048811

Poor 2 279.4 7.2 0.025796

3 130.0 14.3 0.110000

4 360.8 18.9 0.052384

5 520.5 --- ---

VES 10

1 88.4 1.1 0.012443

0.082031

Poor 2 183.0 9.9 0.054098

3 98.1 16.2 0.165138

4 205.3 19.8 0.096444

5 457.8 --- ---

VES 11

1 131.2 1.2 0.009146

0.081164

Poor 2 272.5 6.7 0.024587

3 581.8 19.7 0.033861

4 141.6 36.4 0.257062

5 2496.0 --- ---

VES 12

1 63.6 0.8 0.012579

0.079750

Poor 2 224.8 3.1 0.013790

3 37.4 8.6 0.229947

4 358.0 11.8 0.032961

5 605.6 18.0 0.029723

6 610.0 --- ---

VES 13

1 150.3 1.4 0.009315

0.056685

Poor 2 403.2 10.2 0.025298

3 197.2 32.4 0.164300

4 702.0 20.0 0.028490

5 3432.5 --- ---

VES 14

1 1022.5 1.2 0.001174

0.006681

Poor 2 434.7 6.2 0.014263

3 2644.7 13.3 0.005029

4 3500.1 21.9 0.006257

5 1162.4 --- ---



379


n

i

hS1 1

1

Longitudinal

Conductivity

of Protecting

Layers

Protective

Capacity

Rating

VES 15

1 163.0 1.1 0.006749

0.037213

Poor 2 428.1 9.6 0.022425

3 209.8 19.6 0.093422

4 700.8 18.4 0.026256

5 211.7 --- ---

VES 16

1 403.3 0.7 0.001736

0.037667

Poor 2 234.5 9.3 0.039659

3 261.9 19.1 0.072929

4 533.8 19.4 0.036343

5 1699.1 --- ---

RESULT OF WATER ANALYSES

Table 4: Concentration of Constituent in Groundwater in Agbor – Obi and environs

Borehole pH EC Hardness TDS

mg/L

Ca2+

mg/

L

Na+

mg/

L

Mg2

+

mg/ L

K+

mg

/L

Fe2

+

mg /L

HCO

3

- mg/L

Cl-

mg/

L

SO4

-

mg/L

Tem

p oC

Pb

+

mg /L

Ag

+

mg /L

VES 1 6.5 1065 8.00 50.0 8.50 4.6 0.06 1.4 0.05 30.20 3.5 2.5 28 <0. <0.

. 01 01

VES 5 6.8 99.5 6.20 78.1 5.8 5.0 0.16 1.05 0.12 45.20 8.20 0.40 29 <0. <0.

21 01 01

VES 8 7.60 60.80 5.30 80.0 6.30 4.0 0.02 1.25 0.16 60.20 6.13 0.38 27.8 <0. <0.

01 01

VES 10 7.8 16.0 22.30 40.14 1.65 7.4 0.10 1.6 0.06 50.30 12.2 1.17 27.1 <0. <0.

6.90 01 01

VES 12 7.20 100 10.50 54.6 1.32 12.0 0.03 1.02 0.08 20.20 6.12 0.35 26.9 <0. <0.

01 01

VES 15 7.2 174 15.00 42.18 0.6 6.51 0.06 1.80 0.10 35.10 4.48 1.50 28 <0. <0.

01 01

WHO 6.5 1400 500.00 1000 500 200 200 - 0.030 - 250.00 400 - - -

- as

2006 8.5 3CaCo

The result of the water analyses from table 4 shows low

concentration of constituents in the area of research when

compared with World Health Organization recommendation

(WHO, 2006). This implies that the subsurface groundwater is

good for domestic and industrial usage. The underground water

is free of contamination despite the fact that the area has little

or no clay to serve as filtrate before getting to the aquifer. The

aquifer is very low about 90m to 120m which makes

contaminant not to get to the low level. Bacterial and other

micro-organisms cannot survive at a low dept.

DISCUSSION

Sixteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were carried out in

Agbor-Obi and environs in Delta State, Nigeria. The data

obtained from the field were analysed to determine the aquifer

protection and the delineation of the lithology of Agbor-Obi,

the area of study. The result obtained is of five to six distinct

layers as shown in Table 1. The lithology obtained from the

study consists of lateritic topsoil, sandy clay, fine to medium

grained sand, medium to coarse sand and coarse sand.

The first layer is lateritic with resistivity ranging from 63.6Ωm

in VES 12 to 1022.5Ωm in VES 14 and thickness varying from

0.7m in VES 8 to 1.7m in VES 2. The second layer is made of

clayey sand except VES 4 made of pure clay. The resistivity of

this layer ranges from 72.0 Ωm in VES 4 to 434.7Ωm in VES

14 and thickness varying from 3.1m in VES 12 to 10.2m in VES



380

13. The third layer is fine to medium sand except VES 10 and

12 made of clay with resistivity ranging from 37.4Ωm in VES

12 to 2644.7Ωm in VES 14 with thickness varying from 10.4m

to 37.1m. The fourth layer is medium to coarse sand with

resistivity ranging from 141.6Ωm to 3500.1Ωm and thickness

varying from 11.8 to 36.4m. The Aquiferous zone is within this

layer except VES 12 having the aquifer in the fifth layer.

The fifth layer is made of medium to coarse sand except VES

1 made of clay having resistivity of 74.0Ωm. The resistivity of

this layer ranges from 457.8Ωm in VES 10 to 4509.4Ωm in

VES 15 and the thickness varying from 18.0m to 26.9m. The

sixth layer is of medium to coarse sand with resistivity ranging

from 584.3Ωm in VES 1to 610.0Ωm in VES 12. The current

electrode terminated in this layer hence the thickness cannot be

determined. The low resistivity shown in the third layer except

VES 14 is due to the thin lens of clay present within this layer.

Table 2 shows the Dar Zarrouk parameters of the aquifer. The

aquifer resistivity ranges from 141.6Ωm to 3500.1Ωm with

aquifer thickness varying from 11.8 to 36.4m. The aquifer

transmissivity varies from 173m2/day to 364m2/day. The

conductivity value varies from 0.000253Ω-1 to 0.004871Ω-1,

while the longitudinal conductance varies from 0.006362 to

0.096446Ω-1 and transverse resistivity from 1070.24Ω to

118681.92Ω. The groundwater diagnostic parameters value

varies from 0.00253 to 0.04871.

The values obtained for the transmissivity of the aquifer show

that the aquifer transmits water very well.

Figure 8: shows the contour map of 3D structure of aquifer

resistivity of the study area.

From the map the yellow colour depict the area with low

aquifer resistivity value ranging from 200 Ωm to 1000 Ωm.

And higher in the area with resistivity value ranging from 2400

to 3400 Ωm. Which suggest the area with green and red colour

in the contour map.

Figure 9: The longitudinal conductance contour map of the

study area.

The longitudinal conductance map shows that the study area

has a high longitudinal conductance of 1070 to 76652 which

depict the blue and green colour in the map. This suggests that

the chance of groundwater is high in this part of the study area.

And it is also observed from the above that there are VES

points/locations in other range of colours. Hence the study area

with moderate longitidunal conductance are only area where all

our VES stations is been carried out.

Figure 10: The hydraulic conductance contour map of the

study area.



381

Figure 11: the 3D subsurface aquifer transmissivity of the

various VES locations.

The map depicts six major colours in the study area such as

blue, light blue, green, yellow, red, and pink respectively. The

blue zone indicate the wide region that runs across the locations

with higher transmissivity such as VES 1, 8, 11, 13, 14 etc.

while VES 3, 15, 16 etc shows low transmissivity. As shown in

table 2, the Dar Zarrouk parameter delineates the most prolific

aquifer in the area due to its excellent transmission of water

within the locations. Table 3 shows the first order Geoelectric

parameter and Dar Zarrouk parameters for aquifer protective

capacity of Agbor-Obi and environs. Oladepo et al 2004

modified the longitudinal conductance/protective capacity

ratings as: greater than 10 (excellent), 5-10 (very good), 0.7-4.9

(good), 0.2-0.69 (moderate), 0.1-0.19 (weak) and less than 0.1

(poor). These were used for the interpretation of the protective

capacity. The results obtained in table 4 show that Agbor-Obi

and environs, the studied area is not protected since almost the

entire VES area have poor protective capacity rating except

VES 1 that has weak protective capacity.

The low and weak value of the protective capacity rating is due

to the absent of clay as an overburden impermeable material

resulting in the percolation of contaminants into the existing

aquifer. The studied area are vulnerable to surface

contaminants but as a result of low aquifer it takes a long time

for the contaminant to get to the aquifer which makes the

groundwater safe for drinking and use for domestic activities.

The direction of flow of an aquifer in Agbor and environs is

deteremined by groundwater level measurement, relative

geographical position of the wells and elevation were collected

and contoured in a map perspectives using software, thereby

generating groundwater surface maps.

Figure 13: The diagnostic parameter of the study area.

It can be inferred from figure 9 that water flows north-east

direction as seen in the concentration of arrow head. A

knowledge of the direction of groundwater flow is important as

it helps in citing boreholes where considerable quantity of

water can be obtain without having abortive boreholes.

Water samples were randomly selected from the various

locations and analysed. The analysis show very low

concentration of constituents in the various samples. The

aquifer is not protected but for the low position of the aquifer

the water from the locations is good for domestic and industrial

purposes.

Figure 3: Typical Sounding Curve for Agbor-Obi

Hydrogeophysical



382


Hydrogeophysical Investigation of VES 4




Hydrogeophysical Investigation of VES 3.



GEOELECTRIC SECTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Geoelectric section from VES 1 to VES 7 of the study area

Figure 12 a: shows the Geoelectric section from VES 1 to

VES 7 of the study area.

Figure 12 b: shows the Geoelectric section from VES 8 to

VES 14 of the study Area.Geoelectric section from VES 15 to




383

Figure 12 c: shows the Geoelectric section from VES 15 to


CONCLUSION

Geoelectric investigations were carried out in Agbor-Obi and

environs to determine the aquifer protective capacity. The

result shows five to six distinct geoelectric layers. The

longitudinal conductance is a measure of aquifer protective

ratings and the values obtained in Agbor-Obi and environs

show poor ratings for all 15 VES locations except location 1

which shows weak protective capacity rating.

The result obtained from Dar Zarrouk parameters shows a fair

idea about aquifer protection capacity of Agbor-Obi and

environs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to appreciate the part played by our undergraduate and

post graduate students during the field work where the data

were obtained. We are equally indebted to Delta State Ministry

of Water Resources whose Terrameter was hired for the field

work.

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resistivity method applied to aquifer protection study in ... · resistivity method applied to...

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