residential space and water heating: the combined approach - schoenbauer
DESCRIPTION
presented at the 2012 ACEEE Hot Water ForumTRANSCRIPT
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Residential Space and Water Heating: The Combined Approach
Ben Schoenbauer, Research Engineer, Center for Energy and Environment
May 22, 2012
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How this project came about− Weatherization is able to seal homes tighter and tighter
− Leads to combustion safety issues
− Requires sealed combustion
− Requirements on savings vs. installed cost rule out high efficiency water heaters
− Forced to use safety budget to install 60% direct vent tanks with very little energy savings
− SRC replaces furnaces in 47% of the homes they weatherize and water heaters in 48%
− SRC got a Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers (SERC) grant to look at using a DIA
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Storage water heater based system
Storage Water Heater
DHW Loads
Cold In from Mains
Supply to AH
Return from AH
Hydronic Air
Handler
Hot Space Heating Air
Open Loop
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Tankless water heater based system
DHW Loads
Cold In from Mains
Supply to AH
Return from AH
Hydronic Air
Handler
Hot Space Heating Air
Electric Electric Gas
TWH
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Combi boiler based systemDHW Loads
Cold In from Mains
Supply to AH
Return from AH
Hydronic Air
Handler
Hot Space Heating Air
HE
DHW Loop
Space loop
Primary Loop Secondary Loop
Closed Loop
Combi Boiler
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PROBLEM+ Some contractor’s had little experience
+ System schematics often developed on site
+ Little or no sizing information provided
+ System components came from several manufacturers
+ Manufacturer’s settings may not lead to best performance
+ Decided to design and optimize systems in a laboratory
+ Could then provide contractors with more detail installation guidelines
Installation and Sizing
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+ Idle losses
+ Steady state efficiency
+ Air handler capacity testing
+ Full system tests
Lab work
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Lab Testing
Idle Losses
Setpoint = 140 F$1/therm$0.12/kWh
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Boiler 1 – Combi boiler with 12 gal DHW tank
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Lab Tests – Idle Testing
TANK 2
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Steady-State Space Heating Efficiency
Going from 90% to 80% increase heating bills about $150/year in MN
Tset=130F and Flow rate=4.0GPM
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+ Minimum supply air temperature (110 F) for comfort dictates minimum flow rate
+ Maximum return water temperature (105 F) dictates maximum flow rate
+ Coil capacity is bounded by these flow rates
Air Handler Performance Mapping
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At CFM=1100, Supply Water =140F, Return Air = 70F
Air Handler Performance Mapping
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Air Handler Performance Mapping
52,500 – 57,000 kBtu/hr
45,500 – 54,000 kBtu/hr
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+ 300 installs in Minnesota before December 2012+ Utility bill analysis on all 300 sites
+ Detailed pre/post monitoring on 20 sites
Field Implementation and Monitoring
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Field Study: Expected Results
+ Better understanding of installed costs for different systems after contractors have become familiar
+ System design specifications and quality control requirements
+ Installed efficiencies of DIA systems and savings potential
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Existing Equipment
DHW LoadsCold In from Mains
Hot Space Heating Air
Runtime
Air Temp
Ambient T
Gas
ND Tank Water Heater
Electric Gas
Single Stage
Furnace
Conditioned Space
Outdoor
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DIA Installation
DHW LoadsCold In from Mains
Supply to AH
Return from AH
Hydronic Air
Handler
Hot Space Heating Air
Water TempWater Flow
Consumption
Air TempAir Flow
Electric
Ambient T
Electric Gas
Water Heater
Conditioned Space
Outdoor
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EXISTINGCOMBI
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Minneapolis Ave Outdoor Temp when Space Heating = 33 °FMinneapolis Design Outdoor Temp for Space Heating = 18 °F
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Represents about a 250 therm/yr savings or about 25% of the gas heating (space + dhw) bill and 75% electricity use for space + dhw use
DHW about 1% of total output
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Represents about a 120 therm/yr savings or about 20% of the gas heating (space + dhw) bill and 40% electricity use for space + dhw use
Very low hot water use only 5 gpd on ave.
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PRELIMINARY: Comparison to a 93% AFUE Furnace
Represents about a 20 therm/yr increase or about 3% of the gas heating (space + dhw) bill and 20% electricity use reduction for space + dhw use
DHW about 1% of total output
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700 kBtu/day ~ 28kbtu/hr space and 50 gpd at 70DT
250 kBtu/day ~ 10kbtu/hr space and 20 gpd at 70DT
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Page 300 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Days with No Space Heating
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Supply Air Temperature