eISSN : 2230-9853

Microbiology & Virology

Research & Reviews : A Journal of

(RRJoMV) Jan - April 2014

Ÿ A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) on Mobile Phone Devices

Ÿ Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA

Ÿ Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica Granatum L against Pathogens Causing

Bovine Mastitis

Ÿ TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A Review

Ÿ UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC441

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STM JOURNALS

1. A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Mobile Phone Devices Durgadas Govind Naik, Aisyah Alyza Binti Mohd Zabit, Intan Aliafatin Binti Mohd Shah, Lawrence Tarang Anak Jim, Mohd Afiq Ashraf Bin A Muim,Mohd Zainolzamir Bin Mohamed Zakaria, Sy Ahmad Safwan Bin Yulaimi 1

2. Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA Samant S. A., Marathe N., Deshpande N. 7

3. Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica Granatum L against Pathogens Causing Bovine MastitisSuneetha. T. B, Annabele Charles, Ashritha. M, Raviswamy G. H Math 12

4. TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A ReviewTripti Pokhrel, Subham Sharma, Surya Rana Bhat 16

5. UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC441Bindu Sadanandan, Amruta P Jogalekar, Veena Vishwanathan 22

ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology

RRJoMV(2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on

Mobile Phone Devices

Durgadas Govind Naik*, Aisyah Alyza Binti Mohd Zabit, Intan Aliafatin Binti Mohd

Shah, Lawrence Tarang Anak Jim, Mohd Afiq Ashraf Bin A Muim,

Mohd Zainolzamir Bin Mohamed Zakaria, Sy Ahmad Safwan Bin Yulaimi International Medical School, Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Abstract Mobile phone devices are indispensable accessories in social life used for

communication. The users normally do not clean their cell phones which, therefore, serve as a reservoir of potential pathogenic bacteria. The devices are the vehicles of pathogen

transmission in both health and non-healthcare settings. The presence of multiple drug-

resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus is very important as it can cause both hospital- and community-acquired infections. The present study is an attempt to record the

prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) on mobile phone

devices. A total of 100 mobile devices of students (28 male and 72 female) were screened for the presence of S. aureus strains. Of these, 17 % had S. aureus strains and one isolate

was methicillin-resistant. S. aureus is often found as common bacteria on skin and also in the nose. These bacteria get access to mobile devices via hands and can cause a variety

of infections to vulnerable groups like infants, children, elderly people in community and

patients especially immuno-compromised in healthcare settings. This study recorded the

prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA on mobile phone devices. Findings in this paper

emphasize the need for proper personal hygienic measures like washing hands with soap, detergent and periodic cleaning of mobile devices with disinfectants like 70% alcohol to

prevent devices as a vehicle of pathogens transmission to vulnerable groups.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, mobile phone devices, prevalence,

methicillin, cell phone, disinfectant

RRJoMV(2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract

of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA

Samant S. A.1*, Marathe N.

2, Deshpande N.

3

1Department. of Microbiology, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Sector 18, Kamothe,

Navi Mumbai, Pin 410209, Maharashtra, India 2ICMR, NCCS, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India

3Department. of Microbiology, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of increasingly

prevalent, difficult and expensive-to-treat nosocomial as well as community-acquired

infections worldwide. Accurate and rapid detection of MRSA in a clinical laboratory is of utmost importance to avoid treatment failure as these strains are multidrug resistant and

there are limited options to treat these infections. Hence, exploring newer antibacterial substances is the need of the hour. In this study, phenotypically and genotypically

confirmed clinical isolates of MRSA were subjected to test for antibacterial activity of

partially purified extract obtained from Streptomyces sp. This study reveals that the extract under study has remarkable anti-MRSA activity and it can be one of the

candidates for the fight against MRSA.

Keywords: MRSA, PCR, streptomyces sp., CDD test, MDR

RRJoMV(2014) 12-15 © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved Page 12

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica

Granatum L against Pathogens Causing Bovine Mastitis

Suneetha. T. B*, Annabele Charles, Ashritha. M, Raviswamy. G. H Math Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India

Abstract The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Punica granatum L was investigated against bovine mastitis causing bacterial pathogens- Streptococcus

agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysagalactiae and coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus by agar disc diffusion

method [3] isolated locally from clinical cases. The results obtained in the present study

scientifically proved and suggest the use of Punica granatum for treating mastitis causing organism. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of Alkaloids,

Tannins, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Steroids, Phenolic compounds, Saponins, Terpenoids, Catechin, Anthraquinone and Quinone. The proximate analysis was carried out.

Antimicrobial activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of flavonoids was done and its

presence in methanolic and aqueous extracts of P. granatum was confirmed by TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography).

Keywords: Punica granatum, bovine mastitis pathogen, disc-diffusion method, solvents, Antibacterial

activity, Phyto-chemical screening, Proximate analysis

RRJoMV (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology ISSN: 2230-9853

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening

Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A Review

Tripti Pokhrel*, Subham Sharma, Surya Rana Bhat

School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal

Abstract TORCH is a medical acronym for a set of perinatal infections: toxoplasmosis, other

(syphilis), rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus

(HSV-1, 2). They are a group of viral, bacterial and protozoan infections that gain access to the fetal bloodstream transplacentally via the chorionic villi or hematogenous

transmission any time during gestation or occasionally at the time of delivery via

maternal-to-fetal transfusion. TORCH infections may result in abortion, still birth, premature birth, growth problems, neurological or brain abnormalities, motor problems,

cognitive problems, organ damage or chronic illness. Among the different direct and indirect methods available for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and

immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against each test of TORCH panel, indirect ELISA

is one of the most convenient methods. Positive IgG is indicative of previous infection or immunization whereas positive IgM is indicative of active or recent infection. Negative

results indicate no detectable level of antibodies and equivocal result may occur during acute infection or due to nonspecific binding reaction. From the results of different

studies on TORCH, it is concluded that all antenatal cases with bad obstetrics history

should be routinely screened for TORCH for early diagnosis as appropriate intervention at early stages can help in proper management of probable complications.

Keywords: TORCH, ELISA, IgG, IgM

RRJoMV(2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from

Bacillus subtilis MTCC441

Bindu Sadanandan*, Amruta P Jogalekar, Veena Vishwanathan Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract Microorganisms are constantly exposed to varying physical, chemical and biological

conditions which induce morphological, biochemical and genetic changes in them.

These changes may be deleterious to some organisms whereas others develop

mechanisms to overcome such stresses. This study was conducted to understand the

microbiological and biochemical changes in bacteria under conditions of UV stress. Bacillus subtilis MTCC441, a ubiquitous, spore forming bacterium was chosen as the

model organism for this study as it is a very hardy organism and can resist several

environmental stresses. It has developed several mechanisms to overcome stress. One such mechanism is the production of Subtilisin protein. Subtilisin, a biosurfactant and

serine endopeptidase helps to counter stress in several ways by inhibiting the growth of competing organisms, regulating cell number in its colonies and also acting as an

antioxidant. On exposure to UV stress, growth and viability of the culture is found to

reduce. It is observed that the organism tries to overcome these stresses by sporulation and production of Subtilisin. As far as our knowledge goes, this is the first report on

UV triggering the production of Subtilisin in Bacillus subtilis. With increase in time of

UV exposure a corresponding increase in the specific activity of Subtilisin was observed. It is to be concluded that UV acts as a stressor for Bacillus subtilis and it in

turn tries to counter stress by producing Subtilisin.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, subtilisin, UV, specific activity, stress, sporulation