research in human reproduction chapter 3

7/26/2019 Research in Human Reproduction Chapter 3

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RESEARCH IN HUMAN REPRODUCTIONSterility

Sterility is the inability to reproduce. Both males and femailes can be sterile.

Some causes of sterility in males and their treatment

Cause Treatment

Absence ofsperm

Remove any blockage in

the tubes between thetestes and the seminalvesicles

Low sperm count

Stop smoking, reduce

stress and stop taking


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Abnormalsperms

Take hormonal pills

Impotence/rectiledysfunction

Take drugs that areprescribed by thedoctor

Antibodiesagainst

sperms

Take steroids thatsuppress antibodieswhich act against

sperms


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Some causes of sterility in females and their

treatment

Cause Treatment

!ailure toovulate

Take hormonal pills orfertility drugs that aidovulation

"lockedfallopian tubes

Surgically cut o# theblocked portion of thefallopian tubes and re$ointhe unblocked tubes

%amaged cervi&Treat damages of thecervi& through surgery

Antibodiesagainst sperms

Take drugs that suppress

antibodies that act against


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In itro !ertilisation

In vitro fertilisation is fertilisation that

occurs outside the female body. The

fertilisation egg divides and developsinto an embryo. The embryo is them

implanted into the wall of the uterus of

a female where it develops into afoetus.


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"irth Control

Birth control allows ,arried couples to ecide whetherthey would want to have children. It also allows

them to choose the number of children and the time

to have them. This is done by using contrace#tion.

Contrsception prevents married women from

getting pregnant. The method used, by males or

females, depends on their religious beliefs, theirsocial background and their preference. It also

depends on whether the married couple would like

to have children in future.


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Methods of $irth control and their effecti%eness

Birthcontro

lmethod

Examples

What areinvolved in

the methodand how itworks

'aturemethod

Rhythm orsafe method

Avoidcopulationduring thefertile phase of

the menstrual


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"arriermethod

(ondomA thin rubbersheath that

prevents thesperms fromentering thevagina

%iaphragm

or cap

A circular rubbercap with a metalspring round it

that )ts over theentrance of theuterus* Sperms

are blocked from


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+echanicalmethod

Intrauterinecontraceptive

device, I(%

A plastic coil ormetal loopplaced into the

uterus by adoctor* TheI(% preventsthe

implantation ofan embryo inthe uterus

-ormonal

method

(ontraceptivepills(ontain femalese& hormones

that prevent


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(hemical

method

Spermicides (hemicalsin the formof tablet,

form, creamor $elly thatkill sperms


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Surgical method

+ale sterilisation orvasectomy A minor operation in

which the spermducts are cut andtied* Sperms fromthe testes cannotreach the penis

!emale sterilisation orligation

A minor operation inwhich the fallopiantubes or ovidutcts are

cut and tied


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Tem#orary contrace#ti%e methods are methodswhich allo&married couples to have

children as and when the couples stop using these methods. Permanent contrace#ti%e

methods are methods which do not allow married couples to have any children once

these methods have been applied.

research in human reproduction chapter 3

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