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RESEARCH IN HUMAN REPRODUCTIONSterility
Sterility is the inability to reproduce. Both males and femailes can be sterile.
Some causes of sterility in males and their treatment
Cause Treatment
Absence ofsperm
Remove any blockage in
the tubes between thetestes and the seminalvesicles
Low sperm count
Stop smoking, reduce
stress and stop taking
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Abnormalsperms
Take hormonal pills
Impotence/rectiledysfunction
Take drugs that areprescribed by thedoctor
Antibodiesagainst
sperms
Take steroids thatsuppress antibodieswhich act against
sperms
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Some causes of sterility in females and their
treatment
Cause Treatment
!ailure toovulate
Take hormonal pills orfertility drugs that aidovulation
"lockedfallopian tubes
Surgically cut o# theblocked portion of thefallopian tubes and re$ointhe unblocked tubes
%amaged cervi&Treat damages of thecervi& through surgery
Antibodiesagainst sperms
Take drugs that suppress
antibodies that act against
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In itro !ertilisation
In vitro fertilisation is fertilisation that
occurs outside the female body. The
fertilisation egg divides and developsinto an embryo. The embryo is them
implanted into the wall of the uterus of
a female where it develops into afoetus.
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"irth Control
Birth control allows ,arried couples to ecide whetherthey would want to have children. It also allows
them to choose the number of children and the time
to have them. This is done by using contrace#tion.
Contrsception prevents married women from
getting pregnant. The method used, by males or
females, depends on their religious beliefs, theirsocial background and their preference. It also
depends on whether the married couple would like
to have children in future.
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Methods of $irth control and their effecti%eness
Birthcontro
lmethod
Examples
What areinvolved in
the methodand how itworks
'aturemethod
Rhythm orsafe method
Avoidcopulationduring thefertile phase of
the menstrual
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"arriermethod
(ondomA thin rubbersheath that
prevents thesperms fromentering thevagina
%iaphragm
or cap
A circular rubbercap with a metalspring round it
that )ts over theentrance of theuterus* Sperms
are blocked from
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+echanicalmethod
Intrauterinecontraceptive
device, I(%
A plastic coil ormetal loopplaced into the
uterus by adoctor* TheI(% preventsthe
implantation ofan embryo inthe uterus
-ormonal
method
(ontraceptivepills(ontain femalese& hormones
that prevent
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(hemical
method
Spermicides (hemicalsin the formof tablet,
form, creamor $elly thatkill sperms
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Surgical method
+ale sterilisation orvasectomy A minor operation in
which the spermducts are cut andtied* Sperms fromthe testes cannotreach the penis
!emale sterilisation orligation
A minor operation inwhich the fallopiantubes or ovidutcts are
cut and tied
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Tem#orary contrace#ti%e methods are methodswhich allo&married couples to have
children as and when the couples stop using these methods. Permanent contrace#ti%e
methods are methods which do not allow married couples to have any children once
these methods have been applied.