Research

Implementation

Management

Disciplinary impact

Research

Research-implementation gap

Knight et al (in prep)

Conservation assessments in the primaryliterature: 1998-2002 (n = 65)

6% implementation on-the-ground23% implemetation in theory71% no mention of implementation

Operational Model for Conservation Planning

Strategy

Mainstream

ingSocial

Assessment

BiophysicalAssessment

Opportunitiesand

Constraints

LearningOrganization

AdaptiveManagement

Implementation

LocalRegional

Spatial Scale

Informed

Involved

Empowered

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r c

oll

ab

ora

tio

n

Assessment Planning Management

Project Phase

Representation

(Conservation Value)

Retention(Vulnerability)

Persistence

(Resilience)

Co

ns

erv

atio

n g

oa

l

N

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

Type 1 protected areas

Types: 100% targetForestsWetlands

Site Irreplaceability1 (Totally Irreplaceable)>0.8 - <1>0.6 - 0.8>0.4 - 0.6>0.2 - 0.4 >0 - 0.2IRREPL = 0

N

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

CAD/NETCadsFishnetPROCESS COMPONENTPro_biomePro_riverPro_sandPROTECTED AREAType 1Type 2Type 3INITIAL EXCLUDEDIE

Thicket biome

Dune

Primary water catchments

Core (1st stage)Expansion (2nd stage)

Megaconservancy networks

Gouritz - Little Karoo

Gamtoos - Groot

Sundays - Camdeboo

Fish - Kowie

Gqunube - Amatole

Kei

0 50 100 Kilometers

Rouget, Cowling et al (2006) Cons Biol 20, 408-419.

Pierce, Cowling et al (2005) Biol Cons 125, 441-458.

Operational Model for Conservation Planning

Strategy

Mainstream

ingSocial

Assessment

BiophysicalAssessment

Opportunitiesand

Constraints

LearningOrganization

AdaptiveManagement

Implementation

LocalRegional

Spatial Scale

Informed

Involved

Empowered

Sta

ke

ho

lde

r c

oll

ab

ora

tio

n

Assessment Planning Management

Project Phase

Representation

(Conservation Value)

Retention(Vulnerability)

Persistence

(Resilience)

Co

ns

erv

atio

n g

oa

l

Defining and doing mainstreaming

…involves the integration of biodiversity values and goals…into economic sectors

Spread the burden and benefits…form partnerships…devise ’win-win’ scenarios

Change behaviour by creating institutions thatbind actors

Interventions may happen at all scales of organization and geography – employ the ‘nutcracker’ approach

Easier to achieve in some situations than others

Defining outcomes needs attention

Sector Prerequisites

Stimuli

Mechanisms

Outcomes

MAINSTREAMING

Elements associated with three components of a mainstreaming framework

Prerequisites Stimuli Mechanisms

Democratic and accountable governance

Awareness and knowledge

Organizational and institutional capacity

Improved governance

Resource decline

Socio-economic incentives

Effective communication

Strengthening organizational and institutional capacity

Enabling legislation and policy

Constraints

Behaviour: awareness, knowledge and pro-natureValues doesn’t lead to behaviour change

Poor governance

Weak capacity of organizations and institutions

Lack of scientific know how

Dwindling awareness

Conclusions

Don’t underestimate the difficulties of achievingmainstreaming in the context of a market-driven perpetual-growth economy

Making biodiversity the mainstream will require innovation, flexibility, opportunism, reflection and patience