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Presentation on

Research Concept & Process.

Presented By:

Miss. Karishma Seth ( Team Leader)

Miss. Harshita Singh

Mr. Harish Awasthi

Md.IrfanMiss. Veena Verma

Mr.Jeetendra Kumar

Mr. Anoop Srivastava

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What Research IsResearch is:

the systematic process of collecting andanalyzing information (data) in order to increaseour understanding of the phenomenon aboutwhich we are concerned or interested.1

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What Research Is NotResearch isnt information gathering:

Gathering information from resources such books

or magazines isnt research.No contribution to new knowledge.

Research isnt the transportation of facts:

Merely transporting facts from one resource toanother doesnt constitute research.

No contribution to new knowledge although thismight make existing knowledge more accessible.

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Research Characteristics Originates with a question or problem.

Requires clear articulation of a goal.

Follows a specific plan or procedure.

Often divides main problem into subproblems.

Guided by specific problem, question, orhypothesis.

Accepts certain critical assumptions.

Requires collection and interpretation of data.

Cyclical (helical) in nature.

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Types of ResearchDescriptive Vs Analytical.

Applied Vs Fundamental.Qualitative Vs Quantitative.

Conceptual Vs Empirical.

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Research ProcessResearch is an extremely cyclic process.

Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier

work.

This isnt a weakness of the process but ispart of the built-in error correction machinery.

Because of the cyclic nature of research, itcan be difficult to determine where to startand when to stop.

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Step 1: A Question Is RaisedA question occurs to or is posed to theresearcher for which that researcher has no

answer.This doesnt mean that someone else doesntalready have an answer.

The question needs to be converted to anappropriate problem statement like thatdocumented in a research proposal.

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Step 2: Suggest HypothesesThe researcher generates intermediatehypotheses to describe a solution to the

problem.This is at best a temporary solution since there isas yet no evidence to support either theacceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.

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Step 3: Literature ReviewThe available literature is reviewed todetermine if there is already a solution to the

problem.Existing solutions do not always explain newobservations.

The existing solution might require some revision

or even be discarded.

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Step 4: Literature EvaluationIts possible that the literature review hasyielded a solution to the proposed problem.

This means that you havent really done research.

On the other hand, if the literature reviewturns up nothing, then additional research

activities are justified.

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Step 5: Acquire DataThe researcher now begins to gather datarelating to the research problem.

The means of data acquisition will often changebased on the type of the research problem.

This might entail only data gathering, but it couldalso require the creation of new measurementinstruments.

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Step 6: Data AnalysisThe data that were gathered in the previousstep are analyzed as a first step in

ascertaining their meaning.

As before, the analysis of the data does notconstitute research.

This is basic number crunching.

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Step 7: Data InterpretationThe researcher interprets the newly analyzeddata and suggests a conclusion.

This can be difficult.

Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests acorrelation between two variables cantautomatically be interpreted as suggesting

causality between those variables.

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Step 8: Hypothesis SupportThe data will either support the hypotheses orthey wont.

This may lead the researcher to cycle back to anearlier step in the process and begin again with anew hypothesis.

This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms

associated with the scientific method.

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Common MethodologiesMethodologies are high-level approaches toconducting research.

The individual steps within the methodology mightvary based on the research being performed.

Two commonly used research

methodologies:Quantitative.

Qualitative.

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Methodology ComparisonQuantitative

Explanation, prediction

Test theories

Known variables

Large sample

Standardized instruments

Deductive

Qualitative

Explanation, description

Build theories

Unknown variables

Small sample

Observations, interviews

Inductive

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ConclusionResearch is carried out to find a solution

of a problem.It is a pre process of product or serviceoutputs.