research article preparation and magnetic properties of...
TRANSCRIPT
Research ArticlePreparation and Magnetic Properties of Anisotropic(SmPr)Co5Fe Nanocomposites Particles via Electroless Plating
Shi Wang Jin-Ming Ma and Yan Chen
Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry College of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China
Correspondence should be addressed to Yan Chen chenyanysueducn
Received 8 November 2013 Revised 10 January 2014 Accepted 10 January 2014 Published 16 February 2014
Academic Editor Lavinia Balan
Copyright copy 2014 Shi Wang et alThis is an open access article distributed under theCreative CommonsAttribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
Anisotropic (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites particles were prepared by electroless plating iron on the surface of (SmPr)Co
5
nanoflakes after being prepared by ball milling for 4 h A uniform and continuous coating layer was obtained due to the additionof complexing agent and the particle size of the reduced Fe particles was in the range of 10sim20 nm When the nominal addition ofFe was 15 wt the nanocomposites show enhanced remnant and saturation magnetization119872
119903= 5335 emug119872
119904= 7308 emug
compared to the noncoated nanoflakes with119872119903= 4852 emug119872
119904= 6015 emug while the coercivity drops from 1033 kOe to
889 kOe The effect of Fe content on the magnetic properties of the magnets is also discussed
1 Introduction
Nanocomposite magnetic materials have drawn extensiveattention since they were reported by Coehoorn et al [1] in1988 The theoretical maximum magnetic energy product(BH)max of anisotropy nanocomposite permanent magnetsmaterial can be as high as 1090 kJm3 (137MGOe) [2] whichismuch higher than that of any single-phase permanentmag-nets However until now (BH)max of the nanocompositemagnets is still much lower than the theoretical value Animportant factor restricting the development of the (BH)maxis the microstructure of theoretical models which is difficultto control Generally speaking an efficient exchange couplingneeds to meet two conditions (i) the size of the softmagneticphase should be scaled to double domain wall width of thehard magnetic phase and (ii) soft magnetic phase shouldbe uniformly distributed So far most of the nanocompositemagnets are fabricated following the conventional top-downroutes for example high-energy mechanical milling andmelt spinning but they are all isotropic materials with low(BH)max [3ndash12] The other ldquobottom-uprdquo approach has actu-ally attracted more attention since it allows for the nanopar-ticles to be distributed uniformly and for the hard phase tobe aligned and form an optimum structure so as to ensureefficient exchange coupling A number of attempts have been
made to synthesize nanocomposite magnetic materials viathe bottom-up way Zeng et al [13] used simple mechanicalblending of Fe nanoparticles with Sm-Co permanent magnetpowders but the magnetic soft phase tended to agglomeratewhich led to the reduction in exchange coupling Marinescuet al [14] reported the use of a chemical depositionmethod tofabricate Sm-Conano-Fe composite yielding relatively goodmagnetic properties Zeng et al [15] reported the fabrica-tion of FePt-Fe
3Pt nanocomposites using nanoparticle self-
assembly with (BH)max of the nanocomposites exceedingthe single phase by over 50 percent However althoughthe particle size can be reduced to a certain degree theagglomeration is inevitable
In this paper the electroless plating techniquewas appliedto fabricate the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites materials
The addition of complexing agent can control the depositionrate of the iron to form a continuous and uniform coatinglayer The effect of the Fe content on magnetic properties wasalso investigated
2 Experiment
The (Sm058
Pr042
)Co5powders were milled mechanically for
4 h using a SPEX 8000 high-energy ball mill The initial
Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2014 Article ID 842495 5 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014842495
2 Journal of Chemistry
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sm
Fe
Fe
SmSm
Sm
Co
Co
Pr
PrPr
PrPr
O
PrFeSmCo
0 2 4 6 8 10
Co
CoSm
SmSm
SmPr
PrPr
PrPr
CoPrSm
O
Cou
nts (
au)
Cou
nts (
au)
(d) (e)
E E
1941
14
5772
1
1590
8
5 6
5
(c)
(a) (b)
Figure 1 SEM micrographs and EDS spectrum of (SmPr)Co5powders and (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites (a) (SmPr)Co
5powders after
ball milling for 4 h ((b) and (c)) (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites for different magnifications ((d) and (e)) EDS spectrum of (SmPr)Co
5and
(SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites and the element mass percentage
adding amount of the (Sm058
Pr042
)Co5powders was 2 g and
the ball to powder ratio was 10 1 and the diameter of thesteel ball is about 12mm During the process heptane wasused as the solvent with oleic acid used as the surfactant thecontent in total mass was 10wt and 55wt respectivelyThe synthesis of (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanoparticles was carried
out under Argon atmosphere in a three-necked bottle Thefollowing chemicals were used to synthesize the compos-ite nanoparticle (SmPr)Co
5(012 g) FeSO
4sdot7H2O (01 g)
C6H5Na3O7sdot2H2O (06 g) and NaBH
4(00625 g) In the first
step all the reagents except the reducing agent (NaBH4) were
dissolved in deionizer water and then diluted to 100mL insidethe container Polyvinylpyrrolidone was added as surfactantto protect the particles from oxidation and avoid the softmagnetic phase aggregation [16] In the end NaBH
4was
dissolved in the deionizer water and then poured into thebottle slowly under the condition of continuous ultrasonand mechanical stirring The final chemical equation can bedescribed as follows
FeSO4+ 2NaBH
4+H2O
997888rarr Fe (B2) +Na
2SO4+ 4H2+H2O
(1)
After reacting for 40min the powders were collectedvia magnetic separation and were washed by ethanol forseveral timesThe composite powders were dried in a vacuumenvironment for further investigation
The coating morphology and composition of the pow-ders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with an energy dispersion X-ray spec-trometer (EDS) The crystal structure was determined byX-ray diffraction (XRD) using the Cu K120572 radiation withthe diffraction angular range from 2120579 = 25∘ to 90∘ Themagnetic properties were investigated by a vibrating samplemagnetometer (VSM) The powders were aligned under a4 kOe field and solidified with epoxy resin for the VSM andXRD measurements
3 Results and Discussion
SEM images of noncoated powders and coated nanocom-posites are shown in Figure 1 The typical SEM image of(SmPr)Co
5powders is presented in Figure 1(a) It can be
seen that after ball milling for 4 h powdersrsquo agglomeration
Journal of Chemistry 3
(301
)
(220
)
(202
)(002
)
(111
)(1
10)(1
01)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(a)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(b)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(c)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(211
)
(200
)
(110
)(1
11)
(101
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRDpatterns of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes (a) nonaligned (b)magnetically aligned (c) (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocompositesmagnetically
aligned (d) (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites annealed at 450∘C
is still obvious and the particles have a flaky-like structureThe thickness of the nanoflakes is about 50sim100 nm with thelength range from 05 to 8120583mThe nanoflakes provide a largespecific surface area for further coating Figures 1(b) and 1(c)show the SEM micrographs of the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites at different magnifications From Figure 1(b) theflakes are coated with a large amount of nanoparticles but afew of the nanoparticles are also aggregated separately Theinset Figure 1(c) shows the much greater magnification ofnanocomposites a layer of continuous nanoparticles is coatedon the surface and the particlesrsquo size is about 10sim20 nmThe iron layer distributes uniformly and not simply stackstogether The elemental composition and mass fraction ofthe nanocomposites are revealed by the energy dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy Figures 1(d) and 1(e) show the energyspectrum of (SmPr)Co
5and (SmPr)Co
5Fe respectively
The mass fraction of iron is 115 which indicates that thenanocomposites have a relatively high content of soft phaseHowever the iron coating content relative to the compositepowder stoichiometry was 15 in mass The content is stilllower than the nominal content we initial added whichimplies that the iron particles are not fully deposited on thesurface of (SmPr)Co
5and fewer iron particles nucleate and
grow directly in the solution It is worth mentioning thatthe oxidation is inevitable during the process of ball milling
and electroless plating which would lead to a decrease inmagnetic properties
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) shows the XRD patterns of thesample of (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes nonaligned and aligned
respectively The diffraction peaks can be indexed as thestandard SmCo
5(JCPDS NO35-1400) After magnetic align-
ment the (002) peak becomes dominant indicating a strongc-axis crystallographic alignment [16] The results are con-sistent with the report of Cui et al [17 18] But there areno obvious diffraction peaks of iron in the XRD pattern of(SmPr)Co
5Fe nanoflakes (Figure 2(c)) The possible reason
was that the iron grain was too small or partly crystallizedso the intensity of the iron diffraction peak was weakand partly covered by the (SmPr)Co
5peaks Therefore
(SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites were annealed by vacuum
at 450∘C for 10 minutes Figure 2(d) shows the XRD patternof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites after annealing treatment
The iron diffraction peaks could be indexed (JCPDS NO06-0696) which proved the existence of iron Oxidation of(SmPr)Co
5occurred during the annealing process due to the
remain surfactant being removed incompletely Moreoverthe main diffraction peaks of Fe-B compounds cannot beindexed which proves the nonexistence of the Fe-B com-pounds and the particle layer is Fe nanoparticle coated on the(SmPr)Co
5surface
4 Journal of Chemistry
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
Mr
(em
ug)
(a)
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
M2
1T(e
mu
g)
(b)
0 10 20 30 40
2
4
6
8
10
Fe content (wt)
Hci
(kO
e)
(c)
Figure 3 Magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
with different Fe contents
The magnetic properties of composite (SmPr)Co5Fe
nanoflakes with different iron contents are shown in Figure 3The nanocomposites were measured in the direction parallelto the c-axis It can be seen that the remnant magnetiza-tion shows a trend of first increasing then decreasing withthe content of iron increases and reaches the maximumvalue when the iron content is 15 in weight Althoughthe saturation magnetization increases gradually with theincrease of iron content as we expect the coercivity drops
minus20000 minus10000 0 10000 20000 30000minus80
minus60
minus40
minus20
0
20
40
60
80
(Sm Pr)Co5(Sm Pr)Co5Fe
Ms
(em
ug)
Hci (Oe)
Figure 4 Magnetic hysteresis loops of aligned (SmPr)Co5
nanoflakes and (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
dramatically Figure 4 shows the magnetic hysteresis loops ofthe (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes and the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites with 15 wt Fe content The magnetic propertiesof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites nonannealing are shown
below 119872119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug and 119867ci =
889 kOe the magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes
are presented as a reference 119872119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904=
6015 emug and 119867ci = 1033 kOe However the magnetichysteresis loop of (SmPr)Co
5Fe is not smooth and there is
an obvious collapse in the second quadrant which indicatesthat the exchange coupling effect between the magneticallysoft and hard phase is not strongThe possible reasons for thismay be that the particle size and the distribution of the softphase are not precise enough to achieve the requirements ofthe theory
4 Conclusion
In summary we prepared (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
via electroless plating The addition of a complexing agenteffectively controls the coating morphology to obtain acontinuous and uniform Fe layer The nanocomposites showenhanced magnetic properties when the nominal additionof Fe was 15 wt 119872
119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug
and 119867ci = 889 kOe compared to the properties of uncoatednanoflakes 119872
119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904= 6015 emug and
119867ci = 1033 kOe The coercivity drops dramatically withthe increase of Fe content and also the magnetic hysteresisloop of the nanocomposite shows an obvious collapse in thesecond quadrant
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Journal of Chemistry 5
References
[1] R Coehoorn D B de Moojj J P W B Duchateau and K H JBuschow ldquoNovel permanent magnetic materials made by rapidquenchingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 49 no 8 pp 669ndash670 1988
[2] R Skomski ldquoAligned two-phase magnets permanent mag-netism of the future (Invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol76 no 10 pp 7059ndash7064 1994
[3] R Fischer T Schrefl H Kronmuller and J Fidler ldquoPhase dis-tribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanentcomposite magnetsrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Mate-rials vol 150 no 3 pp 329ndash344 1995
[4] D Goll M Seeger and H Kronmuller ldquoMagnetic and microstructural properties of nanocrystalline exchange coupledPrFeB permanentmagnetsrdquo Journal ofMagnetism andMagneticMaterials vol 185 no 1 pp 49ndash60 1998
[5] P G McCormick W F Miao P A I Smith J Dingand R Street ldquoMechanically alloyed nanocomposite magnets(invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 83 no 11 pp 6256ndash6261 1998
[6] S-Y Chu S AMajetich M-Q Huang and R T Fingers ldquoSyn-thesis and magnetic behavior of SmCo5(1-x)Fex nanocompositemagnetsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 93 no 10 pp 8146ndash8148 2003
[7] W Li L Li Y Nan et al ldquoControllable nanocrystallizationin amorphous Nd
9Fe85119861
6via combined application of severe
plastic deformation and thermal annealingrdquo Applied PhysicsLetters vol 91 no 6 Article ID 062509 2007
[8] Q Nguyen C N Chinnasamy S D Yoon et al ldquoFunction-alization of FeCo alloy nanoparticles with highly dielectricamorphous oxide coatingsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 103no 7 Article ID 07D532 2008
[9] P Saravanan M Premkumar A K Singh R Gopalan andV Chandrasekaran ldquoStudy on morphology and magneticbehavior of SmCo
5and SmCo
5Fe nanoparticles synthesized
by surfactant-assisted ball millingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 480 no 2 pp 645ndash649 2009
[10] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal X-Y Xiong M J Kramerand J P Liu ldquoFabrication of bulk nanocomposite magnetsvia severe plastic deformation and warm compactionrdquo AppliedPhysics Letters vol 96 no 10 Article ID 102513 2010
[11] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal et al ldquoSelf-nanoscaling of thesoftmagnetic phase in bulk SmCoFe nanocompositemagnetsrdquoJournal of Materials Science vol 46 no 18 pp 6065ndash6074 2011
[12] S C Sun Z Q Qi H Q Chen et al ldquoEffects of Al03Ga07As
interlayer with pulsed atomic layer epitaxy on heterogeneousintegration of GaAsGe grown by MOCVDrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 590 pp 1ndash4 2014
[13] Q Zeng Y Zhang M J Bonder G C Hadjipanayis andR Radhakrishnan ldquoBulk SmCo
5120572-Fe composite by plasma
pressure consolidationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol39 no 5 pp 2974ndash2976 2003
[14] M Marinescu J F Liu M J Bonder and G C HadjipanayisldquoFe-nanoparticle coated anisotropic magnet powders for com-posite permanent magnets with enhanced propertiesrdquo Journalof Applied Physics vol 103 no 7 Article ID 07E120 2008
[15] H Zeng J Li J P Liu Z L Wang and S-H SunldquoExchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticleself-assemblyrdquo Nature vol 420 no 6914 pp 395ndash398 2002
[16] X-L Wang H-L He F-Q Wang et al ldquoPreparation andmagnetic properties of anisotropic (SmPr)Co
5Co composite
particlesrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol324 no 5 pp 889ndash892 2012
[17] B Z Cui A M Gabay W F Li M Marinescu J F Liu and GC Hadjipanayis ldquoAnisotropic SmCo
5nanoflakes by surfactant-
assisted high energy ballmillingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol107 no 9 Article ID 09A721 2010
[18] B Z CuiW F Li andGCHadjipanayis ldquoFormation of SmCo5
single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystallinenanoflakesrdquo Acta Materialia vol 59 no 2 pp 563ndash571 2011
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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CatalystsJournal of
2 Journal of Chemistry
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sm
Fe
Fe
SmSm
Sm
Co
Co
Pr
PrPr
PrPr
O
PrFeSmCo
0 2 4 6 8 10
Co
CoSm
SmSm
SmPr
PrPr
PrPr
CoPrSm
O
Cou
nts (
au)
Cou
nts (
au)
(d) (e)
E E
1941
14
5772
1
1590
8
5 6
5
(c)
(a) (b)
Figure 1 SEM micrographs and EDS spectrum of (SmPr)Co5powders and (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites (a) (SmPr)Co
5powders after
ball milling for 4 h ((b) and (c)) (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites for different magnifications ((d) and (e)) EDS spectrum of (SmPr)Co
5and
(SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites and the element mass percentage
adding amount of the (Sm058
Pr042
)Co5powders was 2 g and
the ball to powder ratio was 10 1 and the diameter of thesteel ball is about 12mm During the process heptane wasused as the solvent with oleic acid used as the surfactant thecontent in total mass was 10wt and 55wt respectivelyThe synthesis of (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanoparticles was carried
out under Argon atmosphere in a three-necked bottle Thefollowing chemicals were used to synthesize the compos-ite nanoparticle (SmPr)Co
5(012 g) FeSO
4sdot7H2O (01 g)
C6H5Na3O7sdot2H2O (06 g) and NaBH
4(00625 g) In the first
step all the reagents except the reducing agent (NaBH4) were
dissolved in deionizer water and then diluted to 100mL insidethe container Polyvinylpyrrolidone was added as surfactantto protect the particles from oxidation and avoid the softmagnetic phase aggregation [16] In the end NaBH
4was
dissolved in the deionizer water and then poured into thebottle slowly under the condition of continuous ultrasonand mechanical stirring The final chemical equation can bedescribed as follows
FeSO4+ 2NaBH
4+H2O
997888rarr Fe (B2) +Na
2SO4+ 4H2+H2O
(1)
After reacting for 40min the powders were collectedvia magnetic separation and were washed by ethanol forseveral timesThe composite powders were dried in a vacuumenvironment for further investigation
The coating morphology and composition of the pow-ders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with an energy dispersion X-ray spec-trometer (EDS) The crystal structure was determined byX-ray diffraction (XRD) using the Cu K120572 radiation withthe diffraction angular range from 2120579 = 25∘ to 90∘ Themagnetic properties were investigated by a vibrating samplemagnetometer (VSM) The powders were aligned under a4 kOe field and solidified with epoxy resin for the VSM andXRD measurements
3 Results and Discussion
SEM images of noncoated powders and coated nanocom-posites are shown in Figure 1 The typical SEM image of(SmPr)Co
5powders is presented in Figure 1(a) It can be
seen that after ball milling for 4 h powdersrsquo agglomeration
Journal of Chemistry 3
(301
)
(220
)
(202
)(002
)
(111
)(1
10)(1
01)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(a)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(b)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(c)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(211
)
(200
)
(110
)(1
11)
(101
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRDpatterns of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes (a) nonaligned (b)magnetically aligned (c) (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocompositesmagnetically
aligned (d) (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites annealed at 450∘C
is still obvious and the particles have a flaky-like structureThe thickness of the nanoflakes is about 50sim100 nm with thelength range from 05 to 8120583mThe nanoflakes provide a largespecific surface area for further coating Figures 1(b) and 1(c)show the SEM micrographs of the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites at different magnifications From Figure 1(b) theflakes are coated with a large amount of nanoparticles but afew of the nanoparticles are also aggregated separately Theinset Figure 1(c) shows the much greater magnification ofnanocomposites a layer of continuous nanoparticles is coatedon the surface and the particlesrsquo size is about 10sim20 nmThe iron layer distributes uniformly and not simply stackstogether The elemental composition and mass fraction ofthe nanocomposites are revealed by the energy dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy Figures 1(d) and 1(e) show the energyspectrum of (SmPr)Co
5and (SmPr)Co
5Fe respectively
The mass fraction of iron is 115 which indicates that thenanocomposites have a relatively high content of soft phaseHowever the iron coating content relative to the compositepowder stoichiometry was 15 in mass The content is stilllower than the nominal content we initial added whichimplies that the iron particles are not fully deposited on thesurface of (SmPr)Co
5and fewer iron particles nucleate and
grow directly in the solution It is worth mentioning thatthe oxidation is inevitable during the process of ball milling
and electroless plating which would lead to a decrease inmagnetic properties
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) shows the XRD patterns of thesample of (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes nonaligned and aligned
respectively The diffraction peaks can be indexed as thestandard SmCo
5(JCPDS NO35-1400) After magnetic align-
ment the (002) peak becomes dominant indicating a strongc-axis crystallographic alignment [16] The results are con-sistent with the report of Cui et al [17 18] But there areno obvious diffraction peaks of iron in the XRD pattern of(SmPr)Co
5Fe nanoflakes (Figure 2(c)) The possible reason
was that the iron grain was too small or partly crystallizedso the intensity of the iron diffraction peak was weakand partly covered by the (SmPr)Co
5peaks Therefore
(SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites were annealed by vacuum
at 450∘C for 10 minutes Figure 2(d) shows the XRD patternof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites after annealing treatment
The iron diffraction peaks could be indexed (JCPDS NO06-0696) which proved the existence of iron Oxidation of(SmPr)Co
5occurred during the annealing process due to the
remain surfactant being removed incompletely Moreoverthe main diffraction peaks of Fe-B compounds cannot beindexed which proves the nonexistence of the Fe-B com-pounds and the particle layer is Fe nanoparticle coated on the(SmPr)Co
5surface
4 Journal of Chemistry
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
Mr
(em
ug)
(a)
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
M2
1T(e
mu
g)
(b)
0 10 20 30 40
2
4
6
8
10
Fe content (wt)
Hci
(kO
e)
(c)
Figure 3 Magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
with different Fe contents
The magnetic properties of composite (SmPr)Co5Fe
nanoflakes with different iron contents are shown in Figure 3The nanocomposites were measured in the direction parallelto the c-axis It can be seen that the remnant magnetiza-tion shows a trend of first increasing then decreasing withthe content of iron increases and reaches the maximumvalue when the iron content is 15 in weight Althoughthe saturation magnetization increases gradually with theincrease of iron content as we expect the coercivity drops
minus20000 minus10000 0 10000 20000 30000minus80
minus60
minus40
minus20
0
20
40
60
80
(Sm Pr)Co5(Sm Pr)Co5Fe
Ms
(em
ug)
Hci (Oe)
Figure 4 Magnetic hysteresis loops of aligned (SmPr)Co5
nanoflakes and (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
dramatically Figure 4 shows the magnetic hysteresis loops ofthe (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes and the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites with 15 wt Fe content The magnetic propertiesof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites nonannealing are shown
below 119872119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug and 119867ci =
889 kOe the magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes
are presented as a reference 119872119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904=
6015 emug and 119867ci = 1033 kOe However the magnetichysteresis loop of (SmPr)Co
5Fe is not smooth and there is
an obvious collapse in the second quadrant which indicatesthat the exchange coupling effect between the magneticallysoft and hard phase is not strongThe possible reasons for thismay be that the particle size and the distribution of the softphase are not precise enough to achieve the requirements ofthe theory
4 Conclusion
In summary we prepared (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
via electroless plating The addition of a complexing agenteffectively controls the coating morphology to obtain acontinuous and uniform Fe layer The nanocomposites showenhanced magnetic properties when the nominal additionof Fe was 15 wt 119872
119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug
and 119867ci = 889 kOe compared to the properties of uncoatednanoflakes 119872
119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904= 6015 emug and
119867ci = 1033 kOe The coercivity drops dramatically withthe increase of Fe content and also the magnetic hysteresisloop of the nanocomposite shows an obvious collapse in thesecond quadrant
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Journal of Chemistry 5
References
[1] R Coehoorn D B de Moojj J P W B Duchateau and K H JBuschow ldquoNovel permanent magnetic materials made by rapidquenchingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 49 no 8 pp 669ndash670 1988
[2] R Skomski ldquoAligned two-phase magnets permanent mag-netism of the future (Invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol76 no 10 pp 7059ndash7064 1994
[3] R Fischer T Schrefl H Kronmuller and J Fidler ldquoPhase dis-tribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanentcomposite magnetsrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Mate-rials vol 150 no 3 pp 329ndash344 1995
[4] D Goll M Seeger and H Kronmuller ldquoMagnetic and microstructural properties of nanocrystalline exchange coupledPrFeB permanentmagnetsrdquo Journal ofMagnetism andMagneticMaterials vol 185 no 1 pp 49ndash60 1998
[5] P G McCormick W F Miao P A I Smith J Dingand R Street ldquoMechanically alloyed nanocomposite magnets(invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 83 no 11 pp 6256ndash6261 1998
[6] S-Y Chu S AMajetich M-Q Huang and R T Fingers ldquoSyn-thesis and magnetic behavior of SmCo5(1-x)Fex nanocompositemagnetsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 93 no 10 pp 8146ndash8148 2003
[7] W Li L Li Y Nan et al ldquoControllable nanocrystallizationin amorphous Nd
9Fe85119861
6via combined application of severe
plastic deformation and thermal annealingrdquo Applied PhysicsLetters vol 91 no 6 Article ID 062509 2007
[8] Q Nguyen C N Chinnasamy S D Yoon et al ldquoFunction-alization of FeCo alloy nanoparticles with highly dielectricamorphous oxide coatingsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 103no 7 Article ID 07D532 2008
[9] P Saravanan M Premkumar A K Singh R Gopalan andV Chandrasekaran ldquoStudy on morphology and magneticbehavior of SmCo
5and SmCo
5Fe nanoparticles synthesized
by surfactant-assisted ball millingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 480 no 2 pp 645ndash649 2009
[10] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal X-Y Xiong M J Kramerand J P Liu ldquoFabrication of bulk nanocomposite magnetsvia severe plastic deformation and warm compactionrdquo AppliedPhysics Letters vol 96 no 10 Article ID 102513 2010
[11] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal et al ldquoSelf-nanoscaling of thesoftmagnetic phase in bulk SmCoFe nanocompositemagnetsrdquoJournal of Materials Science vol 46 no 18 pp 6065ndash6074 2011
[12] S C Sun Z Q Qi H Q Chen et al ldquoEffects of Al03Ga07As
interlayer with pulsed atomic layer epitaxy on heterogeneousintegration of GaAsGe grown by MOCVDrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 590 pp 1ndash4 2014
[13] Q Zeng Y Zhang M J Bonder G C Hadjipanayis andR Radhakrishnan ldquoBulk SmCo
5120572-Fe composite by plasma
pressure consolidationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol39 no 5 pp 2974ndash2976 2003
[14] M Marinescu J F Liu M J Bonder and G C HadjipanayisldquoFe-nanoparticle coated anisotropic magnet powders for com-posite permanent magnets with enhanced propertiesrdquo Journalof Applied Physics vol 103 no 7 Article ID 07E120 2008
[15] H Zeng J Li J P Liu Z L Wang and S-H SunldquoExchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticleself-assemblyrdquo Nature vol 420 no 6914 pp 395ndash398 2002
[16] X-L Wang H-L He F-Q Wang et al ldquoPreparation andmagnetic properties of anisotropic (SmPr)Co
5Co composite
particlesrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol324 no 5 pp 889ndash892 2012
[17] B Z Cui A M Gabay W F Li M Marinescu J F Liu and GC Hadjipanayis ldquoAnisotropic SmCo
5nanoflakes by surfactant-
assisted high energy ballmillingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol107 no 9 Article ID 09A721 2010
[18] B Z CuiW F Li andGCHadjipanayis ldquoFormation of SmCo5
single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystallinenanoflakesrdquo Acta Materialia vol 59 no 2 pp 563ndash571 2011
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal ofPhotoenergy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Carbohydrate Chemistry
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Journal of
Volume 2014
Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
SpectroscopyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Chromatography Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Applied ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Theoretical ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Spectroscopy
Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Quantum Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Organic Chemistry International
ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CatalystsJournal of
Journal of Chemistry 3
(301
)
(220
)
(202
)(002
)
(111
)(1
10)(1
01)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(a)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)
(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 902120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(b)
(220
)
(301
)
(202
)
(002
)(1
11)
(110
)
(101
)(001
)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
(c)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(211
)
(200
)
(110
)(1
11)
(101
)
Inte
nsity
(au
)
Sm2O3
Fe(Sm Pr)Co5
2120579 (deg)
(d)
Figure 2 XRDpatterns of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes (a) nonaligned (b)magnetically aligned (c) (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocompositesmagnetically
aligned (d) (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites annealed at 450∘C
is still obvious and the particles have a flaky-like structureThe thickness of the nanoflakes is about 50sim100 nm with thelength range from 05 to 8120583mThe nanoflakes provide a largespecific surface area for further coating Figures 1(b) and 1(c)show the SEM micrographs of the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites at different magnifications From Figure 1(b) theflakes are coated with a large amount of nanoparticles but afew of the nanoparticles are also aggregated separately Theinset Figure 1(c) shows the much greater magnification ofnanocomposites a layer of continuous nanoparticles is coatedon the surface and the particlesrsquo size is about 10sim20 nmThe iron layer distributes uniformly and not simply stackstogether The elemental composition and mass fraction ofthe nanocomposites are revealed by the energy dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy Figures 1(d) and 1(e) show the energyspectrum of (SmPr)Co
5and (SmPr)Co
5Fe respectively
The mass fraction of iron is 115 which indicates that thenanocomposites have a relatively high content of soft phaseHowever the iron coating content relative to the compositepowder stoichiometry was 15 in mass The content is stilllower than the nominal content we initial added whichimplies that the iron particles are not fully deposited on thesurface of (SmPr)Co
5and fewer iron particles nucleate and
grow directly in the solution It is worth mentioning thatthe oxidation is inevitable during the process of ball milling
and electroless plating which would lead to a decrease inmagnetic properties
Figures 2(a) and 2(b) shows the XRD patterns of thesample of (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes nonaligned and aligned
respectively The diffraction peaks can be indexed as thestandard SmCo
5(JCPDS NO35-1400) After magnetic align-
ment the (002) peak becomes dominant indicating a strongc-axis crystallographic alignment [16] The results are con-sistent with the report of Cui et al [17 18] But there areno obvious diffraction peaks of iron in the XRD pattern of(SmPr)Co
5Fe nanoflakes (Figure 2(c)) The possible reason
was that the iron grain was too small or partly crystallizedso the intensity of the iron diffraction peak was weakand partly covered by the (SmPr)Co
5peaks Therefore
(SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites were annealed by vacuum
at 450∘C for 10 minutes Figure 2(d) shows the XRD patternof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites after annealing treatment
The iron diffraction peaks could be indexed (JCPDS NO06-0696) which proved the existence of iron Oxidation of(SmPr)Co
5occurred during the annealing process due to the
remain surfactant being removed incompletely Moreoverthe main diffraction peaks of Fe-B compounds cannot beindexed which proves the nonexistence of the Fe-B com-pounds and the particle layer is Fe nanoparticle coated on the(SmPr)Co
5surface
4 Journal of Chemistry
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
Mr
(em
ug)
(a)
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
M2
1T(e
mu
g)
(b)
0 10 20 30 40
2
4
6
8
10
Fe content (wt)
Hci
(kO
e)
(c)
Figure 3 Magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
with different Fe contents
The magnetic properties of composite (SmPr)Co5Fe
nanoflakes with different iron contents are shown in Figure 3The nanocomposites were measured in the direction parallelto the c-axis It can be seen that the remnant magnetiza-tion shows a trend of first increasing then decreasing withthe content of iron increases and reaches the maximumvalue when the iron content is 15 in weight Althoughthe saturation magnetization increases gradually with theincrease of iron content as we expect the coercivity drops
minus20000 minus10000 0 10000 20000 30000minus80
minus60
minus40
minus20
0
20
40
60
80
(Sm Pr)Co5(Sm Pr)Co5Fe
Ms
(em
ug)
Hci (Oe)
Figure 4 Magnetic hysteresis loops of aligned (SmPr)Co5
nanoflakes and (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
dramatically Figure 4 shows the magnetic hysteresis loops ofthe (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes and the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites with 15 wt Fe content The magnetic propertiesof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites nonannealing are shown
below 119872119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug and 119867ci =
889 kOe the magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes
are presented as a reference 119872119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904=
6015 emug and 119867ci = 1033 kOe However the magnetichysteresis loop of (SmPr)Co
5Fe is not smooth and there is
an obvious collapse in the second quadrant which indicatesthat the exchange coupling effect between the magneticallysoft and hard phase is not strongThe possible reasons for thismay be that the particle size and the distribution of the softphase are not precise enough to achieve the requirements ofthe theory
4 Conclusion
In summary we prepared (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
via electroless plating The addition of a complexing agenteffectively controls the coating morphology to obtain acontinuous and uniform Fe layer The nanocomposites showenhanced magnetic properties when the nominal additionof Fe was 15 wt 119872
119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug
and 119867ci = 889 kOe compared to the properties of uncoatednanoflakes 119872
119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904= 6015 emug and
119867ci = 1033 kOe The coercivity drops dramatically withthe increase of Fe content and also the magnetic hysteresisloop of the nanocomposite shows an obvious collapse in thesecond quadrant
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Journal of Chemistry 5
References
[1] R Coehoorn D B de Moojj J P W B Duchateau and K H JBuschow ldquoNovel permanent magnetic materials made by rapidquenchingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 49 no 8 pp 669ndash670 1988
[2] R Skomski ldquoAligned two-phase magnets permanent mag-netism of the future (Invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol76 no 10 pp 7059ndash7064 1994
[3] R Fischer T Schrefl H Kronmuller and J Fidler ldquoPhase dis-tribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanentcomposite magnetsrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Mate-rials vol 150 no 3 pp 329ndash344 1995
[4] D Goll M Seeger and H Kronmuller ldquoMagnetic and microstructural properties of nanocrystalline exchange coupledPrFeB permanentmagnetsrdquo Journal ofMagnetism andMagneticMaterials vol 185 no 1 pp 49ndash60 1998
[5] P G McCormick W F Miao P A I Smith J Dingand R Street ldquoMechanically alloyed nanocomposite magnets(invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 83 no 11 pp 6256ndash6261 1998
[6] S-Y Chu S AMajetich M-Q Huang and R T Fingers ldquoSyn-thesis and magnetic behavior of SmCo5(1-x)Fex nanocompositemagnetsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 93 no 10 pp 8146ndash8148 2003
[7] W Li L Li Y Nan et al ldquoControllable nanocrystallizationin amorphous Nd
9Fe85119861
6via combined application of severe
plastic deformation and thermal annealingrdquo Applied PhysicsLetters vol 91 no 6 Article ID 062509 2007
[8] Q Nguyen C N Chinnasamy S D Yoon et al ldquoFunction-alization of FeCo alloy nanoparticles with highly dielectricamorphous oxide coatingsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 103no 7 Article ID 07D532 2008
[9] P Saravanan M Premkumar A K Singh R Gopalan andV Chandrasekaran ldquoStudy on morphology and magneticbehavior of SmCo
5and SmCo
5Fe nanoparticles synthesized
by surfactant-assisted ball millingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 480 no 2 pp 645ndash649 2009
[10] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal X-Y Xiong M J Kramerand J P Liu ldquoFabrication of bulk nanocomposite magnetsvia severe plastic deformation and warm compactionrdquo AppliedPhysics Letters vol 96 no 10 Article ID 102513 2010
[11] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal et al ldquoSelf-nanoscaling of thesoftmagnetic phase in bulk SmCoFe nanocompositemagnetsrdquoJournal of Materials Science vol 46 no 18 pp 6065ndash6074 2011
[12] S C Sun Z Q Qi H Q Chen et al ldquoEffects of Al03Ga07As
interlayer with pulsed atomic layer epitaxy on heterogeneousintegration of GaAsGe grown by MOCVDrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 590 pp 1ndash4 2014
[13] Q Zeng Y Zhang M J Bonder G C Hadjipanayis andR Radhakrishnan ldquoBulk SmCo
5120572-Fe composite by plasma
pressure consolidationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol39 no 5 pp 2974ndash2976 2003
[14] M Marinescu J F Liu M J Bonder and G C HadjipanayisldquoFe-nanoparticle coated anisotropic magnet powders for com-posite permanent magnets with enhanced propertiesrdquo Journalof Applied Physics vol 103 no 7 Article ID 07E120 2008
[15] H Zeng J Li J P Liu Z L Wang and S-H SunldquoExchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticleself-assemblyrdquo Nature vol 420 no 6914 pp 395ndash398 2002
[16] X-L Wang H-L He F-Q Wang et al ldquoPreparation andmagnetic properties of anisotropic (SmPr)Co
5Co composite
particlesrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol324 no 5 pp 889ndash892 2012
[17] B Z Cui A M Gabay W F Li M Marinescu J F Liu and GC Hadjipanayis ldquoAnisotropic SmCo
5nanoflakes by surfactant-
assisted high energy ballmillingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol107 no 9 Article ID 09A721 2010
[18] B Z CuiW F Li andGCHadjipanayis ldquoFormation of SmCo5
single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystallinenanoflakesrdquo Acta Materialia vol 59 no 2 pp 563ndash571 2011
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal ofPhotoenergy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Carbohydrate Chemistry
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Journal of
Volume 2014
Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
SpectroscopyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Chromatography Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Applied ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Theoretical ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Spectroscopy
Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Quantum Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Organic Chemistry International
ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CatalystsJournal of
4 Journal of Chemistry
40
45
50
55
60
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
Mr
(em
ug)
(a)
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40Fe content (wt)
M2
1T(e
mu
g)
(b)
0 10 20 30 40
2
4
6
8
10
Fe content (wt)
Hci
(kO
e)
(c)
Figure 3 Magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
with different Fe contents
The magnetic properties of composite (SmPr)Co5Fe
nanoflakes with different iron contents are shown in Figure 3The nanocomposites were measured in the direction parallelto the c-axis It can be seen that the remnant magnetiza-tion shows a trend of first increasing then decreasing withthe content of iron increases and reaches the maximumvalue when the iron content is 15 in weight Althoughthe saturation magnetization increases gradually with theincrease of iron content as we expect the coercivity drops
minus20000 minus10000 0 10000 20000 30000minus80
minus60
minus40
minus20
0
20
40
60
80
(Sm Pr)Co5(Sm Pr)Co5Fe
Ms
(em
ug)
Hci (Oe)
Figure 4 Magnetic hysteresis loops of aligned (SmPr)Co5
nanoflakes and (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
dramatically Figure 4 shows the magnetic hysteresis loops ofthe (SmPr)Co
5nanoflakes and the (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocom-
posites with 15 wt Fe content The magnetic propertiesof (SmPr)Co
5Fe nanocomposites nonannealing are shown
below 119872119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug and 119867ci =
889 kOe the magnetic properties of (SmPr)Co5nanoflakes
are presented as a reference 119872119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904=
6015 emug and 119867ci = 1033 kOe However the magnetichysteresis loop of (SmPr)Co
5Fe is not smooth and there is
an obvious collapse in the second quadrant which indicatesthat the exchange coupling effect between the magneticallysoft and hard phase is not strongThe possible reasons for thismay be that the particle size and the distribution of the softphase are not precise enough to achieve the requirements ofthe theory
4 Conclusion
In summary we prepared (SmPr)Co5Fe nanocomposites
via electroless plating The addition of a complexing agenteffectively controls the coating morphology to obtain acontinuous and uniform Fe layer The nanocomposites showenhanced magnetic properties when the nominal additionof Fe was 15 wt 119872
119903= 5335 emug 119872
119904= 7308 emug
and 119867ci = 889 kOe compared to the properties of uncoatednanoflakes 119872
119903= 4852 emug 119872
119904= 6015 emug and
119867ci = 1033 kOe The coercivity drops dramatically withthe increase of Fe content and also the magnetic hysteresisloop of the nanocomposite shows an obvious collapse in thesecond quadrant
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Journal of Chemistry 5
References
[1] R Coehoorn D B de Moojj J P W B Duchateau and K H JBuschow ldquoNovel permanent magnetic materials made by rapidquenchingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 49 no 8 pp 669ndash670 1988
[2] R Skomski ldquoAligned two-phase magnets permanent mag-netism of the future (Invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol76 no 10 pp 7059ndash7064 1994
[3] R Fischer T Schrefl H Kronmuller and J Fidler ldquoPhase dis-tribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanentcomposite magnetsrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Mate-rials vol 150 no 3 pp 329ndash344 1995
[4] D Goll M Seeger and H Kronmuller ldquoMagnetic and microstructural properties of nanocrystalline exchange coupledPrFeB permanentmagnetsrdquo Journal ofMagnetism andMagneticMaterials vol 185 no 1 pp 49ndash60 1998
[5] P G McCormick W F Miao P A I Smith J Dingand R Street ldquoMechanically alloyed nanocomposite magnets(invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 83 no 11 pp 6256ndash6261 1998
[6] S-Y Chu S AMajetich M-Q Huang and R T Fingers ldquoSyn-thesis and magnetic behavior of SmCo5(1-x)Fex nanocompositemagnetsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 93 no 10 pp 8146ndash8148 2003
[7] W Li L Li Y Nan et al ldquoControllable nanocrystallizationin amorphous Nd
9Fe85119861
6via combined application of severe
plastic deformation and thermal annealingrdquo Applied PhysicsLetters vol 91 no 6 Article ID 062509 2007
[8] Q Nguyen C N Chinnasamy S D Yoon et al ldquoFunction-alization of FeCo alloy nanoparticles with highly dielectricamorphous oxide coatingsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 103no 7 Article ID 07D532 2008
[9] P Saravanan M Premkumar A K Singh R Gopalan andV Chandrasekaran ldquoStudy on morphology and magneticbehavior of SmCo
5and SmCo
5Fe nanoparticles synthesized
by surfactant-assisted ball millingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 480 no 2 pp 645ndash649 2009
[10] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal X-Y Xiong M J Kramerand J P Liu ldquoFabrication of bulk nanocomposite magnetsvia severe plastic deformation and warm compactionrdquo AppliedPhysics Letters vol 96 no 10 Article ID 102513 2010
[11] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal et al ldquoSelf-nanoscaling of thesoftmagnetic phase in bulk SmCoFe nanocompositemagnetsrdquoJournal of Materials Science vol 46 no 18 pp 6065ndash6074 2011
[12] S C Sun Z Q Qi H Q Chen et al ldquoEffects of Al03Ga07As
interlayer with pulsed atomic layer epitaxy on heterogeneousintegration of GaAsGe grown by MOCVDrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 590 pp 1ndash4 2014
[13] Q Zeng Y Zhang M J Bonder G C Hadjipanayis andR Radhakrishnan ldquoBulk SmCo
5120572-Fe composite by plasma
pressure consolidationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol39 no 5 pp 2974ndash2976 2003
[14] M Marinescu J F Liu M J Bonder and G C HadjipanayisldquoFe-nanoparticle coated anisotropic magnet powders for com-posite permanent magnets with enhanced propertiesrdquo Journalof Applied Physics vol 103 no 7 Article ID 07E120 2008
[15] H Zeng J Li J P Liu Z L Wang and S-H SunldquoExchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticleself-assemblyrdquo Nature vol 420 no 6914 pp 395ndash398 2002
[16] X-L Wang H-L He F-Q Wang et al ldquoPreparation andmagnetic properties of anisotropic (SmPr)Co
5Co composite
particlesrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol324 no 5 pp 889ndash892 2012
[17] B Z Cui A M Gabay W F Li M Marinescu J F Liu and GC Hadjipanayis ldquoAnisotropic SmCo
5nanoflakes by surfactant-
assisted high energy ballmillingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol107 no 9 Article ID 09A721 2010
[18] B Z CuiW F Li andGCHadjipanayis ldquoFormation of SmCo5
single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystallinenanoflakesrdquo Acta Materialia vol 59 no 2 pp 563ndash571 2011
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal ofPhotoenergy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Carbohydrate Chemistry
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Journal of
Volume 2014
Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
SpectroscopyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Chromatography Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Applied ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Theoretical ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Spectroscopy
Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Quantum Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Organic Chemistry International
ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CatalystsJournal of
Journal of Chemistry 5
References
[1] R Coehoorn D B de Moojj J P W B Duchateau and K H JBuschow ldquoNovel permanent magnetic materials made by rapidquenchingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 49 no 8 pp 669ndash670 1988
[2] R Skomski ldquoAligned two-phase magnets permanent mag-netism of the future (Invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol76 no 10 pp 7059ndash7064 1994
[3] R Fischer T Schrefl H Kronmuller and J Fidler ldquoPhase dis-tribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanentcomposite magnetsrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Mate-rials vol 150 no 3 pp 329ndash344 1995
[4] D Goll M Seeger and H Kronmuller ldquoMagnetic and microstructural properties of nanocrystalline exchange coupledPrFeB permanentmagnetsrdquo Journal ofMagnetism andMagneticMaterials vol 185 no 1 pp 49ndash60 1998
[5] P G McCormick W F Miao P A I Smith J Dingand R Street ldquoMechanically alloyed nanocomposite magnets(invited)rdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 83 no 11 pp 6256ndash6261 1998
[6] S-Y Chu S AMajetich M-Q Huang and R T Fingers ldquoSyn-thesis and magnetic behavior of SmCo5(1-x)Fex nanocompositemagnetsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 93 no 10 pp 8146ndash8148 2003
[7] W Li L Li Y Nan et al ldquoControllable nanocrystallizationin amorphous Nd
9Fe85119861
6via combined application of severe
plastic deformation and thermal annealingrdquo Applied PhysicsLetters vol 91 no 6 Article ID 062509 2007
[8] Q Nguyen C N Chinnasamy S D Yoon et al ldquoFunction-alization of FeCo alloy nanoparticles with highly dielectricamorphous oxide coatingsrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol 103no 7 Article ID 07D532 2008
[9] P Saravanan M Premkumar A K Singh R Gopalan andV Chandrasekaran ldquoStudy on morphology and magneticbehavior of SmCo
5and SmCo
5Fe nanoparticles synthesized
by surfactant-assisted ball millingrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 480 no 2 pp 645ndash649 2009
[10] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal X-Y Xiong M J Kramerand J P Liu ldquoFabrication of bulk nanocomposite magnetsvia severe plastic deformation and warm compactionrdquo AppliedPhysics Letters vol 96 no 10 Article ID 102513 2010
[11] C-B Rong Y Zhang N Poudyal et al ldquoSelf-nanoscaling of thesoftmagnetic phase in bulk SmCoFe nanocompositemagnetsrdquoJournal of Materials Science vol 46 no 18 pp 6065ndash6074 2011
[12] S C Sun Z Q Qi H Q Chen et al ldquoEffects of Al03Ga07As
interlayer with pulsed atomic layer epitaxy on heterogeneousintegration of GaAsGe grown by MOCVDrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 590 pp 1ndash4 2014
[13] Q Zeng Y Zhang M J Bonder G C Hadjipanayis andR Radhakrishnan ldquoBulk SmCo
5120572-Fe composite by plasma
pressure consolidationrdquo IEEE Transactions on Magnetics vol39 no 5 pp 2974ndash2976 2003
[14] M Marinescu J F Liu M J Bonder and G C HadjipanayisldquoFe-nanoparticle coated anisotropic magnet powders for com-posite permanent magnets with enhanced propertiesrdquo Journalof Applied Physics vol 103 no 7 Article ID 07E120 2008
[15] H Zeng J Li J P Liu Z L Wang and S-H SunldquoExchange-coupled nanocomposite magnets by nanoparticleself-assemblyrdquo Nature vol 420 no 6914 pp 395ndash398 2002
[16] X-L Wang H-L He F-Q Wang et al ldquoPreparation andmagnetic properties of anisotropic (SmPr)Co
5Co composite
particlesrdquo Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials vol324 no 5 pp 889ndash892 2012
[17] B Z Cui A M Gabay W F Li M Marinescu J F Liu and GC Hadjipanayis ldquoAnisotropic SmCo
5nanoflakes by surfactant-
assisted high energy ballmillingrdquo Journal of Applied Physics vol107 no 9 Article ID 09A721 2010
[18] B Z CuiW F Li andGCHadjipanayis ldquoFormation of SmCo5
single-crystal submicron flakes and textured polycrystallinenanoflakesrdquo Acta Materialia vol 59 no 2 pp 563ndash571 2011
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal ofPhotoenergy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Carbohydrate Chemistry
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Journal of
Volume 2014
Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
SpectroscopyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Chromatography Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Applied ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Theoretical ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Spectroscopy
Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Quantum Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Organic Chemistry International
ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CatalystsJournal of
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal ofPhotoenergy
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Carbohydrate Chemistry
International Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Physical Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Analytical Methods in Chemistry
Journal of
Volume 2014
Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
SpectroscopyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Chromatography Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Applied ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Theoretical ChemistryJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Spectroscopy
Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Quantum Chemistry
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Organic Chemistry International
ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
CatalystsJournal of