Reproduction in Flowering Plants

ASEXUAL DNA is identical to the parent (clones)Plants use this method naturally they have developed special structures for asexual ldquopropagationrdquo

Bulbs rhizomes tubers corms runners are allstructures that can form new plants identical to the parent

SEXUAL DNA from male (sperm) and female (egg) is recombined to produce offspring genetically differentthan the parents

Flowers developed as the sexual structures in flowering plants

Egg and sperm come together (egg is fertilized) to produce seeds

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Anther

Filament

Parts of a flowerStamen Male part

Anther produces pollen (sperm)Filament positions anther

Pistil Female partStigma traps pollen (sperm)Style positions stigmaOvary produces egg cells develops

into fruitEgg cells get fertilized by sperm-

develops into seeds

Poppy

Lily unopened bud

Pollination ldquoPollen landing on the stigma of a pistilrdquoThe first step in the development of seed

Reason for Pollination methods1 Sperm must travel to the egg (Pistil) of a flower2 Plantsrsquo movement is limited3 Must use other methods to move pollen

MethodsAnimalWind

Sexual Reproduction

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Anther

Filament

Parts of a flowerStamen Male part

Anther produces pollen (sperm)Filament positions anther

Pistil Female partStigma traps pollen (sperm)Style positions stigmaOvary produces egg cells develops

into fruitEgg cells get fertilized by sperm-

develops into seeds

Poppy

Lily unopened bud

Pollination ldquoPollen landing on the stigma of a pistilrdquoThe first step in the development of seed

Reason for Pollination methods1 Sperm must travel to the egg (Pistil) of a flower2 Plantsrsquo movement is limited3 Must use other methods to move pollen

MethodsAnimalWind

Sexual Reproduction

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Parts of a flowerStamen Male part

Anther produces pollen (sperm)Filament positions anther

Pistil Female partStigma traps pollen (sperm)Style positions stigmaOvary produces egg cells develops

into fruitEgg cells get fertilized by sperm-

develops into seeds

Poppy

Lily unopened bud

Pollination ldquoPollen landing on the stigma of a pistilrdquoThe first step in the development of seed

Reason for Pollination methods1 Sperm must travel to the egg (Pistil) of a flower2 Plantsrsquo movement is limited3 Must use other methods to move pollen

MethodsAnimalWind

Sexual Reproduction

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Poppy

Lily unopened bud

Pollination ldquoPollen landing on the stigma of a pistilrdquoThe first step in the development of seed

Reason for Pollination methods1 Sperm must travel to the egg (Pistil) of a flower2 Plantsrsquo movement is limited3 Must use other methods to move pollen

MethodsAnimalWind

Sexual Reproduction

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Pollination ldquoPollen landing on the stigma of a pistilrdquoThe first step in the development of seed

Reason for Pollination methods1 Sperm must travel to the egg (Pistil) of a flower2 Plantsrsquo movement is limited3 Must use other methods to move pollen

MethodsAnimalWind

Sexual Reproduction

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Adaptations for Animal Pollination

1 Size and Colors of petalsColors ie Red attracts hummingbirds

White flowers that open at night- mothsPatterns that reflect UV light- patterns to

show insects where to landPatterns that resemble female insects

2 FragranceSweet Attracts animals that like sugar (bees)Rotten Attracts animals that like rotting meat (flies)

3 NectarReward for pollination- sugar water

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

Animal Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

How some bees see flowers

UV patternsRegular wavelengths

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

This orchid mimics a female wasp It also releaseschemicals that resemble the smell of a female wasp

When male wasps come to ldquomaterdquowith this fake femalethey pollinate the flowers

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

Adaptations for Wind Pollination1 Lack of petals

Energy is not spent on producing petals2 Lack of Fragrance

Energy is not spent on producing these chemicals3 Lack of Nectar

Energy is not spent on producing sugars4 Lots of pollen

Only by chance that pollen lands on the stigma produce lots of pollen to increase odds of success

5 Modification of stigmaLarge Feathery Sticky- all to increase chance of catching pollen

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

httpbiologyclcuceduCoursesbio303coevolutionhtm

httpwwwsystbotunizhchinstitutpersonenpersonphpid=23amps=evolutionofwindpollampl=d

Wind Pollination

httpimagesgooglecomimgresimgurl=httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias2520subvert2520seed2520dispersal252025Aug02jpgampimgrefurl=httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias_subverticillatahtmamph=481ampw=650ampsz=85amphl=enampstart=21amptbnid=Iw0eLwJ45l3aBMamptbnh=101amptbnw=137ampprev=images3Fq3Dseed2Bdispersal26start3D2026ndsp3D2026svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DN

httpwwwtreemailnlkronendakamazonassetsphotographs20largeBr assavola-martianajpg

httpwwweasttennesseewildflowerscomgalleryview_albumphpset_albumName=Arizona_05

How would these flowers be pollinated

httpimagesgooglecomimgresimgurl=httpwwwcasvanderbiltedubioimagesbiohiresahacsa3-fl10386jpgampimgrefurl=httpwwwcasvanderbiltedubioimagespagesfruit-develhtmamph=1440ampw=960ampsz=110amphl=enampstart=2amptbnid=bXDGwdl_h3X2uMamptbnh=150amptbnw=100ampprev=images3Fq3Dwind2Bpollinated2Bflowers26svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG

How would these flowers be pollinated

httpimagesgooglecomimgresimgurl=httpwwwcasvanderbiltedubioimagesbiohiresahacsa3-fl10386jpgampimgrefurl=httpwwwcasvanderbiltedubioimagespagesfruit-develhtmamph=1440ampw=960ampsz=110amphl=enampstart=2amptbnid=bXDGwdl_h3X2uMamptbnh=150amptbnw=100ampprev=images3Fq3Dwind2Bpollinated2Bflowers26svnum3D1026hl3Den26sa3DG

How would these flowers be pollinated

The next steps in SEX and seed production1 Development of nuclei in ovule (egg cell)2 Formation of the pollen tube3 Fertilization

Review the female parts of a flower

httpwwwjburroughsorgscienceresourcesflowerpollinationhtml

Note the ldquoembryo sacrdquo isinside the ovule

The pistil

How did the embryo sac get so many nuclei2 Egg Cell Preparation for Fertilization

Cell division creates multiple nuclei in the ovule (egg cell)

httpwwwjburroughsorgscienceresourcesflowerovulediagramshtml

Pollination Pollen (orange) lands on the stigma

The ldquotube nucleusrdquo(green) helps make enzymes that digest a ldquotunnelrdquothrough the style (yellow)

Polar nucleiinovule

Egg cell in ovule

The next steps in seed production1 Pollen tube development2 Development of nuclei in ovule(egg cell)3 Fertilization

2 Pollen tube development1 Development of pollen tube down through

the style2 Pollen tube is ldquodigestedrdquo by enzymes made

by the lsquotube nucleusrsquo from the pollen grain3 Pollen tube forms all the way to the

ovule (egg cell) in the ovary4 Sperm nuclei (two of them) follow the tube

nucleus down the pollen tube

Tunnel (yellow) forms all the way down to the ovule

Tube nucleus(green)

Besides the tube nucleus the pollen grain also has TWO sperm nuclei-

which move down the ldquotunnel to the ovule

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

How did the embryo sac get so many nuclei2 Egg Cell Preparation for Fertilization

Cell division creates multiple nuclei in the ovule (egg cell)

httpwwwjburroughsorgscienceresourcesflowerovulediagramshtml

Pollination Pollen (orange) lands on the stigma

The ldquotube nucleusrdquo(green) helps make enzymes that digest a ldquotunnelrdquothrough the style (yellow)

Polar nucleiinovule

Egg cell in ovule

The next steps in seed production1 Pollen tube development2 Development of nuclei in ovule(egg cell)3 Fertilization

2 Pollen tube development1 Development of pollen tube down through

the style2 Pollen tube is ldquodigestedrdquo by enzymes made

by the lsquotube nucleusrsquo from the pollen grain3 Pollen tube forms all the way to the

ovule (egg cell) in the ovary4 Sperm nuclei (two of them) follow the tube

nucleus down the pollen tube

Tunnel (yellow) forms all the way down to the ovule

Tube nucleus(green)

Besides the tube nucleus the pollen grain also has TWO sperm nuclei-

which move down the ldquotunnel to the ovule

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

Pollination Pollen (orange) lands on the stigma

The ldquotube nucleusrdquo(green) helps make enzymes that digest a ldquotunnelrdquothrough the style (yellow)

Polar nucleiinovule

Egg cell in ovule

The next steps in seed production1 Pollen tube development2 Development of nuclei in ovule(egg cell)3 Fertilization

2 Pollen tube development1 Development of pollen tube down through

the style2 Pollen tube is ldquodigestedrdquo by enzymes made

by the lsquotube nucleusrsquo from the pollen grain3 Pollen tube forms all the way to the

ovule (egg cell) in the ovary4 Sperm nuclei (two of them) follow the tube

nucleus down the pollen tube

Tunnel (yellow) forms all the way down to the ovule

Tube nucleus(green)

Besides the tube nucleus the pollen grain also has TWO sperm nuclei-

which move down the ldquotunnel to the ovule

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

The next steps in seed production1 Pollen tube development2 Development of nuclei in ovule(egg cell)3 Fertilization

2 Pollen tube development1 Development of pollen tube down through

the style2 Pollen tube is ldquodigestedrdquo by enzymes made

by the lsquotube nucleusrsquo from the pollen grain3 Pollen tube forms all the way to the

ovule (egg cell) in the ovary4 Sperm nuclei (two of them) follow the tube

nucleus down the pollen tube

Tunnel (yellow) forms all the way down to the ovule

Tube nucleus(green)

Besides the tube nucleus the pollen grain also has TWO sperm nuclei-

which move down the ldquotunnel to the ovule

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

Tunnel (yellow) forms all the way down to the ovule

Tube nucleus(green)

Besides the tube nucleus the pollen grain also has TWO sperm nuclei-

which move down the ldquotunnel to the ovule

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

The next steps in seed production

3 Fertilization1 One sperm fertilizes the egg to form the nucleus2 The second sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to

form a 3n (triploid) cell

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

One sperm cell fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell (yellow)

This cell divides many times to form a tissue called the

ldquoendospermrdquo This will be the food for the embryo

The other sperm nucleus fuses withthe egg cell (green) in theovule to form a diploid (2n) cell which willgrow into the embryo

Removed Ovule

The ovule will now develop into a mature seed

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

Parts of the mature seed

Seed coat

Endosperm andcotyledon

Parts of the Embryo

Radical

Epicotyl

Review on line sourceshttpwww-plbucdavisedulabsrostRiceReproductionflowerfertilizhtml

httpwwwbackyardnaturenetfrt_multhtm

From flower to fruit (and seed)How is the flower below pollinated

httpwwwcasvanderbiltedubioimagespagesfruit-develhtm

Two flowers fused together

Ovaries swell after fertilization

1 2

3 4

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

MONOCOT seed

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

DICOT seed

Seed DispersalMethods to move seeds- why do plants need to move seeds

Methods1 Wind

Feathers or wings2 Water

Air pockets or floats (bladder)3 Animals

Sticky or burrsEdible fruit

4 MechanicalPod explodes- shooting seeds out

Overview

Seed Dispersal Methods

httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias20subvert20seed20dispersal2025Aug02jpg

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

httpusersrcncomjkimballmaultranetBiologyPagesAAngiospermhtmlflower

DICOT seed

Seed DispersalMethods to move seeds- why do plants need to move seeds

Methods1 Wind

Feathers or wings2 Water

Air pockets or floats (bladder)3 Animals

Sticky or burrsEdible fruit

4 MechanicalPod explodes- shooting seeds out

Overview

Seed Dispersal Methods

httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias20subvert20seed20dispersal2025Aug02jpg

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

Seed DispersalMethods to move seeds- why do plants need to move seeds

Methods1 Wind

Feathers or wings2 Water

Air pockets or floats (bladder)3 Animals

Sticky or burrsEdible fruit

4 MechanicalPod explodes- shooting seeds out

Overview

Seed Dispersal Methods

httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias20subvert20seed20dispersal2025Aug02jpg

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

Overview

Seed Dispersal Methods

httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias20subvert20seed20dispersal2025Aug02jpg

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

httpwwwnazfloraorgAsclepias20subvert20seed20dispersal2025Aug02jpg

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

httpwayneswordpalomareduimagescockle4bgif

Animals

ldquoHitchhikersrdquo

Animals

Edibles

wwwcasvanderbiltedu

httpwwworanimacilteachersidohomepageFrugivory20and20seed20dispersal20papers_filesimage006jpg

Animals

Edibles

wwwcasvanderbiltedu

httpwwworanimacilteachersidohomepageFrugivory20and20seed20dispersal20papers_filesimage006jpg

Animals

Edibles

httpwwworanimacilteachersidohomepageFrugivory20and20seed20dispersal20papers_filesimage006jpg

Animals

Edibles

Mechanical

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Water

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Germination Seeds break dormancy and begin to grow

Factors that affect Germination

Water Enough water- too much will block out oxygenand allow rotting pathogens to attack the seed

Temperature Warm temperatures generally speed upreactions by speeding up molecular motion

Light Species specific- some need exposure to lightsome will not germinate while exposed to light

Scarification Scaring or cracking the seed coat toallow water to move into the seed

Stratification A series of absorbing water followed by exposure low temperature followed bywarm temperatures

Fire Breaks open seed coat allowing water in

Factors that affect Germination

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Factors that affect Germination

Water Enough water- too much will block out oxygenand allow rotting pathogens to attack the seed

Temperature Warm temperatures generally speed upreactions by speeding up molecular motion

Light Species specific- some need exposure to lightsome will not germinate while exposed to light

Scarification Scaring or cracking the seed coat toallow water to move into the seed

Stratification A series of absorbing water followed by exposure low temperature followed bywarm temperatures

Fire Breaks open seed coat allowing water in

Factors that affect Germination

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Stratification A series of absorbing water followed by exposure low temperature followed bywarm temperatures

Fire Breaks open seed coat allowing water in

Factors that affect Germination

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