report silicon photonics (2)
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
1/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
CHAPTER 1
CONCEPT OF SILICON PHOTONICS
We all expect fast, free-flowing bandwidth whenever and wherever we connect with theworld. However, there is a problem, as newer faster microprocessors roll out, the copper
connections that feed those processors within computers and servers will prove inade uate to
handle the crushing tides of data. Here is a better wa!" replace the copper with optical fiber and
the electrons with photons. #hat is the promise of silicon photonics" affordable optical commu-
nications for ever!thing. $t will let manufacturers build optical components using the same
semiconductor e uipment and methods the! use now for ordinar! integrated circuits, thereb!
dramaticall! lowering the cost of photonics. $ts overarching goal is to develop high-volume, low-
cost optical components using standard %&'S processing-the same manufacturing process used
for microprocessors and semiconductor device. #he onl! wa! for photonics to move into the
mass mar(et is to introduce integration, high-volume manufacturing, and low cost assembl!-that
is, to )Siliconi*e) photonics. +! that, we mean integrating several different optical devices onto
one silicon chip, rather than separatel! assembling each from exotic materials.
#he researchers believe that with this development, silicon photonic chips containing
do*ens or even hundreds of h!brid silicon lasers could someda! be built using standard high-
volume, low-cost silicon manufacturing techni ues side b! side, communicating with each other
to form a supercomputer far be!ond the scale of toda! s fastest computer. Silicon photonics
technolog! has the potential to use the power of optical networ(ing inside computers and to
create new generation of miniaturi*ed and low-cost photonic components, among other
applications.
$n one potential use, man! boards containing these Silicon-photonic chips would coexist.
#hus one can now see a path to integrating silicon h!brid lasers, photo detectors, modulators, andwaveguides into a single highl! integrated photonic chip capable of transmitting #bit s of
information down a single optical fiber all on a piece of silicon the si*e of !our fingernail. #he
chips will also be well suited for use in general data communications and computing.
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering /r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
2/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION OF SILICON PHOTONICS
$ts overarching goal is to develop high-volume, low-cost optical components usingstandard %&'S processing the same manufacturing process used for microprocessors and
semiconductor device. /espite silicon4s shortcomings, researchers have been stud!ing silicon
photonics for more than 56 !ears, starting with Richard Soref4s pioneering wor( in the midioaos
at the Air 7orce Research 3aborator!. Since then, there have been a host of silicon photonics
brea(throughs at %ornell 2niversit!, the &assachusetts $nstitute of #echnolog!, the 2niversit!
of %alifornia at 3os Angeles, the 2niversit! of %atania in Sicil!, the 2niversit! of Surre!, $+&,
$ntel, and elsewhere.
With optical interconnects in and around our des(top computers and servers, we4ll
download movies in seconds rather than hours and conduct lightning-fast searches through
gigab!tes of image, audio, or text data. &ultiple simultaneous streams of video arriving on our
P%s will open up new applications in remote monitoring and surveillance, teleconferencing, and
entertainment $n theor!, !ou could push fiber up to 86 trillion bits per second a rate that would
deliver the text of all the boo(s in the 2.S. 3ibrar! of %ongress in about a second. 2nli(e
electronic data, optical signals can travel tens of (ilometers without distortion or attenuation.
9ou can also pac( do*ens of channels of high-speed data onto a single fiber, separating the
channels b! wavelength, a techni ue called wavelength-division multiplexing. #oda!, :6
separate signals, each running at 6 gigabits per second, can be s uee*ed onto a hair-thin fiber.
#oda!4s devices are speciali*ed components made from indium phosphide, lithium
niobate, and other exotic materials that can4t be integrated onto silicon chips. #hat ma(es their
assembl! much more complex than the assembl! of ordinar! electronics, because the paths that
the light travels must be painsta(ingl! aligned to micrometer precision. #he onl! wa! for
photonics to move into the mass mar(et is to introduce integration, high-volume manufacturing,
and low cost assembl!-that is, to )Siliconi*e) photonics. +! that, we mean integrating several
different optical devices onto one silicon chip, rather than separatel! assembling each from
exotic materials.
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering 5/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
3/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
2.1 Photon:
A photon is a discrete bundle of light energ!. Photons are alwa!s in motion and, in a
vacuum, have a constant speed of light to all observers, at the vacuum speed of light. #he photon
is an elementar! particle, despite the fact that it has no mass. $t cannot deca! on its own,although the energ! of the photon can transfer ;or be created< upon interaction with other
particles. Photons are electricall! neutral and are one of the rare particles.
According to the photon theor! of light, photons-
&ove at the speed of light in free space
Have *ero mass and rest energ!.
%arr! energ! and momentum.
%an be destro!ed created when radiation is absorbed emitted.
%an have particle-li(e interactions ;i.e. collisions< with electrons and other particles, suchas in the %ompton 0ffect .
2.2 Silicon:
$t is semiconductor element which have s!mbol of silicon is Si and atomic number :.
Second onl! to ox!gen in abundance in 0arth4s crust= it never occurs free but is found in almost
all roc(s and in sand, cla!, and soils, combined with ox!gen as silica. Pure silicon is a hard, dar(
gra! solid with a metallic luster and the same cr!stal structure as diamond . $t is an extremel!
important semiconductor doped with boron, phosphorus, or arsenic, it is used in various
electronic circuits and switching devices, including computer chips, transistor s, and diode s.
Silicon presents a uni ue material for this research because the techni ues for processing it
are well understood and it demonstrates certain desirable behaviors. 7or example, while silicon is
opa ue in the visible spectrum, it is transparent at the infrared wavelengths used in optical
transmission, hence it can guide light. &oreover, manufacturing silicon components in high
volume to the specifications needed b! optical communication is comparativel! inexpensive.
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering >/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
http://physics.about.com/od/quantumphysics/a/comptoneffect.htmhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-363585.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-361970.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-362666.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-378213.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-381075.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-362777.htmlhttp://physics.about.com/od/quantumphysics/a/comptoneffect.htmhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-363585.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-361970.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-362666.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-378213.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-381075.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-362777.html -
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
4/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
Silicon4s (e! drawbac( is that it cannot emit laser light, and so the lasers that drive optical
communications have been made of more exotic materials, such as ?indium phosphide and
?gallium arsenide . However, silicon can be used to manipulate the light emitted b! inexpensive
lasers so as to provide light that has characteristics similar to more-expensive devices. #his is
@ust one wa! in which silicon can lower the cost of photonics.
2.3 Photonics:
Photonics is the science of generating, controlling, and detecting photons , particularl! in
the visible and near infra-red spectrum, but also extending to the ultraviolet ;6.5 6.>8 Bm
wavelength
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
5/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
Historicall!, the term photonics onl! came into common use among the scientific
communit! in the DC6s as fiber optic transmission of electronic data was adopted widel! b!
telecommunications networ( operators. At that time, the term was adopted widel! within +ell
3aboratories . $ts use was confirmed when the $000 3asers and 0lectro-'ptics Societ!
established an archival @ournal named Photonics #echnolog! 3etters at the end of the DC6s. A
huge further growth of photonics can be expected for the case that the current development of
silicon photonics will be successful.
2.4.2. Need silicon photonics:
$ntel cofounder Gordon &oore pro@ected that the number of transistors on a computer
chip will double ever! 5 !ears. ; DE8
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
6/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
telephone and $nternet traffic among service providers around the world. what about moving
large amounts of data inside !our computer
%omputer manufacturers don t use fiber optics to move data from component to
component inside !our P% because it s expensive to use and implement fiber optics insidecomputers, which is wh! the! rel! on electrical copper lin(s. However, as computer components
and chips wor( faster, those slower copper lin(s will begin to hold bac( P%s. #he copper lin(s
won t be able to move data uic(l! enough to let the chips and other components wor( at top
speed. #he chips ma! be waiting for data to arrive over the copper lin(s, leaving them idle. 7iber
optics can carr! thousands of times more data than copper cable lin(s.
Silicon photonics ma! be the answer to these problems. Silicon photonics brings laser
technolog! to silicon, allowing for the use of fiber optic communications from a silicon chip.+ecause silicon is inexpensive, implementation of fiber optics in man! new areas including
among servers, across networ(s, and inside computers ma! become possible. #o understand how
optical data might one da! travel through silicon in !our computer, it helps to (now how it
travels over optical fiber toda!.
7irst, a computer sends regular electrical data to an optical transmitter, where the signal is
converted into pulses of light. #he transmitter contains a laser and an electrical driver, which
uses the source data to modulate the laser beam, turning it on and off to generate s and 6s.
$mprinted with the data, the beam travels through the glass fiber, encountering switches at
various @unctures that route the data to different destinations. $f the data must travel more than
about 66 (ilometers, an optical amplifier boosts the signal. At the destination, a photo detector
reads and converts the data encoded in the photons bac( into electrical data.
CHAPTER 3
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering E/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
7/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
(UILDIN) (LOC*S OF SILICON PHOTONICS
3.1. Int#o+,ction
Silicon Photonics incl,+$s -ollo'ing -lo' o- P#oc$ss -lo'
1. Light source (low cost external laser)
2. Guide light (silicon on insulator)
3. odulation (!i "! capacitor de#ice)
4. $hoto detection (!i %ased photo detector)
A laser generates light this light ma! be filtered and tuned to a specific wavelength. $t is
then modulated, which is the process of placing data on the light. $f multiple optical channels are
desired, the light then passes through a multiplexer that combines it with wavelengths from other
lasers and places the resulting light onto a glass fiber. A bloc( diagram of this setup appears in
7ig ;>.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
8/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
3asers generate a beam of a single wavelength. 0lectrical or optical energ! is pumped
into a gain medium, which is surrounded b! mirrors to form a Icavit!.J $nitial photons are either
electricall! generated within the cavit! or in@ected into the cavit! b! an optical pump. the!
trigger the release of other photons with the same optical properties ;wavelength, phase and
polari*ation
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
9/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
&!#he Raman 0ffect allows energ! from a pump beam to amplif! data at longer
wavelengths in glass fiber.
;b< #his can now done in silicon as well with small distance.
$f a data beam is applied at the appropriate wavelength, it will pic( up additional photons.
After traveling several (ilometers in the fiber, the beam ac uires enough energ! to cause a
significant amplification of the data signal ;7igure >.> A.>b
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
10/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
release of duplicate photons with the same optical properties ;wavelength, phase and
polari*ation
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
11/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
3.2.2. &wo photon a%sorption:
2suall!, silicon is transparent to infrared light, meaning atoms do not absorb photons as
the! pass through the silicon because the infrared light does not have enough energ! to excite an
electron. 'ccasionall!, however, two photons arrive at the atom at the same time in such a wa!that the combined energ! is enough to free an electron from an atom.
Fig 3.4!: PIN / t /$ int#insic n t /$! +io+$ /l&c$+ on $ith$# si+$ o- th$ light 0$&
When the pump pulse propagates through the waveguide, free carriers are generated due to the#PA effect. #he free-carriers effect not onl! causes excess absorptions, as mentioned before, it
also induces a change in the refractive index of the Silicon ;Kn
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
12/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
Where, 3M 3ength of waveguide
NM Wavelength of the light, OM #PA coefficient
PpM $ntensit! pulse of the probe, A MArea of waveguide.
Fig. 3.6!: En$#g (&n+ Di&g#&
2suall!, this is a ver! rare occurrence. However, the higher the pump power, the &ore li(el! it is
to happen. 0ventuall!, these free electrons recombine with the cr!stal 3attice and pose no further
problem. However, at high power densities, the rate at which the free electrons are created
exceeds the rate of recombination and the! build up in the waveguide. 2nfortunatel!, these free
electrons begin absorbing the light passing through the silicon waveguide and diminish the
power of these signals. #he end result is a loss significant enough to cancel out the benefit of
Raman amplification.
3.2.3. Breakthrough Laser:
#he solution is to change the design of the waveguide so that it contains a semiconductor
structure, technicall! called a P$ ;P-t!pe -$ntrinsic - -t!pe< device. When a voltage is applied
to this device, it acts li(e a vacuum and removes the electrons from the path of the light. Prior to
this brea(through, the two-photon absorption problem would draw awa! so man! photons as to
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering 5/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
13/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
not allow net amplification. Hence, maintaining a continuous laser beam would be impossible.
$ntel4s brea(through is the use of the P$ to ma(e the amplification continuous.
7igure ;>.E< is a schematic of the P$ device. #he P$ is represented b! the p- and n-
doped regions as well as the intrinsic silicon in between. #his silicon device can direct the flowof current in much the same wa! as diodes and other semiconductor devices do toda! in common
electronics. Hence, the manufacture of this device relies on established manufacturing
technologies and it reinforces the basic goal of silicon photonics" inexpensive, high-performance
optical components.
Fig,#$ 3.7!: Th$ 0#$& th#o,gh silicon l&s$# ,s$+ & PIN +$ ic$ &n+ th$ R& &n E--$ct to & /li- light &s it 0o,nc$+
0$t'$$n t'o i##o#s co&t$+ on th$ '& $g,i+$ $n+s5 /#o+,cing & contin,o,s l&s$# 0$& &t & n$' '& $l$ngth.
#o create the brea(through laser, $ntel coated the ends of the P$ waveguide with mirrors to
form a laser cavit! ;7igure above/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
14/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
Fig,#$ 3.8! An $9& /l$ o- c#$&ting ,lti/l$ silicon l&s$# so,#c$s -#o on$ /, / 0$&
Fig 3. !: T'o Photon A0so#/tion in Silicon
3.2.4. 'a an Based !ilicon $hotonics
Raman scattering was proposed and demonstrated in 5665 as a mean to b!pass these limitations,
and to create optical amplifiers and lasers in silicon. #he approach was motivated b! the fact that
the stimulated Raman gain coefficient in silicon is 6 >- 6: times larger than that in fiber.
#he modal area in a silicon waveguide is roughl! 66 times smaller than in fiber,
resulting in a proportional increase in optical intensit!. #he combination ma(es it possible to
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering :/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
15/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
reali*e chip-scale Raman devices that normall! re uire (ilometers of fiber to operate. #he initial
demonstration of spontaneous Raman emission from silicon waveguides in 5665 was followed
b! the demonstration of stimulated Raman scattering and parametric Raman wavelength
conversion , both in 566>. 'ther merits of the Raman 0ffect include the fact that it occurs in pure
silicon and hence does not re uire rare earth dopants ;such as 0rbium
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
16/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
carrier depletion. 'ptimum electronic performance is crucial= the device is designed so that the
electrical and optical signals propagate together down the waveguide.
3.3.2. ,ow !ilicon odulator -orks:
#o understand how the modulator functions, we need to touch briefl! on the nature of
light. 3ight is a form of radiation that occurs at specific fre uencies, some of which are visible,
and some, li(e ultraviolet and infrared, that are invisible. When light is emitted it travels in a
pattern that loo(s ver! much li(e a sine wave. ;See the top row of 7igure .< #he total distance
reached b! the pea(s and troughs of this sine wave is (nown as amplitude. When the sine wave
is nearl! flat, the light is at its dimmest and has low amplitude. When the pea(s and troughs are
ver! high and deep, the light shines brightl! and has greater amplitude.
Fig: 3.;! & /li-ic&tion /h$no $non
When two wavelengths are combined, the resulting sine wave is the sum of the two
constituent sine waves. 7or example, if two sine waves are perfectl! in s!nc and added together
;left column of 7igure >.D. 6< the
resulting wave has no amplitude
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering E/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
17/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
3.3.3. ach 0ehnder inter*ero eter :
Fig 3.1
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
18/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
9ou start b! splitting the laser beam in two and then appl!ing an electric field to one
beam. $f the speed changes enough to dela! the beam b! half of one wavelength, that beam will
be out of phase with its mate. When the beams recombine, the! will interfere with each other and
cancel out.
$f, on the other hand, no voltage is applied, the beams remain in phase, and the! will add
constructivel! when recombined. 0ncoding the beam with s and 's, then, means ma(ing the
beams interfere ;6< or (eeping them in phase ;
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
19/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
&ach-Qehnder interferometer is modulated b! modulating the phase difference between the
interferometer s two arms. #his modulation can be ver! fast, because free carriers can be swept
out of the @unction.
#he modulator speed is thus limited b!, the parasitic effects such as R% time constantlimit. #he high-speed silicon modulator could find use in various future applications. 7or
example, a highl! integrated silicon photonic circuit ma! provide a cost effective solution for the
future optical interconnect within computers and other devices. With the demonstration of the :6
Gbps silicon modulator and the electricall! pumped h!brid silicon laser , it will become possible
to integrate multiple devices on a single chip that can transmit terabits of aggregate data per
second trul! enabling tera-scale computing .
3.4. Silicon (&s$+ Photo+$t$cto#:
Fig 3.13! Silicon (&s$+ Photo+$t$cto#
Silicon can also be used in photo detection-the process b! which incoming wavelengths
are converted into electrical signals representing bits. &odulation turns the light on and off to
encode the data. When the wavelength is off, a *ero-bit is encoded= when the wavelength is on, a
one-bit result. #he photo detector has the responsibilit! of converting those incoming bits bac(
into their electrical counterparts. &a(ing a photo detector in silicon, however, has a significant/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering D/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
http://www.intel.com/research/platform/sp/hybridlaser.htmhttp://www.intel.com/research/platform/terascale/index.htmhttp://www.intel.com/research/platform/sp/hybridlaser.htmhttp://www.intel.com/research/platform/terascale/index.htm -
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
20/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
challenge" At the infrared fre uencies used b! toda! s fiber-optic lasers, silicon is transparent. $t
cannot detect incoming light because the photons that ma(e up the wavelengths pass right
through it. $nterestingl!, if the laser wavelengths were in the visible spectrum where silicon is
not transparent, silicon would be ideall! suited for photo detection. $ntel has developed a means
of adding the element germanium to silicon to improve its light sensitivit! in the infrared
spectrum. #his approach leverages one of germanium s important properties" $t can extend the
spectrum of wavelengths at which silicon absorbs light. #his achievement enables $ntel to build
silicon detectors for optical communication.
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering 56/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
21/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
CHAPTER 4
A T=PICAL ASSE"(L= OF SILICON PHOTONICS
7$G. below shows an assembling structure of silicon photonics in which modulators,
electronic chip, optical fiber, photo-detectors, a laser source mirrors etc.
Fig 4.1! Ass$ 0l St#,ct,#$
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering 5/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
-
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
22/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
CHAPTER 6
"ICRO PHOTONICS > NANO PHOTONICS
&icro-photonics is a branch of technolog! that deals with directing light on a
microscopic scale. $t is used in networ(ing. &icro photonics emplo!s at least two different
materials with a large differential index of refraction to s uee*e the light down to a small si*e.
Generall! spea(ing virtuall! all of micro photonics relies on 7resnel reflection to guide the light.
$f the photons reside mainl! in the higher index material, the confinement is due to total internal
reflection . $f the confinement is due man! distributed 7resnel reflections , the device is termed a
photonic cr!stal . #here are man! different t!pes of geometries used in micro photonics including
optical waveguides, optical micro cavities , and Arra!ed Waveguide Gratings.
ano-photonics is the stud! of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale. #he abilit! to
fabricate devices in nanoscale that has been developed recentl! provided the catal!st for this area
of stud!. #he stud! of anophotonics involves two broad themes
. Stud! the novel properties of light at the nanometer scale.
5. 0nabling highl! power efficient devices for engineering applications. #he stud! has the
potential to revolutioni*e the telecommunications industr! b! providing low power, highspeed, and interference-free devices such as electro optic and all-optical switches on a
chip.
/epartment of 0lectronics 1 #elecommunication 0ngineering 55/r. +abasaheb Ambed(ar #echnological 2niversit!, 3onere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_waveguides&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_microcavities&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrayed_Waveguide_Gratings&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_reflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_waveguides&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_microcavities&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrayed_Waveguide_Gratings&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre -
8/12/2019 Report Silicon Photonics (2)
23/27
A Seminar Report on Silicon Photonics
CHAPTER 7
AD?ANTA)ES AND DISAD?ANTA)ES
A+ &nt&g$s:
. $t is inexpensive to use.
5. $mplementation is eas!.
>. Speed is so high ; #bit sec66th of usual speed of light. Smaller computers, less heat, elimination of motherboards ;b! toda! s standards, ;E -58.
C +. R. +ennett, I +ontrol o* unwanted light in !i wa#eguide J, / . 5uantu lectron. ,
vol. U0-5>, no. , pp. 5> 5D, Tan. DDE.
D 9urii A. lasov $+& #homas T. Watson Research %enter, 9or(town Heights, 9 68DC,
2SA , I !ilicon photonics *or next generation co puting s6ste s J p. 6F:> 5, 5668.
6 T. W. Pan, I!ilicon Nanophotonics 7 application in sensing J, 'pt. 0xpress E, 8F5
566C.
H. #a(esue,I Generation o* polari8ation entangled photon pairs using silicon wire
wa#eguide J, 'pt. 0xpress E, 8F5 ;566C, ;5 Soref. R,I&he past9 present9 and *uture o* silicon photonics J, $000 T. Sel. #op. Uuantum
0lectron, 566E, 5, ;E