report on the indian-space-programmes with indian …...allied sciences (drdo, delhi, india),...

RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 35

Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 (Print)

Volume 7, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes with Indian-

Missile-Programmes from the 20th Century of 2nd

Millennium to the 21st Century of 3rd Millennium

Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology

Arunachal Pradesh, Yupia, District-Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental principles of Rocket-Science. According to the recent earlier publications, Newton’s third law of motion has been recently established in space-time by Mukhopadhyay as author, using both of the Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory and Mukhopadhyay’s concept mechanics related to the special theory of relativity in third quantisation. According to the brief description in this report, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has obtained many significant achievements in different Indian-Space-Programmes maintaining the principles of the Newton’s laws of motion. Also, according to this report, many successful technical achievements obtained by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) have been briefly mentioned related to the different Indian-Missile-Programmes maintaining the same principles. In future, this report will be helpful to briefly understand the Indian-Space-Programmes with the Indian-Missile-Programmes towards the progress of “Science and Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd millennium. Keywords: Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Newton’s laws of motion, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Missile, 2nd Millennium, 3rd Millennium

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was founded by the Government of India in 1962 to initiate the space activities in India. Also, Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) at Thiruvananthapuram was started by the Government of India in 1962 [1-4]. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969 to institutionalise the Indian-Space-Programmes. The Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) were constituted by the Government of India in June-1972 [5-8]. ISRO was brought under the DOS in September-1972. DOS and Space-Commission are supervised by the honourable Prime-Minister of India [9-12]. At present, both of the DOS and ISRO Headquarters are located at Bangalore in India. Antrix-Corporation established in 1992 is a Government company to market the space products and necessary services [13-18]. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established by the

Government of India in 1958 for military-research [19-21]. The Headquarter of DRDO is at the DRDO-Bhavan, New Delhi, India. DRDO is controlled by the Ministry of Defence (Government of India). DRDO performs research on different directions of science and engineering, like Aeronautics, Armaments, Electronics, Land Combat Engineering, Life Sciences, Materials-Sciences, Missile-Systems, and Naval-Systems [19-21].

Recently, Mukhopadhyay as author has

invented the Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory

and Mukhopadhyay’s concept mechanics in

the earlier publications [22-24]. Quantum

theory is the first quantisation, and quantum

field theory is the second quantisation in

physics. Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory is

the third quantisation in physics according to

the earlier publications [22-24]. Also, in the

recent earlier publications, Mukhopadhyay as

author has established the Newton’s third law

of motion with the validity in space-time

related to the special theory of relativity in

third quantisation [22-24]. Hence, according to

mailto:[email protected]

Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay


the special theory of relativity in space-time,

Newton’s third law of motion is one of the

fundamental principles of rocket-science by

Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory in third

quantisation [22-24].

In this report, author has mentioned the

administrative structure of the Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO) with the

administrative structure of the Defence

Research and Development Organisation

(DRDO) controlled by the Government of

India. Also, the significant achievements in

rocket-science obtained by the ISRO and

DRDO are briefly mentioned. This report will

be helpful to briefly understand the Indian-

Space-Programmes with the Indian-Missile-

Programmes towards the progress of “Science

and Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd

millennium.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF

ROCKET-SCIENCE IN THE INDIAN-

SPACE-PROGRAMMES AND

INDIAN-MISSILE-PROGRAMMES Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental

principles of rocket science in Indian-space-

programmes. Rocket is a device of variable

mass with respect to time. According to the

Newton’s first law of motion, any object at

rest will stay at rest and any object in motion

will stay in motion in a straight line unless the

same object is acted upon by an unbalanced

force. The state of rest or state of motion is

considered with respect to the immediate

surroundings of the object. A rocket as an

object is always balanced on the launch-pad.

The gravity acting on the rocket is always

pulling down the rocket and the surface of the

launch-pad is always pushing the rocket

upward making a balance between these two

forces. Any rocket after blasting off the

launch-pad always changes its state of rest to

the state of motion. After ignition of the rocket

engine, the thrust from the rocket makes the

forces unbalanced resulting into an upward

rocket motion [22-25]. Hence, the principles of

Newton’s first law of motion related to the

unbalanced force are maintained in the rocket

motion of Indian-Space-Programmes.

According to the Newton’s second law of

motion, force is equal to the mass times

acceleration. In a rocket, the force is created

by the controlled explosion occurring inside

the rocket-engine. This force pushes the gas

downward and accelerates the rocket upward.

This force on the rocket is continuous with the

firing of the engine. The major parts of the

rocket are engines, propellant-tanks, payload,

control-system and propellants. The mass of

the rocket changes due to the firing of engine

resulting into the reduction in rocket mass

during flight. Therefore, due to the validity of

Newton’s second law of motion, the

acceleration of rocket increases with the

reduction in rocket mass [22-25]. In this way,

the principles of Newton’s second law of

motion related to the acceleration are

maintained in the rocket motion of Indian-

Space-Programmes.

According to the Newton’s third law of

motion, every action has an equal and opposite

reaction. A rocket lifts off from a launch-pad

by expelling gas downward from the rocket

engine. The action is governed by the rocket

expelling the gas downward, and the rocket

moves upward by the reaction in opposite

direction. The thrust as action must be greater

with respect to the gravitational force related

to rocket mass. In the deep space, any small

amount of thrust from the rocket can change

the direction of the rocket motion [22-25]. In

this way, the principles of Newton’s third law

of motion related to the action and reaction are

maintained in the rocket motion of Indian-

Space-Programmes.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF

ISRO AND DRDO IN INDIA The Space-Commission of India implements

the Indian-Space-Programmes to develop and

promote the applications of space technology

towards the benefit of the country. Department

of Space (DOS) implements the Indian-Space-

Programmes by the Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research

Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric

Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern

Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), and

Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL) [1-4].

The major Indian-Space-Programmes under

DOS are as follows: (A) Indian National

Satellite (INSAT) programme for

Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology

Volume 7, Issue 3

ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 (Print)

RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved 7

telecommunications, TV broadcasting,

meteorology, and developmental education;

(B) Remote Sensing Programme towards the

applications of satellite imagery for several

developmental purposes; (C) Design and

development of spacecraft with associated

technologies for the applications in

communications, resources survey, and space

sciences; (D) Design and development of

launch vehicles for different space science

missions; and (E) Research on space science

and technology for the national development

[5-8].

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO,

India) has the following major Units [9-18]:

Semi-Conductor Laboratory (ISRO, India),

Western RRSC (ISRO, India), Solar

Observatory (ISRO, India), Space

Applications Centre (ISRO, India), Physical

Research Laboratory (ISRO, India),

Development and Educational Communication

Unit (ISRO, India), Infrared Observatory

(ISRO, India), Master Control Facility-B

(ISRO, India), ISRO Liaison Office (ISRO,

India), Indian Deep Space Network (ISRO,

India), Indian Space Science Data Centre

(ISRO, India), Master Control Facility (ISRO,

India), Space Commission (ISRO, India),

Department of Space and ISRO Headquarters

(ISRO, India), INSAT Programme Office

(ISRO, India), NNRMS Secretariat (ISRO,

India), Civil Engineering Programme Office

(ISRO, India), Antrix Corporation (ISRO,

India), U. R. Rao Satellite Centre (ISRO,

India), Laboratory for Electro-Optical Systems

(ISRO, India), “ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and

Command Network” (ISRO, India), Southern

RRSC (ISRO, India), Liquid Propulsion

Systems (ISRO, India), Ammonium

Perchlorate Experimental Plant (ISRO, India),

DOS Branch Secretariat (ISRO, India), ISRO

Branch Office (ISRO, India), Delhi Earth

Station (ISRO, India), Indian Institute of

Remote Sensing (ISRO, India), Centre for

Space Science and Technology Education in

Asia-Pacific (ISRO, India), ISTRAC Ground

Station (ISRO, India), Eastern RRSC (ISRO,

India), North Eastern Space Application

Centre (ISRO, India), Central RRSC (ISRO,

India), National Remote Sensing Centre

(ISRO, India), National Atmospheric Research

Laboratory (ISRO, India), Down Range

Station (ISRO, India), Satish Dhawan Space

Centre (ISRO, India), ISRO Propulsion

Complex (ISRO, India), Vikram Sarabhai

Space Centre (ISRO, India), Liquid Propulsion

Systems Centre (ISRO, India), ISRO Inertial

Systems Unit (ISRO, India), and the Indian

Institute of Space Science and Technology

(ISRO, India). In this 21st century of 3rd

millennium, all of these Units of ISRO are

being used in the Indian-Space-Programmes.

Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO, India) has the following

major Units [19-21]: Centre for Artificial

Intelligence & Robotics (DRDO, Bangalore,

India), Combat Vehicles Research &

Development Estt. (DRDO, Chennai, India),

Defence Avionics Research Establishment

(DRDO, Bangalore, India), Defence Bio-

Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory

(DRDO, Bangalore, India), Defence Food

Research Laboratory (DRDO, Mysore, India),

Gas Turbine Research Establishment (DRDO,

Bangalore, India), Electronics & Radar

Development Establishment (DRDO,

Bangalore, India), Microwave Tube Research

& Development Centre (DRDO, Bangalore,

India), Naval Physical & Oceanographic

Laboratory (DRDO, Cochin, India), Centre

For Air Borne System (DRDO, Bangalore,

India), Aeronautical Development

Establishment (DRDO, Bangalore, India),

Centre for Military Airworthiness &

Certification (DRDO, Bangalore, India),

Defence Electronics Application Laboratory

(DRDO, Dehradun, India), Defence Institute

of Bio-Energy Research (DRDO, Haldwani,

India), Defence Institute of High Altitude

Research (DRDO, Leh Ladakh, India),

Defence Research Laboratory (DRDO, Tejpur,

India), Instruments Research & Development

Establishment (DRDO, Dehradun, India),

Institute of Technology Management (DRDO,

Mussorie, India), Snow & Avalanche Study

Estt (DRDO, Chandigarh, India), Terminal

Ballistics Research Laboratory (DRDO,

Chandigarh, India), Aerial Delivery Research

and Development Establishment (DRDO,

Agra, India), Defence Materials and Stores

Research and Development Establishment

(DRDO, Kanpur, India), “Centre for Fire,

Explosive and Environment Safety” (DRDO,



Delhi, India), Defence Scientific Information

& Documentation Centre (DRDO, Delhi,

India), Defence Institute of Physiology &

Allied Sciences (DRDO, Delhi, India),

Defence Institute of Psychological Research

(DRDO, Delhi, India), Defence Research &

Development Establishment (DRDO, Gwalior,

India), Defence Terrain Research Laboratory

(DRDO, Delhi, India), Institute of Nuclear

Medicine & Allied Sciences (DRDO, Delhi,

India), Institute for Systems Studies &

Analyses (DRDO, Delhi, India), Laser Science

& Technology Centre (DRDO, Delhi, India),

Scientific Analysis Group (DRDO, Delhi,

India), Solid State Physics Laboratory

(DRDO, Delhi, India), Defence Laboratory

(DRDO, Jodhpur, India), Centre for Advanced

Semiconductor Technology (DRDO, Delhi,

India), Advanced Numerical Research &

Analysis Group (DRDO, Hyderabad, India),

Defence Electronics Research Laboratory

(DRDO, Hyderabad, India), Defence

Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DRDO,

Hyderabad, India), Defence Research &

Development Laboratory (DRDO, Hyderabad,

India), Naval Science & Technological

Laboratory (DRDO, Vishakapatnam, India),

Proof & Experimental Establishment (DRDO,

Balasore, India), Integrated Test Range

(DRDO, Balasore, India), Research Centre

Imarat (DRDO, Hyderabad, India), Armament

Research & Development Establishment

(DRDO, Pune, India), Defence Institute of

Advanced Technology (DRDO, Pune, India),

High Energy Materials Research Laboratory

(DRDO, Pune, India), Naval Materials

Research Laboratory (DRDO, Ambernath,

India), Research & Development

Establishment (DRDO, Pune, India), Vehicle

Research & Development Establishment

(DRDO, Ahmednagar, India), and the

Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials

(DRDO, Nasik, India). In this 21st century of

3rd millennium, all of these Units of DRDO

are being used in the Indian-Missile-

Programmes.

APPLICATIONS OF THE INDIAN-

SATELLITE-SYSTEMS Figure 1 shows the schematic structure of a

satellite communication [26]. The telemetry,

tracking and command (TT&C) subsystem is

the most essential part of any satellite [26].

Telemetry is for the remote sensing [26].

Tracking is to follow up [26]. Command is the

instructions to be obeyed [26]. Block diagram

of the TT&C system is shown in Figure 2. The

Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) was

commissioned by the Government-of-India in

1983. The major applications of Indian-

Communication-Satellites are in telephone-

communications, television-communications,

radio broadcasting, internet-access and

military applications [26].

The lower earth orbit Indian-satellites are used

for remote sensing and earth observation [25-

30]. Also, Indian-satellites are used in

meteorological applications like weather

survey and the studies on different layers of

atmosphere [25-30]. The frequency bands for

satellite communication are shown in Table 1

[26]. According to the features of satellite

orbits, the satellites are classified into the

following categories: (a) Low Earth Orbit

(LEO) satellite; (b) Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)

satellite; (c) Geo-stationary Earth Orbit (GEO)

satellite; and Highly Eccentric Orbit (HEO)

satellite [26]. The altitude of LEO satellite is

500 km to 1500 km, with a rotation period of

90 minutes and with a time in sight of 15

minutes [26]. The altitude of MEO satellite is

5000 km to 10000 km, with a rotation period

of 5 to 12 hours and with a time in sight of 2 to

4 hours [26]. The altitude of GEO satellite is

36000 km, with a rotation period of 24 hours

and with a time in sight of 24 hours [26]. The

altitude of HEO satellite is 15000 km to 30000

km, with a rotation period of less than 24

hours and with a time in sight of 8 hours [26].

Satellite communication needs appropriate

earth stations. The types of earth stations are

as follows: (a) transmit receive earth station,

(b) receive only earth station, and (c) transmit

only earth station [26]. The types and sizes of

the earth station equipments are dependent on

the following factors: (a) function of the earth

station, (b) the chosen frequency band, (c) the

type of service to be implemented, and (d) the

characteristics of antenna used [26]. The

design of an earth station has the following

requirements: (a) sufficient gain in the

direction of signal propagation, (b) sufficient

efficiency of antenna, (c) low effective noise


Volume 7, Issue 3



temperature, (d) minimum variation in signal

performance with respect to the local wind and

weather, (e) minimum variation in signal

illumination by the earth station to the satellite,

and (f) high discrimination between the

orthogonal polarized signal [26]. In brief,

Figure 3 shows the block diagram of an earth

station transmitter. Also, in brief, Figure 4

shows the block diagram of an earth station

receiver [26].

Table 1: Common Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication. Band User Downlink bands (in GHz) Uplink bands (in GHz)

UHF Military 0.25 to 0.27 0.29 to 0.31

C-band Commercial 3.70 to 4.20 5.90 to 6.40

X-band Military 7.20 to 7.70 7.90 to 8.40

Ku-band Commercial 11.70 to 12.20 14.00 to 14.50

K-band Commercial 17.70 to 21.20 27.50 to 30.00

Ka-band Military 20.20 to 21.20 43.50 to 45.50

Fig. 1: Schematic Structure of a Satellite Communication.

Fig. 2: Block Diagram of the Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) System.



Fig. 3: The Block Diagram of an Earth Station Transmitter.

Fig. 4: The Block Diagram of an Earth Station Receiver.


Volume 7, Issue 3



EXAMPLES OF SIGNIFICANT

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INDIAN

SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION

(ISRO) The foreign satellites launched by the Indian

Space Research Organisation (ISRO, India)

using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles

(PSLV) with the highly Smart Launch-

Statistics maintaining the Newton’s Laws of

Motion as Fundamental Principles of Rocket-

Science are as follows [4-14]: DLR-Tubsat

(Germany, Date of Launch: 26th May 1999),

Kitsat-3 (South Korea, Date of Launch: 26th

May 1999), BIRD (Germany, Date of Launch:

22nd October 2001), PROBA (Belgium, Date

of Launch: 22nd October 2001), Lapan-

TUBsat (Indonesia, Date of Launch: 10th

January 2007), Pehuensat-1 (Argentina, Date

of Launch: 10th January 2007), AGILE (Italy,

Date of Launch: 23rd April 2007), TecSAR

(Israel, Date of Launch: 21st January 2008),

CAN-X2 (Canada, Date of Launch: 28th April

2008), NLS-5 (Canada, Date of Launch: 28th

April 2008), Delfi-C3 (Netherlands, Date of

Launch: 28th April 2008), AAUSAT-II

(Denmark, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008),

COMPASS-1 (Germany, Date of Launch: 28th

April 2008), Rubin-8 (Germany, Date of

Launch: 28th April 2008), CUTE-1.7 (Japan,

Date of Launch: 28th April 2008), SEEDS-2

(Japan, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008),

UWE-2 (Germany, Date of Launch: 23rd

September 2009), BeeSat-1 (Germany, Date of

Launch: 23rd September 2009), RUBIN-9.1

(Germany, Date of Launch: 23rd September

2009), RUBIN-9.2 (Germany, Date of Launch:

23rd September 2009), ITUpSAT-1 (Turkey,

Date of Launch: 23rd September 2009),

SwissCube-1 (Switzerland, Date of Launch:

23rd September 2009), Alsat-2A (Algeria,

Date of Launch: 12th July 2010), AISSat-1

(Canada, Date of Launch: 12th July 2010),

TIsat-1 (Switzerland, Date of Launch: 12th

July 2010), VESSELSAT-1 (Luxembourg,

Date of Launch: 12th January 2011), X-SAT

(Singapore, Date of Launch: 20th April 2011),

SPOT-6 (France, Date of Launch: 9th

September 2012), PROITERES (Japan, Date

of Launch: 9th September 2012), Sapphire

(Canada, Date of Launch: 25th February

2013), NEOSSat (Canada, Date of Launch:

25th February 2013), TUGSAT-1 (Austria,

Date of Launch: 25th February 2013),

UniBRITE-1 (Austria, Date of Launch: 25th

February 2013), AAUSAT3 (Denmark, Date

of Launch: 25th February 2013), STRaND-1

(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 25th

February 2013), SPOT-7 (France, Date of

Launch: 30th June 2014), AISAT (Germany,

Date of Launch: 30th June 2014), CanX-4

(Canada, Date of Launch: 30th June 2014),

CanX-5 (Canada, Date of Launch: 30th June

2014), VELOX-1 (Singapore, Date of Launch:

30th June 2014), UK-DMC 3A (United

Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July 2015),

UK-DMC 3B (United Kingdom, Date of

Launch: 10th July 2015), UK-DMC 3C

(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July

2015), CBNT-1 (United Kingdom, Date of

Launch: 10th July 2015), De-OrbitSail (United

Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July 2015),

LAPAN-A2 (Indonesia, Date of Launch: 28th

September 2015), NLS-14 Ev9 (Canada, Date

of Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-

Peter (United States of America, Date of

Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-

Jeroen (United States of America, Date of

Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-Joel

(United States of America, Date of Launch:

28th September 2015), Lemur-2-Chris (United

States of America, Date of Launch: 28th

September 2015), TeLEOS-1 (Singapore, Date

of Launch: 16th December 2015), VELOX-C1

(Singapore, Date of Launch: 16th December

2015), VELOX-II (Singapore, Date of Launch:

16th December 2015), Athenoxat-1


2015), Kent Ridge 1 (Singapore, Date of

Launch: 16th December 2015), Galassia


2015), LAPAN A3 (Indonesia, Date of

Launch: 22nd June 2016), BIROS (Germany,

Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016), M3MSat

(Canada, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016),

GHGsat-D (Canada, Date of Launch: 22nd

June 2016), SkySat Gen2-1 (United States of

America, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016),

Dove Satellites (United States of America,

Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016), AlSAT-1N

(Algeria, Date of Launch: 26th September

2016), Alsat-1B (Algeria, Date of Launch:

26th September 2016), Alsat-2B (Algeria,

Date of Launch: 26th September 2016), NLS-

19 (Canada, Date of Launch: 26th September

2016), Pathfinder-1 (United States of America,

Date of Launch: 26th September 2016), Flock-



3p (United States of America, Date of Launch:

15th February 2017), Lemur-2 (United States

of America, Date of Launch: 15th February

2017), Al Farabi-1 (Kazakhstan, Date of

Launch: 15th February 2017), BGUSAT

(Israel, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017),

Nayif-1 (United Arab Emirates, Date of

Launch: 15th February 2017), DIDO-2 (Israel,

Switzerland, Date of Launch: 15th February

2017), PEASS (Belgium, Germany, Israel,

Netherlands, Date of Launch: 15th February

2017), Pegasus QB50 AT03 (Austria, Date of

Launch: 23rd June 2017), QB50-BE06

(Belgium, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),

SUCHAI-1 (Chile, Date of Launch: 23rd June

2017), VZLUSAT-1 (Czech Republic, Date of

Launch: 23rd June 2017), Aalto-1 (Finland,

Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), ROBUSTA-

1B (France, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),

COMPASS-2/Dragsail (Germany, Date of

Launch: 23rd June 2017), URSAMAIOR

(Italy, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), D-

SAT (Italy, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),

Max Valier (Italy, Germany, Date of Launch:

23rd June 2017), CE-SAT1 (Japan, Date of

Launch: 23rd June 2017), Venta-1 (Latvia,

Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), Lituanica

SAT-2 (Lithuania, Date of Launch: 23rd June

2017), skCUBE (Slovakia, Date of Launch:

23rd June 2017), InflateSail (United Kingdom,

Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), UCLSat

(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 23rd June

2017), Diamond Satellites (United Kingdom,

Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), CICERO-6


23rd June 2017), Lemur-2 Satellites (United

States of America, Date of Launch: 23rd June

2017), Tyvak-53b (United States of America,

Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), Telesat

Phase-1 LEO (Canada, Date of Launch: 12th

January 2018), POC-1 (Finland, Date of

Launch: 12th January 2018), PicSat (France,

Date of Launch: 12th January 2018), CBNT-2

(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 12th

January 2018), CANYVAL-X (South Korea,

Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),

CNUSAIL-1 (South Korea, Date of Launch:

12th January 2018), KAUSAT-5 (South

Korea, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),

SIGMA (South Korea, Date of Launch: 12th

January 2018), STEP CUBE LAB (South

Korea, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),

Flock-3p (United States of America, Date of

Launch: 12th January 2018), Lemur-2 (United


January 2018), SpaceBEE (United States of

America, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),

DemoSat-2 (United States of America, Date of

Launch: 12th January 2018), Micromas-2


12th January 2018), Tyvak-61C (United States

of America, Date of Launch: 12th January

2018), Fox-1D (United States of America,

Date of Launch: 12th January 2018), Corvus

BC3 (United States of America, Date of

Launch: 12th January 2018), Arkyd-6 (United


January 2018), CICERO-7 (United States of

America, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),

NovaSAR (United Kingdom, Date of Launch:

16th September 2018), S1-4 (United Kingdom,

Date of Launch: 16th September 2018). The

above Launch-Statistics is the series of

remarkable achievements in the Indian-Space-

Programmes from the 20th century of 2nd

millennium to the 21st century of 3rd

millennium.

The examples of other Indian-Space-

Programmes are as follows [4-14]: Chandrayaan-1 (India’s First Lunar Probe,

Date of Launch: 22nd October 2008), Mars Orbiter Mission-1 (Spacecraft orbiting Mars,

Date of Launch: 5th November 2013), ASTROSAT (First dedicated Indian

Astronomy Satellite Mission, Date of Launch: 28th September 2015), South Asia Satellite

(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 2017), Chandrayaan-2 (India’s Second Mission to the

Moon), Aditya-L1 (First Indian-based Solar Coronagraph to Study the Solar Corona in

Visible and near IR Bands), AVATAR (India,

For low-cost Satellite-Launches as well as for Space-Tourism), GSAT-11 (India, Spacecraft),

RISAT-1A (India, Radar Imaging Satellite 1A), NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture

Radar), Mars Orbiter Missin-2 (Mangalyaan-2), Indian Venusian Orbiter Mission (Planned

Orbiter to Venus); Aryabhatta (India, Date of Launch: 19th April 1975); Bhaskara Sega-I

(India, Date of Launch: 7th June 1979); Rohini RS-1 (India, Date of Launch: 18th July 1980);

Rohini RS-D1 (India, Date of Launch: 31st May 1981); APPLE (India, Date of Launch:

19th June 1981); Bhaskara-II (India, Date of Launch: 20th November 1981); INSAT-1A


Volume 7, Issue 3



(India, Date of Launch: 10th April 1982); Rohini RS-D2 (India, Date of Launch: 17th

April 1983); INSAT-1B (India, Date of Launch: 1st June 1983); SROSS-1 (India, Date

of Launch: 24th March 1987); IRS-1A (India, Date of Launch: 17th March 1988); SROSS-2

(India, Date of Launch: 13th July 1988);

INSAT-1C (India, Date of Launch: 22nd July 1988); INSAT-1D (India, Date of Launch:

12th June 1990); IRS-1B (India, Date of Launch: 29th August 1991); INSAT-2DT

(India, Date of Launch: 27th February 1992); SROSS-C (India, Date of Launch: 20th May

1992); INSAT-2A (India, Date of Launch: 10th July 1992); INSAT-2B (India, Date of

Launch: 23rd July 1993); IRS-1E (India, Date of Launch: 20th September 1993); SROSS-C2

(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 1994); IRS-P2 (India, Date of Launch: 15th October

1994); INSAT-2C (India, Date of Launch: 7th December 1995); IRS-1C (India, Date of

Launch: 28th December 1995); IRS-P3 (India, Date of Launch: 21st March 1996); INSAT-2D

(India, Date of Launch: 4th June 1997); IRS-1D (India, Date of Launch: 29th September

1997); INSAT-2E (India, Date of Launch: 2nd

April 1999); OceanSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th May 1999); INSAT-3B (India,

Date of Launch: 22nd March 2000); GSAT-1 (India, Date of Launch: 18th April 2001); TES

(India, Date of Launch: 22nd October 2001); INSAT-3C (India, 24th January 2002);

Kalpana-1 (India, Date of Launch: 12th September 2002); INSAT-3A (India, Date of

Launch: 10th April 2003); GSAT-2 (India, Date of Launch: 8th May 2003); INSAT-3E

(India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2003); ResourceSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 17th

October 2003); GSAT-3 (India, Date of Launch: 20th September 2004); CartoSat-1

(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 2005); HamSat (India, Date of Launch: 5th May

2005); INSAT-4A (India, Date of Launch:

22nd December 2005); INSAT-4C (India, Date of Launch: 10th July 2006); CartoSat-2

(India, Date of Launch: 10th January 2007); SRE-1 (India, Date of Launch: 10th January

2007); INSAT-4B (India, Date of Launch: 12th March 2007); INSAT-4CR (India, Date

of Launch: 2nd September 2007); CartoSat-2A (India, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008);

Indian Mini Satellite-1 (India, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008); RISAT-2 (India, Date of

Launch: 20th April 2009); AnuSat-1 (India,

Date of Launch: 20th April 2009); OceanSat-2 (India, Date of Launch: 23rd September 2009);

GSAT-4 (India, Date of Launch: 15th April 2010); CartoSat-2B (India, Date of Launch:

12th July 2010); StudSat (India, Date of Launch: 12th July 2010); GSAT-5P (India,

Date of Launch: 25th December 2010);

ResourceSat-2 (India, Date of Launch: 20th April 2011); YouthSat (India, Date of Launch:

20th April 2011); GSAT-8 (India, Date of Launch: 21st May 2011); GSAT-12 (India,

Date of Launch: 15th July 2011); Megha-Tropiques (India, Date of Launch: 12th

October 2011); Jugnu (India, Date of Launch: 12th October 2011); SRMSat (India, Date of

Launch: 12th October 2011); RISAT-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th April 2012); GSAT-10

(India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2012); SARAL (India, Date of Launch: 25th February

2013); IRNSS-1A (India, Date of Launch: 1st July 2013); INSAT-3D (India, Date of

Launch: 26th July 2013); GSAT-7 (India, Date of Launch: 30th August 2013); GSAT-14

(India, Date of Launch: 5th January 2014); IRNSS-1B (India, Date of Launch: 4th April

2014); IRNSS-1C (India, Date of Launch: 16th

October 2014); GSAT-16 (India, Date of Launch: 7th December 2014); IRNSS-1D

(India, Date of Launch: 28th March 2015); GSAT-6 (India, Date of Launch: 27th August

2015); Astrosat (India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2015); GSAT-15 (India, Date of

Launch: 11th November 2015); IRNSS-1E (India, Date of Launch: 20th January 2016);

IRNSS-1F (India, Date of Launch: 10th March 2016); IRNSS-1G (India, Date of Launch:

28th April 2016); Cartosat-2C (India, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016); SathyabamaSat

(India, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016); Swayam-1 (India, Date of Launch: 22nd June

2016); INSAT-3DR (India, Date of Launch: 8th September 2016); Pratham (India, Date of

Launch: 26th September 2016); PISat (Indian

Nanosatellite, Date of Launch: 26th September 2016); ScatSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th

September 2016); GSAT-18 (India, Date of Launch: 6th October 2016); ResourceSat-2A

(India, Date of Launch: 7th December 2016); CartoSat-2D (India, Date of Launch: 15th

February 2017); INS-1A (Indian Nanosatellite 1A, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017);

INS-1B (Indian Nanosatellite 1B, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017); GSAT-19

(India, Date of Launch: 5th June 2017);



NIUSat (India, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017); CartoSat-2E (India, Date of Launch:

23rd June 2017); GSAT-17 (India, Date of Launch: 29th June 2017); IRNSS-1H (India,

Date of Launch: 2nd September 2017); CartoSat-2F (India, Date of Launch: 10th

January 2018); MicroSat-TD (India, Date of

Launch: 10th January 2018); INS-1C (Indian Nanosatellite 1C, Date of Launch: 10th January

2018); GSAT-6A (India, Date of Launch: 29th March 2018); IRNSS-1I (India, Date of

Launch: 12th April 2018). The above Launch-Statistics is another series of remarkable

achievements in the Indian-Space-Programmes from the 20th century of 2nd millennium to the

21st century of 3rd millennium.

EXAMPLES OF SIGNIFICANT

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

ORGANISATION (DRDO) Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO, India) has achieved the

successful results in the following Indian-

Missile-Projects with the highly smart Launch-

Statistics maintaining the Newton’s laws of

motion as fundamental principles of Rocket-

Science [19-21]: Pinaka MBRL Missile,

Akash (Surface-to-Air Missile), Nag (Anti-

Tank Missile), Helina (Air-Launched Anti-

Tank Missile), Amogha Missile (Anti-Tank

Missile), CLGM (Cannon Launched Anti-

Tank Missile), DRDO Anti-Tank Missile,

Prithvi-1 (Surface-to-Surface Ballistic

Missile), Prithvi-2 (Surface-to-Surface

Ballistic Missile), Prithvi-3 (Surface-to-

Surface Ballistic Missile), Agni-1 (Surface-to-

Surface Medium-Range Ballistic Missile),

Agni-2 (Surface-to-Surface Medium-Range

Ballistic Missile), Agni-3 (Surface-to-Surface

Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile), Agni-4

(Surface-to-Surface Intermediate-Range

Ballistic Missile), Agni-5 (Surface-to-Surface

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile), Agni-6

(Four-Stage Intercontinental Ballistic Missile),

Dhanush (Ship Launched Surface-to-Surface

Ballistic Missile), K-15 (Submarine-Launched



Ballistic Missile), Shaurya (Surface-to-Surface

Hypersonic Tactical Missile), BrahMos

(Cruise-Missile), BrahMos-A (Air-Launched

Cruise Missile), BrahMos-NG (Miniature

Version based on BrahMos-Missile),

BrahMos-2 (Hypersonic Missile), Astra (All

Weather Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air

Missile), DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile (Air-

to-Surface Anti-Radiation Missile), Nirbhay

(Long-Range Subsonic Cruise Missile),

Prahaar (Tactical Short-Range Ballistic

Missile), Pragati Missile, Pinaka Mk-3, Barak-

8 (Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile), Maitri

Missile, Trishul Missile, Pradyumna Ballistic

Missile Interceptor Programme, Ashwin

Ballistic Missile Interceptor Programme,

Prithvi Air Defence Missile Programme,

Advanced Air Defence Missile Programme,

and Prithvi Defence Vehicle Missile

Programme.

As a particular missile test by DRDO, on the

date of 10th February 2012, an Air Defence

Missile developed by DRDO hit a mimicking

ballistic missile successfully and destroyed

that at 15 Km height from the coast of Orissa

near Wheeler’s island [31]. The incoming

ballistic missile was tracked by the Radars

located at different positions [31]. Trajectory

of the incoming ballistic missile was

continuously computed by the guidance

computers and the interceptor missile was

launched by the same guidance computers at

the properly calculated time [31]. Radar and

Electro-Optic Tracking Systems (EOTS)

tracked the missile properly and the fragments

of target missile were recorded as falling into

the Bay of Bengal [31].

In the year of 2014, DRDO tested the

indigenously developed Surface-to-Air missile

‘Akash’ successfully [32]. On the date of 1st

March 2017, DRDO tested the interceptor

missile Advanced Area Defence (AAD) from

Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha [33]. This endo-

atmospheric missile destroyed the incoming

target missiles at an altitude of 15 to 25 Km

successfully [33]. On the date of 11th March

2017, BrahMos Extended Range Missile as

supersonic cruise missile was successfully

tested from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) of

Chandipur at the sea in Balasore off the coast

of Odisha [34]. In an earlier year, on the date

of 21st July 2011, DRDO successfully tested

the surface-to-surface missile ‘Prahaar’ from

the Launch-Complex-3 at the Integrated Test


Volume 7, Issue 3



Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in

Balasore off the coast of Odisha [35].

In the year of 2012, Agni-1 as India’s 700 Km

range ballistic missile was tested successfully as

a textbook launch fulfilling all the mission-

objectives [36]. The road mobile launcher was

used to launch this missile [36]. This missile

was tracked by the radars and telemetry-stations

located along the coastline of the Wheeler

Island off the coast of Odisha [36]. On the date

of 13th June 2017, the Anti-Tank Guided

Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’ was tested successfully

by DRDO in the Desert-of-Rajasthan [37]. On

the date of 3rd July 2017, DRDO successfully

tested one Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air

Missile (QRSAM) from the Integrated Test

Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in

Balasore off the coast of Odisha [38].

On the date of 18th June 2014, Indian Army

successfully tested the low altitude near range

trial of ‘Akash’ missile from the Integrated

Test Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in

Balasore off the coast of Odisha [39]. Again,

on the date of 20th June 2014, DRDO

successfully tested the ‘Astra’ as beyond

visual range air-to-air missile from Su-30 Mk1

by the Indian-Air-Force from a naval range of

Goa [40]. On the date of 2nd January 2017,

‘Agni-IV’ as long-range surface-to-surface

ballistic missile having the range of 4000 Km

was successfully tested fulfilling all the

mission-objectives [41]. In an earlier test, on

the date of 26th December 2016, ‘Agni-V’ as

long-range surface-to-surface ballistic-missile

was successfully tested by DRDO from the

Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha [42].

Again, DRDO successfully tested the Guided

Pinaka Mark-II in two phases on the dates of

12th January 2017 and 24th January 2017

from the Launch-Complex-3 at the Integrated

Test Range (ITR) of Chandipur, Odisha [43].

In the duration of 11th-14th September 2017,

‘Astra’ as Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air

Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully tested

on the Bay of Bengal off the coast of

Chandipur, Odisha [44]. DRDO successfully

conducted total seven individual trials against

the pilotless target aircrafts [44]. Earlier in the

same year, on the date of 8th September 2017,

DRDO successfully tested the ‘Nag’ as third-

generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)

[45]. In this way, DRDO is achieving many

significant milestones of Indian-Missile-

Programmes in this 21st century of 3rd

millennium.

CONCLUSIONS Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental

principles of rocket-science in the Indian-

Space-Programmes along with the Indian-

Missile-Programmes under the Government-

of-India from the 20th century of 2nd

millennium to the 21st century of 3rd

millennium. The presence and validity of the

Newton’s laws of motion in the Indian-Space-

Programmes are described in this report.

Newton’s laws of motion are valid in the

space-time according to the special theory of

relativity using the Mukhopadhyay’s concept

theory and Mukhopadhyay’s concept

mechanics in third quantisation. In this report,

the significant achievements of the Indian

Space Research Organisation (ISRO) related

to the Indian-Space-Programmes maintaining

the Newton’s laws of motion are briefly

mentioned. Also, the remarkable achievements

of the Defence Research and Development

Organisation (DRDO) related to the Indian-

Missile-Programmes maintaining the

Newton’s laws of motion are briefly

mentioned. These achievements are obtained

by ISRO and DRDO under the guideline and

financial-support from the Government of

India. This report will be helpful to briefly

understand the Indian-Space-Programmes with

the Indian-Missile-Programmes in future

towards the progress of “Science and

Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd

millennium by increasing the Indian-Space-

Power with the Indian-Missile-Power.

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Volume 7, Issue 3



31. Moorthy AL. DRDO demonstrates

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Missile Test-Fired Successfully. DRDO

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35. Moorthy AL. Prahaar Hits the Target.


36. Jindal SK. Agni 1 Launched Successfully.


37. Bhushan G. DRDO Tested Anti-Tank

Guided Missile Nag Successfully. DRDO

Newsletter. 2017; 37 (8): 4p.

38. Bhushan G. DRDO Test Fires Quick

Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile. DRDO

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39. Jindal SK. Army conducts Low Altitude

Near Range Trial of Akash Missile.


40. Jindal SK. Astra BVR AAM Successfully

Test Fired from Su-30 Mk1. DRDO

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41. Bakshi G. Agni-IV Tested Successfully.


42. Christopher S. Agni-V, India’s Long-

Range Ballistic Missile tested


(1): 4p.

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44. Bhushan G. Development Trials of Astra

BVRAAM conducted Successfully.


45. Bhushan G. Successful Test of 3rd

Generation Anti-Tank Guided Missile.


Cite this Article Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Report on the

Indian-Space-Programmes with Indian-

Missile-Programmes from the 20th

Century of 2nd Millennium to the 21st

Century of 3rd Millennium. Research &

Reviews: Journal of Space Science &

Technology. 2018; 7(3): 35–47p.

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