report on field experience training at krishi vigyan kendra,...
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Report on
Field Experience Training At
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agwanpur, Barh Patna (Bihar)
(16-11-2010 to 08-12-2010)
Submitted to:
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad
For partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 92nd batch, 2010Submitted by: Dr. Prachi Sharma Dr. Suneha Upadhyay Dr. Amit Kumar Goswami Dr. Nishant Kumar Mr. Sreenivasa .V Mr. Ram Bhawan Meena
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost our sincere thanks go to the Almighty Lord for having
given us the ability and strength to do this project.
In undertaking this study, we have received help from a wide variety of
sources. Our greatest indebtedness is to our Course Coordinators Dr. K. H Rao and
Dr. K. Srinivas NAARM on whom we have constantly leaned for advice about
matters small as well as great. We feel deeply grateful to Dr. P. K. Joshi, Director
NAARM and Dr. N. H. Rao, Joint Director, NAARM. We are deeply indebted to FET
Committee, for their constant support, inspiration, encouragement and valuable
suggestions throughout the training. Beyond words is our gratitude to our FET
local Coordinator, Dr. Umesh Singh, KVK, Agwanpur, Barh, for their scholarly
advice and other scientists of KVK for their constant help and cooperation.
We are equally grateful to farmers and Villagers of Chak-Nawada Village. We
owe a special debt to Mr. Shiv Shankar Prasad and Mr. Dileep Singh, progressive
farmers of Chak-Nawada village for his constant support throughout the village
training period.
We would like to thank our friends from NAARM who were very supportive all
through and were always a call away for any kind of help.
Prachi Sharma
Suneha Upadhyay
Amit kumar Goswami
Nishant Kumar
Sreenivasa.V
Ram Bhawan Meena
Contents
S. No. Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 2
3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 2-3
4 FET Methodology 3-4
5 PRA techniques used in the village 4-5
6 Findings 5
6.1 Basic Information 5-8
6.2 General Transect 8-11
6.3 Agro-ecological map 12-13
6.4 Social map 13-16
6.5 Resource map 16-18
6.6 Seasonal calendar and analysis 18-21
6.7 Gender disaggregated activities 21-22
6.8 Time line 22-24
6.9 Time trend 24-26
6.10 Technology map 26-30
6.11 Matrix ranking 30-33
6.12 Consequence diagram 33-34
6.13 Bio-resource flow 35
6.14 Wealth ranking 36-38
6.15 Venn diagram 38-40
6.16 Mobility map 41-42
6.17 Indigenous technical knowledge 43
6.18 Problem Identification Technique 44-45
6.19 Problem tree and solution tree 45-47
6.20 Perspectives of problems 47-48
6.21 Research project proposals 48
6.22 Action Plan 48-49
7.1 Village seminar 50-51
7.2 Institute seminar 51
8 Industrial visits 52-55
9 Vegetable Marketing 55-59
10 Information and Communication Technology 59
11 Conclusions 60
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Indian economy is growing leaps and bounds but only service and industry
sector are growing with double digit. Agriculture is lagging behind in terms of growth
rate of 2-3 Percent. There are a number of problems which include overall low
productivity, sustainability and natural resource degradation. Rural sector economy is
mostly dependent on agriculture and it is necessary to include farmers in research
process as well as policy making. Although agriculture contributes only 17.1% of
India‟s GDP, its importance in the country‟s economic, social, and political fabric goes
well beyond this indicator. About 55% of Indian population is directly dependent on
agriculture and a large number of them are poor and out of touch with the recent
trends of modern agriculture. Since area under agriculture will not increase so
productivity of various crops need to be enhanced significantly. The slowdown in
agricultural growth has become a major cause for concern. The enormous pressure
to produce more food from less land with shrinking natural resources is a tough task
for the farmers as well as agricultural research scientists.
In this connection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool to
find location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible
solutions for short and long-term benefits. PRA provides an opportunity to the
farmers to analyze their livelihood issues. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee
scientists to understand the problems of the farmers. It also allows them to think
individually in his/her area of interest for necessary intervention.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural
activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water resources,
land use, land pattern and topography of different life support system. Temporal data
helps in seasonal analysis, adoption and awareness about the new technologies and
human dimension helps in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues,
disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people of that locality.
This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by
multidisciplinary team of six members from different disciplines namely Plant
Pathology, Plant Bio-Chemistry, Horticulture, Animal Reproduction & Gynaecology,
Plant Breeding and Soil Science. The information collected under different PRA tools
is presented in different sections of this report.
2
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)
The specific objectives of the FET are:
1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming
community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources,
priorities, problems and prospects.
2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming
community.
3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology
adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and
related concepts.
4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension
system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and
appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and to
generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.
6. To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related
problems.
7. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among
scientist-trainees.
8. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products
and processes.
9. To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by
producers with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and
futuristic approaches.
10. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other
stakeholders in value chain.
3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi structured activity
conducted on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach
of learning rural life forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of
community members as well as scientists, PRA has become a useful method to
focus attention on people, their livelihood and relationship with social and economic
3
factors. It is a good technique to help the community members make an appraisal of
their livelihoods and issues related to it.
Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques.
This information is verified by triangulation among various key informants (KIs) in
addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used
by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State
Dept. of Agriculture.
3. Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers'
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement.
7. Seasonal analysis to understand different time bound farm activities, problems
and opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems
and preparing solution plan accordingly.
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of 'seeing
is believing' and 'learning by doing'. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the
village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET coordinator, Dr.
Umesh Singh, Programme coordinator, KVK (BAU), Agwanpur, Barh (Patna). We
selected village Chak-Nawada in Barh block which was at a distance of 10 Km from
the centre. KVK has introduced several technical interventions in this village thus
making it easier for the team to collect information from the villagers. In village Chak-
Nawada, we identified two progressive farmers as a main key Informants (KI), Mr.
Shiv Shankar Prasad and Mr. Dileep Singh. The team walked along with the main KI,
interacted with other KIs and villagers, observed and noted the information. For each
PRA technique four to five KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from
the semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per need. The information
4
given by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KI and on the spot analysis.
The principle and methods of PRA was applied for gathering information on all topics.
PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative and
complement to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning from and with
farmers to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to
formulate research plan to address the problems. The complexities of problem
involved in agriculture can be understood through PRA and hence, it is a system
approach for systematic and rapid collection of information.
In the second phase of FET we visited and interacted with various
stakeholders like the scientists from KVK, Agricultural Officer and village revenue
officer. The interaction with stakeholders also helped to understand the agricultural
problems and prospects in the village and to prioritize the research problems for
action. To understand the industrial scenario prevailing in the area, we visited Sudha
dairy a government organization, which is one of the largest and best dairy in Patna
district. We also visited Raj Dairy Plant, a private dairy to understand the working
pattern of private organization and compare it with the government owned Sudha
dairy. We also visited Sudha cattle feed unit as part of our industrial visit.
In the third phase, we shared our experience with the villagers and also with
the scientists of KVK, Agwanpur, Barh by organizing village seminar on 28.11.2010
and institute seminar at KVK on 04.12.2010 respectively. We obtained feedback from
the farmers and the scientists, in light of which the action plan was modified and
proposed.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE
1. Basic information about the village
2. Transect walk
3. Agro-ecological map
4. Resource map
5. Seasonal calendar (activities)
6. Seasonal analysis (problems)
7. Gender disaggregated activities
8. Social map
9. Time line
10. Time trend
5
11. Mobility map
12. Venn diagram
13. Bio-resource flow
14. Wealth ranking
15. Indigenous technical knowledge
16. Technology map
17. Matrix ranking
18. Consequence diagram
19. Problem identification and ranking
20. Problem tree and solution tree
6. FINDINGS
The analyzed results of various PRA techniques applied in Chak-Nawada
village of Barh block in Patna district of Bihar are given below.
6.1 BASIC INFORMATION
Key informants:
Name of the Village : Chaknawada
Village Panchayat : Nawada
Mandal : Barh
District : Patna
State : Bihar
Climatological Data
Mean Annual Rainfall : 974.5 mm/annum
Mean Annual Temperature: Maximum- 41.02 0 C, Minimum- 9.23 0 C
Relative Humidity : 64.47%
Wind speed : 8.81 Km/hr
Geographical Coordinates
Latitude : 25°30. 14°06′N
Longitude : 85°44. 19°3′E
Altitude : 34.3 Meters
Geographical Area
Total Area : 61.775 Acres
Cultivated Area : 49.42 Acres
(Net Sown Area)
6
Irrigated Area : 49.42 Acres
Residential Area : 12.355 Acres
Demographic Pattern (2001 census)
Total no. of households : 130
Total population : 1400
No of Males : 787
No of Females : 613
Literacy in percentage : 65
Community Categorisation
No of Hindu Families : 130 households
Occupational Distribution of families
Dependent fully on agriculture and livestock : 95
Dependent on labour and livestock : Nil
Labour : 15
Others occupation like washer man (02), shop keepers (06), tailors (02) and auto
drivers (10).
Agricultural Scenario
A) Land Distribution
Land Holdings
Largest (> 10 acres) : Nil
Medium (5-10 acres : Nil
Small (2.5-5 acres) : 10 Farmers
Marginal (<2.5) : 85 Farmers
B) Crop Husbandry
Kharif season Cauliflower, cowpea, okra, coriander, beet, paddy
Rabi season Cauliflower, radish, brinjal, wheat, beans, cowpea, potato, chilies, Mustard, barseem
Summer season Carrot, cucumber, cauliflower, okra, bottle gourd, chillies, tomato, beet, Sponge gourd
7
Gross Cropped Area : 141.58 acres
Cropping Intensity : 286.50%
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals: Buffalo, Cow, Bullocks, Goat and Poultry,
Animal Population Economic yield
Milk (litre/day) Other products (wool and meat)
Buffalo 15(Murrah x Local) & Local breed
8-10 ---
Cow 120 (Holstein Friesen cross, Jersey cross & local breeds)
7-10 ---
Goat 150 (Black Bengal & local breed )
0.5 Meat
Ox 12 --- Ploughing
Poultry 2 farms(1000 birds
each) --- Chicken meat
Mortality Rate of Different Animals: About 85 % animals die naturally, however 15% of death occurs due to infectious diseases like FMD,HS, BQ etc.
D) Water Bodies
Open well : 10 Bore well : 20 Pond : Nil Canal : Nil Hand Pump : 50 River : Ganga E) Others
Soil Type : Predominantly clay loam and sandy clay loam F) Agricultural implements
Tractor : 03 (2 HMT, 1 Mahindra) Cultivator : 03 Country plough : 06 Bullock cart : 04 Seed drill : Nil Knapsack Sprayers : 50 Thresher : 04 Chaff cutter : 70
8
Figure 1: A satellite image of Chak Nawada village (Courtesy – Google Earth)
Figure 2: A view of the Ganga River and agricultural fields of Chaknawada
village
6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT
Key informants: Shiv Shankar Prasad
Transect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key
informants. The main objective of the transect walk is to understand and study the
major land uses patterns, topography, water resources, natural vegetation and
different agro-ecological zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the key
informants and villagers. During our transect walk on the decided directions, the
items considered for discussion are major crops, livestock, trees, weeds, water
9
sources, pests, diseases/disorder/deficiency, institutions and basic facilities,
problems and opportunities. Chak-Nawada village is divided into two zones, viz.,
cropping area and residential area. Within the cropping area, there are 10 open wells
and 20 Bore wells. The residential area is located in centre of the village along the
roadsides surrounded by agricultural fields in all direction having 50 hand pumps.
The soil type of Chak-Nawada is predominantly Clay loam and sandy clay loam type.
This village is well known as major supplier of vegetables to the Barh block.
Cauliflower, carrot and okra are the major vegetable crops grown in the village
followed by potato, onion, tomato, chilli, beetroot, radish, cabbage and guards.
Palmera Palm is the main plantation crop mostly grown on the border of fields as well
as in waste lands followed by coconut. Tree species are grown on the boundary of
fields, and also near the residential areas. The main trees are banana, guava, teak,
neem, bael, banyan, drumstick, lemon, custard apple and subabul.The major weeds
species are Parthenium, Amaranthus, Calatropis, Cyperus, Cynadon, Argemon and
Lantana.
Farming in this village is practised by use of Country Plough as well as with
the help of tractor drawn implements like cultivator, disc harrow etc. Since majority
of farmers are marginal and small, so they hire farm machinery on per hour basis.
The livestock population of the village consists of cattle, buffaloes, bullocks, goats
and poultry. Village people also sale excess milk to NTPC employee. Chak Nawada
village has institutions like post office, primary and middle school and anganwadi.
The major problems observed in the village are transportation, poor roads, lack of
Public distribution system, lack of panchayat office, Inadequate power supply for bore
wells, poor marketing facilities, low prices to farm produce, lack of awareness of
improved varieties and hybrids, prevalence of pests and diseases in crop plants,
repeat breeding, foot and mouth diseases, HS, Surra and anestrus are mostly
prevalent in cattle & buffaloes.
Crop diversification, crop rotation with non-cole crops, awareness about
improved varieties and hybrids, regulatory markets with Information dissemination
systems, adaption of integrated management of pest and diseases, popularization of
bio-gas plant, awareness about of pickle making, and popularization of vermi-
composting techniques were identified as the major opportunities for the village.
10
Figure 3: Rapport building with the villagers
Figure 4: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods
11
Table 1: The general transect of Chak Nawada village
Sl. No Particulars
1 Soil Type
Clay loam and Sandy clay loam
2 Major Crops
Cauliflower, carrot, brinjal, lady finger, potato, onion, chilli, beetroot, radish, cabbage, paddy, wheat
3 Livestock/ Poultry/Fish
Buffalo, Cow, Goat, Ox and Poultry
4 Trees
Palm, mango, teak, neem, drum stick, custard apple, jackfruit, subabul, banyan tree and pongamia
5 Weeds
Cynodon dectylon, Parthenium , Cyprus rotendus, Amaranthus sp., Argemone maxicana , Calatropis
6
Water Sources
Bore well, Open well and Ganga River
7
Pests Diamond black moth, Onion thrips, Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Bean aphids, army worm, Cabbage butter fly, Tomato fruit, brown plant hopper, leaf hopper etc.
8 Diseases/Deficiency
Hollow stem, Whiptail, Alternaria leaf spot and black rot of cauliflower, Cracking and rotting in beet, Chilli leaf curl, Little leaf of brinjal, Bean yellow vein mosaic of okra, Bean common mosaic and bean yellow mosaic in beans, Rice blast , Repeat breeding and anestrus, FMD,HS,BQ in cattle & buffalo
9 Problems
Transportation, Kaccha road, Drainage problem, No ration shop, No medical and veterinary centre
10
Opportunities
Crop diversification, crop rotation with non-cole crops,
awareness about improved varieties and hybrids,
regulatory markets with Information dissemination
systems, adoption of integrated management of pest
and diseases, popularization of bio-gas plant,
awareness about value addition of their farm produce
like pickle making, and popularization of vermi-
composting techniques, regular vaccination, effective
implementation of AI, farmer‟s training about livestock
management
12
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP
Key informants: Mr Dileep Kumar
Agro-ecological map indicates the micro and macro ecological (sub-system) features
in a village. The meteorological parameters like rainfall, temperature, relative
humidity, flora and fauna of the village and the basic land use pattern such as agro-
forestry, forest cover and wasteland is depicted in the map. The village Chak-
Nawada is located at a distance of 7 km from Barh on National highway 31. It is
situated at latitude 25°30 „14°06′ N, longitude 85°44 „19°3′ E and altitude of 34.33 M
above sea level.
The area is characterized by hot summer and cool winter and comes under
irrigated area. Majority of total annual rainfall is recorded in the period of June to
September. The soil type of village is predominantly clay loam and sandy clay loam.
Figure 5: Agro-ecological map of Chak Nawada village depicting the various agricultural and ecological resources of the village
13
In Kharif season, cauliflower, maize, cowpea, coriander, okra, beat root and paddy
are the major crops; in cauliflower popular varieties like Early Kuari and Early Hajipur
are grown in the village and in case of onion, the popular variety is Patna red. In Rabi
season,cauliflower, brinjal, okra, potato, onion, chilli, carrot, beetroot, radish,
cabbage, wheat and barseem are the main crops grown in this village. In the summer
season, vegetables especially gourds and fodder are grown. Palmyara Palm is the
main plantation crop grown on each and every side of the village. The major weeds
seen were Parthenium, Amaranthus, Calatropis, Cyperus, Cynadon, Argemon, Lantana etc.
Major trees found in the village are palm, mango, teak, neem, drum stick, custard
apple, jackfruit, subabul, banyan tree and pongamia. This village is situated on the
bank of Ganga river so water table is very high in this village.
6.4 SOCIAL MAP
Key informants: Dileep Singh, Naresh Kushwaha and Shiv Shankar Prasad
The social map gives the information to understand and analyze the social
structure, caste stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in
the context of existing socio-economic condition of the village. According to key
informants and the villagers, social issues like bonded labour, out migration and
social conflict are minimum. Chak-Nawada is a small village having population of
1400. The number of females is 613 while that of males is 787. The total area of the
village is 61.775 acres. The main occupation of the village is agriculture. Some of the
notable social features are given below.
Social structure and stratification:
The predominant caste in the village is Kushwaha followed by Paasi
(Chaudhary), Kurmi, Mallaah, kanu, Dhobi and Kahaar. The 100 per cent village
population is Hindu.
Housing pattern: Most houses are brick houses but few are kaccha houses.
Local institution: Four Hindu temples.
Educational institution: One primary school, one middle school and one
anganwaadi.
14
Other institutions: ANADI NGO and Two self help groups (Pragatisheel Kisan club
and Majdoor Kisan club).
Communication and other infrastructure: It is connected to Barh in west and
Mokama in east through mud road and roads inside the village are made up of bricks.
Mobile phones, electricity, television and DTH services are also available in this
village.
Figure 6: Villagers actively involved in the drawing of the Social Map of the village
Figure 7: Educational institution at Chak Nawada village (anganwadi and
primary school)
15
Figure 8: Religious Institutions in Chak Nawada village
Figure 9: Social map of Chaknawada village
16
The village of Chak-Nawada does not have any social conflicts though there
are number of social problems existing in the village namely dowry, casteism,
alcoholism,addiction of Taadi and tobacco, and landlessness. Despite all these
issues, Chak Nawada village has no migration problems as this village is full of
natural resources and vegetable cultivation is very profitable due to vicinity of this
village with Barh and Mokama block.
6.5 RESOURCE MAP
Key informants: Shiv Shankar Prased, Sailesh Kumar and Devnath Kushwaha
Figure 10: Resource map of Chak-Nawada village
The village resource map shows the different kind of natural and man-made
resources such as land, vegetation, land use pattern, soil type, livestock, transport
facilities and source of communication. During the general transect through the
village, the different resources found are listed below.
Land: Total land area of this village is 61.78 acres, out of which 49.42 acres are
17
cultivated.
Crops: Cauliflower, carrot, maize, beetroot, radish, onion, chillies, potato, cabbage
paddy and wheat.
Soil: Clay loam and sandy clay loam.
Water: Bore wells are the major source of irrigation.
Equipments: Farm implements like country ploughs, tractors, tiller, harrows,
threshers, sprayers, chaff cutters and bullock carts were available.
Govt. organization: One primary and one middle school, one post office and one
anganwadi centre.
Livestock: Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Ox and Poultry.
The villagers are partially adopting modern farm machineries. Most of farming
activities involves mechanized and non-mechanized agricultural implements.
Irrigation is mainly done from bore wells and open wells. In case of livestock
management, vaccination and de-worming are not regularly practiced but they have
adopted artificial insemination technology.
Table2: Resources of Chaknawada village
Particulars Articles
Transport facilities Local tempo, Motorcycle, Scooter, Bicycle, Thella.
Common facility Community hall, Open well, Bore well and Hand pumps.
Communication facilities Television, Radio, Mobiles, DTH and Telephone booth.
Health and welfare
information One Chemist shop, two self help groups, ANADI (NGO)
Supply and service
agencies Nil
Agricultural implements Tractor, Cultivator, Country plough, Bullock cart, Seed drill, Sprayers, Thresher, Chaff cutter, Power Tiller
18
Animals used for
agriculture Ox
Advisory facilities
information KVK Agwanpur and ANADI NGO
Animal Reproduction Mainly through Artificial insemination.
Figure 11: Resources of Village Chaknawada
6.6 SEASONAL CALENDAR AND ANALYSIS
Key informants: Brijinanda Das and Shailender Kumar
Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar,
which indicates month wise activities, specialities, threats, problems, abundance and
shortage with regard to agriculture in a diagrammatic way. The items to be included
in seasonal analysis must be of those items which affect the agriculture directly or
indirectly. This explores seasonal constraints and opportunities by diagramming
changes, month by month throughout the year. The main activities, problems and
19
opportunities of Chak Nawada village were identified by using seasonal calendar. It
depicts time-to-time crop related operations being carried out in the existing farm
situation. The common crop seasons in the village are Kharif, Rabi and summer with
cauliflower, carrot, onion and cucurbits as the main crops.
Seasonal analysis also helps in identifying the periods, which are critical with
respect to labour availability, pest and disease problems and availability of fodder.
The most important problems are unavailability of quality seed, occurrence of pest
and diseases, poor livestock management, unawareness about soil test based
nutrients application etc. Labour availability is inadequate during peak period of
cropping season. The most remunerable activities in the village are selling of
vegetables and milk.
Table 3 : Seasonal Calender (Agriculture Practices)
(Note: N = Nursery, LP = Land preparation, T = Transplanting, F = Fertilizer
application, PS = Pesticide Spraying, H = Harvest, M = Marketing, S = Sowing, W
= Weeding, I = Irrigation, Wd = Weeds, B = Blast in rice ESB: Early shoot borer, SI:
scale insect, SB: stem borer, BL: blast, MV: mosaic Virus, FSB: fruit borer, fruit and
shoot borer, LC: Leaf curl, LM: leaf minor, YVMV: yellow vein mosaic virus)
20
Table4: Seasonal Calendar Agriculture
(Problems)
Crop Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct
Problems
Cauliflower ALT DBM DBM AP ALT RPB,
ALT
RPB
Onion TH PB, SM
Carrot DO
Cowpea WL WL WT
Bottle gourd RPB RPB
Chillies LC LC
Paddy R SB, SBL SB, SBL
Wheat YR YR
RPB: Red Pumpkin Beetle , AP: Aphid, TH: Thrips, R: Rodent, SB: Stem Borer, DO: Damping
Off, ALT: Alternaria Leaf Spot, WL: Wilt, SBL: Sheath Blight, PB: Purple Blotch , LC: Leaf Curl
Table5: Seasonal calendar: Livestock (Practices & Problems)
AI: Artificial Insemination, FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease, HS: Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, BQ:
Black Quarter
21
Table 6: Daily Routine Diagram of Chak-Nawada village
KIs: Rajeev Ranjan Kumar, Arvind Yadav, Mrs Rajni Devi
Time Rural Men Rural Women
04:30 A.M. Wake-up Wake-up
05:00A.M. Milking, harvesting and marketing of vegetable
House hold activities
06:00A.M.
07:00A.M.
08:00A.M.
09:00A.M. Farm activities or labour
10:00A.M. Breakfast
11:00A.M. Farm activities
12:00 noon
1:00 P.M. Lunch Lunch
02:00P.M. Farm Activities Farm Activities/Labour
03:00P.M.
04:00P.M.
05:00P.M. Milking
06:00P.M. Household activities
07:00P.M.
08:00P.M. Dinner Dinner
09:00P.M. Sleep Sleep
6.7 GENDER DISAGGREGATED ACTIVITIES
Key informants: Seeta Ram Prasad, Nagendra Kumar and Smt. Laxmi Devi
According to information revealed by the key informants, women in Chak
Nawada contributed mainly to household activity and labour work in agriculture fields.
Ladies also feed the livestock and milked the animals in the evening. Landless
women and women whose husbands had little land also worked as agricultural
labourers within the village. Men are mainly involved in field activities, marketing of
22
vegetable, milk the animal in morning, and occasionally bring the animal for
vaccination and artificial insemination.
Table 7: Gender disaggregation seasonal calendar of Chak-Nawada village
Crop Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct
Practices
Cauliflower
Ist Crop H
(M&F),
IInd
Crop T
(M&F)
E
(M&F)
H, 2nd
crop
(M&F)
H 2nd
crop
(M&F)
2nd
crop
H
(M&F)
- -
LP
(M)
N
(M)
E
(M)
T (M) F (M)
Onion - LP, S
(M) - T (M)
W
(M&F))
F
(M)
H
(M)
H
(M) - - - -
Carrot
W/Th
(M&F)
- H
(M&F) - - - - - - -
LP, S
(M)
W/Th
(M&F)
Cowpea H (M&F) S
(M&F)
I
(M)
P
(M&F)
P (M&F)
I
(M)
P
(M&F)
P
(M&F)
Household
activity 90 F 10M
Feeding of
Animals
60 M 40 M
Milking 50 M 50 F
Figure 12: Women at Chak-Nawada doing weeding in her field and men are
going to plough his field
LP: land preparation, S: sowing, T: Transplanting, N: Nursery, F: Fertilization, I: Irrigation, H: Harvesting,
WD: Weeding , Th: Thinning, P: Picking, I: Insecticide spray
I = Insecticide spray, Th: Thinning, P: Picking
23
6.8 TIME LINE
Key informants: Brijinanda das and Shailendra kumar
Time line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the history of major known
events in the community and their significance. It indicates the causal link between past
and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain an account of historical changes in
demography, socio-economic condition, communication pattern, social relationship and
interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc. Information regarding the important
events like the developments in agriculture, animal husbandry are collected from the
key informants, preferably elderly people of the village and presented in the table.
From the time line of agriculture in Chaknawada it is evident that the village had
high crop diversity. The farmers grow a number of vegetable crops which includes
Cauliflower, Onion, Carrot, Brinjal, Chillies and others. Vegetables were not grown prior
to 1948 in a large scale. Being of small land holdings, near to the Barh, with plenty of
irrigation potential throughout the year and a better price for their produce they started
vegetable cultivation.
Table 8: Time line of major events in Chaknawada village
SNo. Year Events
1. 1947 Genesis of village
2. 1948 Muslims were shifted in Barh and Pakistan after partition
3. 1954 Electricity
4. 1957 Tube well
5. 1960 Post office
5. 1962 Farming, Tractor hiring from neighbour villages
6. 1970 Radio
7. 1975 Bicycle
8. 1980 Primary School
9. 1986 Television
10. 1995 Two-wheeler
11. 1997 Involvement of KVK scientists in village
12. 2000 Anganwadi, Mobile, DTH, Tiller
13. 2002 Pragtisheel Kisan Club
14. 2003 Artificial Insemination
15. 2006 Kisan Majdoor Club
16 2009 Motor Thella
24
Table 9: Agricultural time line of Chaknawada village
S No. Year Events
1 1948 Chilli, Castor, Potato, Red gram mixed Farming and wheat-
pure crop tomato-rabi black gram
2. 1954 Electricity
3. 1957 Tube well
4. 1962 A step towards organic manuring Hiring of tractors from adjacent villages
5. 1970 Insecticides and Improved seeds used for the first time, Tractor
6. 1997 Involvement of KVK scientists in village
7. 2000 Tiller
8. 2002 Pragtisheel Kisan Club
9. 2006 Kisan Majdoor Club
10. 2009 Motor Thella (For transportation of Vegetables)
Table10 : Livestock time line of Chaknawada village
S No. Year Event
1. 1980 First cross bred cow brought in the village
2. 1998 Jerssey cross Holstein Friesen cross
3. 2000 Initiation of Vaccination
4. 2003 Artificial Insemination
5. 2005 Poultry farm
6.9 TIME TREND
Key informants: Brijinanda das and Shailendra kumar
Time trend is a simple PRA technique, usually depicted in the form of graph
(bar/line) to show the trend of crop/animal production, commodity prices, human/cattle
population etc. The specific objectives of this tool are to identify the
25
changes/fluctuations that have occurred over a period of time in the variables
influencing village life. For the purpose of the present PRA study, the data were
collected for productivity of Cauliflower and Onion over the last 5-10 years and are
presented graphically below.
1. Time trend for Cauliflower productivity
The trend analysis of Cauliflower productivity shows an increasing trend from
2004 to 2007. In 2008 and 2009 Cauliflower productivity has been reduced due to
increased susceptibility towards pest and diseases. The Cauliflower productivity was the
highest in 2007 at 50 tonnes/ hectare. Presently, the farmers are growing early Hajipur
and early Kuari varieties.
Figure 13 : Productivity trend of Cauliflower in Chaknawada village
Cauliflower grown in the Chaknawada village can be sold at various vegetable
markets like Gulab bagh (Barh), Mokama and other places.
Cauliflower Productivity
Ton
nes
/ha
Year
26
2. Time trend for Onion productivity
The productivity of onion also increased from 2004 to 2007. But in 2008 and
2009 the productivity is decreasing. In 2007 onion productivity was highest reaching to
60 quintals/acre. Most of the area is under patna red which is highly preferred one.
Figure 14 : Productivity trend of Onion in Chaknawada village
6.10 TECHNOLOGY MAP
Key informants: KI: Shamboo Prasad and Monoj Kumar
Technology map is one of the main PRA techniques, which is used to know
different types of behavioural patterns towards technology adoption. Different types of
technological behaviour may be of adoption type, discontinuance, rejection and over
adoption types etc. Technology map comprise type and frequency of adoption of latest
technology through various agencies, related to agricultural research and development.
Qu
inta
l/a
cre
Year
27
It helps scientist and extension workers to identify the problem of the farmers through
the feedback mechanisms.
Figure 15: Technology Map of Chaknawada village
Technology Diffusion Methods: Technologies developed by various organizations are
diffused to farmers‟ fields through the simplest methods, and as far as possible in the
farmer's language. The following diffusion methods in general are adopted for diffusion
of any technology
Training camps
Field demonstrations
Farmers meeting
Kisan Mela
On-farm training
28
Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
Radio
Television
The different technologies which are adopted, discontinued and rejected are
depicted in table 9. The farmers of Chaknawada village have adopted different varieties
of cauliflower, onion, carrot and cattle breeds. In cauliflower they have adopted Early
hajipur, Early kuari variety due to its high yield and early maturity and In case of Onion
they adopted patna red for their keeping quality and good yield. This area belongs
irrigated belt and most of the farmers are marginal and they are practising vegetable
cultivation due to better profits. Dairy industry is most popularised because of the
assured regular income and they have adopted cross bred Jersey cows Holstein-
Friesen cross along with local breeds.
Table11: The various technologies adopted/rejected/discontinued at Chaknawada
village
SNo.
Crop Technology/ Variety
Status Reason
1 Cauliflower Early Kuari Early Hajipur Hybrid (Syngenta) Local Variety
Adopted Adopted Adopted Not Adopted
Early maturity and high yield Good flavour and high yield High Price Low yield
2 Onion Patna red Agrifound light red
Adopted Non-adopted
High keeping quality Low keeping quality
3 Carrot Hybrid (Syngenta) Adopted High yielding Short duration
4 Cowpea CP-4 (Kashi Kanchan) Hybrid
Adopted Discontinued
Long Pods Early maturity Suitable as vegetable Small pods Long Duration
5 Bottle Gourd
Local Narendra Rashmi
Continued Discontinued
Large size Medium size
6 Paddy Rajendra Shweta Lal Sheeta
Adopted Discontinued
Fine quality rice Susceptible to Khaira disease
7 Wheat
DBW-14 WR-544
Adopted Adopted
Suitable as late sown variety & high Yield Suitable as late sown variety & high Yield
29
PBW-373 UP-262 RR-21
Adopted Discontinued Discontinued
Suitable as late sown variety & high Yield Low yield in late sowing condition Low yield in late sowing condition
Table 12: TECHNOLOGY TABLE FOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
S.No. Technology Status Reasons
1. Drip irrigation Not adopted High initial cost
2. Intercropping Adopted For effective utilization of natural resources
3. Pest Management Adopted To reduce the crop loss
4. Vermi composting Partially adopted Lack of intrest among farmers
5. Green manuring Not adopted Sequential cropping
6. Intensive cropping Adopted Marginal land holdings
7. FYM Adopted Livestock
TECHNOLOGIES IN FARM IMPLEMENTS
1. Country plough Adopted Less expensive and traditional
2. Bullock cart Adopted Less expensive and traditional
3. Tractor Adopted High efficiency and less time consuming
4. Disc plough Adopted Labor saving , better preparation of soil
5. Combine Harvester
Not Adopted Small holdings and most of them are
vegetable growers
6. Knapsack Sprayer Adopted Pesticide and bio-formulation applications
7. Power sprayer Not adopted Most of them are marginal farmers
8. Motor pumps Adopted Water lifting
TECHNOLOGIES IN LIVESTOCK
1. Buffalo : Murrah X Local and Local breed
Adopted Adopted
High milk yield Climate suitability
30
2. Jersey cross Adopted Higher lactation period
3. Local Cow Partially adopted Higher milk fat
4. Holstein freisen cross
Adopted Higher milk yield
5. Artificial insemination
Adopted Genetic improvement
6. Silage and hay making
Not adopted Enough green fodder available
7. Clean milk production
Partially adopted Lack of awareness
8. Milking machine Not adopted High cost
9. Goat: Black bengal Jamunapari
Adopted Not adopted
More profitable Not suitable to Climate
6.11 MATRIX RANKING
Key Informants: KI: DILEEP KUMAR , SHIV SHANKAR PRASAD AND PAWAN KUMAR
Matrix ranking was done in the village to know the technology decision behaviour
of adoption, non-adoption and discontinuance. The villagers of Chak Nawada village
have adopted and discontinued several varieties of Cauliflower and Onion over the
years. The farmers usage of three varieties of Cauliflower and two varieties of Onion
were compared along with three breeds of cattle to know what drives their technology
adoption behaviour. We noticed that farmers prefer high yielding and early maturing
features in Cauliflower crop but in case of Onion high yield and its keeping quality are
preferable characters. In cattle breeds milk yield and lactation period are the characters
upon which they choose the breed. Hence the most decisive factor for a farmer
regarding adoption is its consumer preference and higher yield.
31
Table 13: Technology adoption table for Cauliflower varieties
(Matrix ranking of cauliflower Varieties)
Indicators Key
Informants Early Kuari Early Hajipur
Hybrid
(Syngenta
company)
Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points
Higher Crop
Yield
K1 II 2 I 3 III 1
K2 II 2 I 3 III 1
K3 III 1 I 3 II 2
Score
5
9
4
Maturation
period
K1 II 2 I 3 III 1
K2 III 1 I 3 II 2
K3 II 2 I 3 III 1
Score
5
9
4
Pest and
disease
tolerance
K1 III 1 I 3 II 2
K2 III 1 II 2 I 3
K3 II 2 I 3 III 1
Score
4
8
6
Flavour
K1 III 1 I 3 II 2
K2 I 3 II 2 III 1
K3 I 3 II 2 III 1
Score
7
7
4
price
K1 II 2 I 3 III 1
K2 II 2 I 3 III 1
K3 III 1 I 3 II 2
Score
5
9
4
Total score
26
42
22
Rank
II
I
III
32
Table 14: Technology adoption table for Onion varieties
(Matrix ranking of Onion varieties)
Indicators KI Patna red Agrifound light red
Rank Points Rank Points
Yield
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 I 2 II 1
Score
6
3
Maturation Period
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 I 2 II 1
Score
6
3
Pest&disease
tolerance
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 II 1 I 2
Score
5
4
Keeping Quality
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 I 2 II 1
Score
6
3
Price
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 II 1 I 2
Score
5
4
Germination
K1 I 2 II 1
K2 I 2 II 1
K3 I 2 II 1
Score
6
3
Total Score
34
20
Rank
I
II
K1= RAMNATH PRASAD, K2 = VIKASH KUMAR, K3= PANKAJ KUMAR
33
Table 15: Technology adoption table for cattle breeds
(Matrix ranking of cattle breeds)
Indicators Key
Informants Local Jersey cross HF cross
Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points
Higher milk yield
K1 III 1 II 2 I 3
K2 III 1 I 3 II 2
K3 III 1 II 2 I 3
Score
3
7
8
More lactation
period
K1 II 2 I 3 III 1
K2 III 1 I 3 II 2
K3 III 1 I 3 I 3
Score
4
9
6
Fat content
K1 I 3 II 2 III 1
K2 I 3 III 1 II 2
K3 I 3 II 2 III 1
Score
9
5
4
Higher
reproductive
potential
K1 II 2 I 3 III 1
K2 II 2 I 3 III 1
K3 II 2 III 1 I 3
Score
6
7
4
Tolerance to
diseases
K1 I 3 II 2 III 1
K2 I 3 III 1 II 2
K3 I 3 III 1 II 2
Score
9
4
5
Total score
31
32
27
Rank
II
I
III
K1: RUDAL KUMAR , K2 : PAWAN KUMAR , K3 : RAMCHARITRA MAHTO
6.12 CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Key informants: Bittu kumar & Umesh prasad
The consequence diagram indicates the impact of adoption of technology.
Consequence diagram related to crop inventory was found out for cauliflower (Early
34
Hajipur), onion (Patna red) and Jersey cross of cattle in the village. These are the
mostly adopted technologies which are used in most of the village area.
Consequence diagram of Cauliflower Consequence diagram of Onion
Consequence diagram of Jersey cross
35
6.13 BIO-RESOURCE FLOW
Key informants: Ramashray prasad & Surendra kumar
Bio-resource flow diagram reflects the inflow and outflow of farm produce and its
by-products from and to the household. It explain interrelationship between different
farm enterprises that enables holistic planning for development of farm household.
In this village a typical representative household is marginal farmers. The
possible interventions with this existing practice are shown by solid lines. Proposed
interventions are depicted by dashed lines.
Mushroom Cultivation
Biogas
Vermi Compost
Goat
Paddy
Palm
Tadi
Cauliflower
FYM
NTPC
Proposed bio-resource flow
Existing bio-resource flow
BIO-RESOURCE FLOW
KI: Ramashray prasad & Surendra k umar
Figure 16: Existing and proposed bio-resource flow of Chaknawada village
36
6.14 WEALTH RANKING
Key informants:
The purpose here is to find out the people of the village who belong to richest,
middle income and poorest categories as perceived by the villagers themselves.
Agricultural development must take in to account differences in wealth among farmers
in order to determine priorities for research and to develop interventions and technical
packages that are relevant to and adoptable by majority of the farmers.
Under this PRA technique, in order to assess the wealth status of 130 households,
three key-Informants were identified and asked independently to classify all the
households into any number of wealth categories, as they liked based on their own
criteria of classification. Three KI‟s has given the same information for classification of
families as small, marginal and landless labours The criteria and categories followed by
the key informants are given in the below table.
Table 16: Wealth ranking categories
Criteria Small Marginal Landless labours
KI 1
Land 2.5 ha 0 .025-2 ha No Land
Service Govt. job Business, labour
Labour , Business
Livestock
3-5 cows 10-15 goats
1-2 cows, 5-6 goats
1-3 goats
37
Wealth Ranking
Wealth Status of Chaknawada village
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Small Marginal Landless Labour
NO
. o
f h
ou
seh
old
No. of Houses 10 Families 85 Families 35 Families
Figure 17: Wealth status of Chaknawada village
The graphical representation of wealth ranking results is given in Figure.23 Out
of the 130 households in the Chaknawada village, about 08% of houses were under the
small category 8% (10 houses), 65% (85 houses) and 27% (35 houses) came under the
marginal and landless categories respectively. In particular, 65% of the households
were from the marginal categories. Hence, in order to ensure active participation of the
villagers in adopting any new technology in agriculture, it should be economically
feasible for the small and marginal categories.
38
Wealth Ranking
Small
8%
Marginal
65%
Landless Labour
27%
Figure 18: Wealth Ranking of Chaknawada village Livelihood Analysis: Using the wealth ranking method, the entire Chaknawada village
households divided into three categories, viz., Small, Marginal and Landless labours.
The livelihood status of each of the three categories was assessed by selecting a
representative house from each group.
6.15 VENN DIAGRAM
Key informants: Naval kishor prasad & Surendra kumar
The Venn diagram shows existing institutions, organizations, groups and
important individuals found in the village as well as the villagers‟ view of their
importance in the community. Venn diagram also indicates how close the contact and
cooperation between those organizations and groups is. The
organizations/institutions/groups around Chaknawada were Agricultural input and out
put suppliers at the nearest town of Barh. Technology interventions in the form of new
crop varieties and training programs are provided by KVK Agawanpur. Within the
village, there are two Self Help Groups and Kisan Majdoor which are known to
undertake social and informational activities in the village.
39
Table 17: Livelihood analysis of Narasapuram village
Small Marginal Landless labours
Size of Land holdings 2.5 ha 0.025-2 ha -
Household size 10 85 35
Number of Migrants No migrants No migrants No migrants
Livestock 3-5cows, 10-15 goats
1-2 cows 5-6 goats
1-3 goats
Proportion of Income by source (%)
Agriculture 30.00 35.00 nil
Livestock 25.00 40.00 05.00
Govt. sector 45.00 nil nil
Others (Business+ Agriculture labour) nil 25.00 95.00
Expenditures (%)
Agriculture 11.00 20.00 20.00
Livestock 08.00 10.00 05.00
Business - - -
Entertainment 05.00 05.00 -
Clothing 08.00 05.00 01.00
Food 25.00 35.00 61.00
Health 09.00 05.00 03.00
Education 09.00 05.00 -
Social 05.00 02.00 -
Savings 20.00 15.00 -
Others - - 10.00
40
Venn Diagram of Agricultural Activities
KVK
Farmers
club
SHG’S
Dairy
farmers
Gramina
Bank
(Barh)
Agri. Input & Out
put Market (Barh)
KI: Naval kishor prasad & Surendra kumar
Figure 19: Venn diagram for agricultural activities in Chaknawada village
Cauliflower Cultivation
Agril. Input & Out
put Market(Barh)
Venn Diagram of Cauliflower Cultivation
Seed Companies
KI: Naval kishor prasad & Surendra kumar
Figure 20: Venn diagram for cauliflower cultivation for Chaknawada village
41
6.16 MOBILITY MAP
Key informants: Dileep kumar & Sajan kumar
Mobility map is to study day-in and day-out movement of villagers to different
places for different purposes. It is the map that leads to explore the spatial mobility of
the villagers for the different activities like health/medical, marketing, education and
entertainment. The KIs were asked to give information on mobility of villagers and
information was collected on locations, purposes, distance, time required, mode of
transport and cost for each location. It was observed that Barh is the most frequently
visited place for most of the purposes due to its vicinity and good connectivity with the
village, followed Mokama, Bihar sharif and Patna. There is no primary health centre,
Bank in the Chaknawada village. Therefore they are moving to Barh very frequently for
these purposes.
They are going to Gulab bagh and Mokama mainly for the purpose of Vegetable
marketing and veterinary Hospital. The main mode of transport is Cycle, Bike and Bus.
Detailed mobility of Chaknawada village has been given in the Table 18. and Fig 19
Table 18: Mobility table for Chak Nawada Village .
S.No Place Distance (Km)
Mode Frequency Amount (Rs.)
Purpose
1.
Barh 7 km Tempo, Thella
Daily 6.00 Sale of vegetables, School, Shopping, Hospital
2. Patna 71 km Bus,
Train Sometimes 50.00
35.00 Purchase of farm machinery
3. Nawada 01 km Walk Monthly - For Ration
and kerosene
4. Bihar Sharif
40 km Bus, Jeep, Train
Monthly 30.00 25.00 10.00
Agricultural Implements
Figure 23: Mobility map of Paju Kalan village
42
5. KVK 10 km Bike,
Cycle Occasionally 20.00 Agricultural
information
6. NTPC 0.5 km Walk,
Cycle Daily -
- Daily labour, Selling milk
7. Gulab bagh
06 km Thella, Cycle
Daily 20.00 -
Vegetable market
8. Mokama 20 km Train,
Bus Weekly 10.00
15.00 Vegetable Market
9. Deeber 1 km Walk,
Cycle Daily Labour
KVK,Agwanpur
10 KM
Nawada
1 KM
NTPC
0.5 KM
Chaknawada
0 KM
Patna
71 KM
Barh
7 KM
Mokama
20 KM
Deeber
1 KM
Gulabbagh
6 KM
Bihar sherif
40 KM
(Walk, cycle)(Ration)
MOBILITY MAP
Figure 19: Mobility map of Chaknawada village
43
6.17 INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE MAP
Key informants: Dilip Kumar, Raj Kishore Chaudhary, Yogeshwar Prasad
Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) is the information gained over a period of
time with experience and passed on from generation to generation. ITK is the sum total
of knowledge and practices which are based on people's accumulated experiences in
dealing with situations and problems in various aspects of life. Such knowledge and
practices are special to a particular culture.
Table 19: ITKs in crop and livestock management in Narasapuram village
S. No. Practice Purpose
For Crops
1 Mix kerosene oil with ash and spread on each plant
To control red pumpkin beetle
2 Seed treatment with deshi alcohol To enhance seed germination in coriander and onion
3 Kill the insect of cauliflower manually and rub it on its leaves.
To prevent insect attack in cauliflower
For Livestock
1 Application of neem leaves paste Wound healing
2 Boiled water of Ajwain Tympany treatment
3 Warm cloth kept on eyes conjunctivitis
4 Application of lentil paste on affected area Swollen head
5 Application of Alum FMD
6 Bhouda flowers paste Wound healing
For human
1 Milky fluid of Calatropis indica Scorpion bite
44
6.18 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE
Key informants: Shiv Shanker Prasad, Rajendra Prasad
After completion of survey regarding technology and resources available in the
village, next major challenge was to identify the problems faced by the villagers
concerned with agricultural sector. Twenty five farmers were identified using snowball
technique to determine the problems. Twelve problems were listed and were ranked
between one and ten according to their importance as per farmers‟ perception. The
average monetary loss for the village by each problem has also been taken from the
farmers for each problem. Frequency of each rank was calculated for the entire ten
problems. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then
calculated using following formulae.
Rank Based Quotient
RBQ = ∑f1(n+1-i)x100 N X n
Where, i = Concerned ranks (1 to 10) N = Total numbers of farmers (20) n = Numbers of rank (10) f = Frequency (Number of farmers reporting that particular problem under ith rank)
The problems were ranked based on RBQ as given in the table-20
45
Table 20: Problems identified by villagers in Chaknawada
Sl. No.
Problems Identified Ranks
RBQ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Unavailability of quality seed
8 5 3 2 1 1 - - - - -
- 89.17
2 Nutrient disorders in cauliflower
12 4 2 2 - - - - - - -
- 87.50
3 Black rot of cauliflower 10 5 3 2 - - - - - - -
- 92.92
4 Leaf Curl Virus in chillies
8 7 2 1 1 1 - - - - - -
87.50
5 YVMV in okra
- - - 2 8 4 2 4 - - - -
59.17
6 Stem borer in brinjal
- - 4 10 5 1 - - - - - -
40.00
7 Cracking in beet root - 15 3 1 1 - - - - - - -
71.67
8 BCMV in beans
- - 11 2 3 - 4 - - - - -
73.33
9 Termite attack in guava plant - - - - - - - - - 7 10 9
13.75
10 Repeat breeding in cattle and buffalo
8 7 2 1 2 - - - - - - -
90.83
11 Anestrus in Cattle/Buffalo
- - - - - - 2 5 2 7
3
1 30.42
12 Attack of diamond black moth
- - - - - - - - 8 2
5
5 22.08
6.19 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION TREE
Under this PRA tool, all the problems were discussed with the farmers for all
possible reasons using top down approach. The possible solution for each cause was
also discussed with the farmers. These causes and solutions were discussed with the
subject matter specialist before the finalization of the tree.
46
Figure 21: Problem solution tree for low productivity in Cauliflower
47
Figure 22: Problem solution tree for repeat breeding in Cattle and buffaloes
6.20 Perspectives of problems
Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in research
in various agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of gaps in extension
activities.
Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as
follows:
Extension Gap
1. Supply of Quality seed
2. Knowledge of Hot water treatment of seeds
3. Awareness regarding Viral diseases
4. Supply of Virus resistant cultivars
5. Awareness of soil testing
6. Awareness regarding regular and timely vaccination of livestock
48
7. Awareness regarding deworming in livestock
8. Awareness about the available market facilities
Research Gap
1. Developing BCMV, YVMV and Chilli leaf curl resistant varieties
2. Measures of repeat breeding problem
6.21 Research Project Proposal
1. Assessment of soil nutrient balance due to intensive vegetable cultivation
2. Development of transgenics against bean common mosaic virus
3. Development of area specific mineral mixture in the village for the treatment of
reproductive disorders in cattle and buffalo.
4. Crop diversification through introduction of various high value horticultural crops in
the Indo-Gangetic plains for improved agricultural sustainability.
5. Empowerment of women through formation of SHG and training in value addition of
agricultural produce in the state of Bihar
6. Promotion and adoption of integrated farming systems for sustainable agricultural
livelihoods
7. Development of a dairy co-operative in village Chaknawada efficient milk marketing
8. Training of farm women in improved animal husbandry practices and its Impact
analysis on health of animals and livelihoods of farmers
9. Development of short duration varieties in cauliflower suitable for multicropping
system
6.22 Action Plan
What Who Where When How Cost Outcome
Assessment of soil nutrient balance due to intensive
vegetable cultivation
Soil Scientist, Horticulturist, Biochemist
CSWCRTI 2011-
13
Analysis of soil samples in
different seasons
9 lakhs
Nutrient status of soil
Development of transgenics against bean common
mosaic virus
Plant pathologist, Plant Biochemist,
Plant Breeder IARI
2011-17
Construct development,
Transformation and evaluation
50 lakhs
Resistant variety against
BCMV
49
Development of area specific mineral mixture in
the village for the treatment of reproductive disorders in
cattle and buffalo.
Veterinary Gynaecologist,
Animal Nutritionist
IVRI 2011-
16
Analysis of mineral levels in feed fodder & animals &
supply of specific mineral
mixture
50 lakhs
Treatment of reproductive
disorders
Crop diversification through
introduction of various high
value horticultural crops in
the Indo-Gangetic plains for
improved agricultural
sustainability.
Hoticulturist, Plant Breeder, Agronomist,
Soil Scientist.
CSSRI, IARI Regional station
2011-15
Introduction of horticulture and agronomic crop
species suitable to the
region
10 lakhs
Higher productivity,
Less Utilization of water
resources, Higher income
of farmers
Empowerment of women through formation of SHG
and training in value addition of agricultural
produce in the state of Bihar
Agricultural extension, NGOs.
Deptt of Agricultural Extension,
Bihar Agricultural University
2011-13
Training and demonstrations
8 lakhs
Women empowerment
and better livelihood
Promotion and adoption of
integrated farming systems
for sustainable agricultural
livelihoods
Agronomist, Animal
Nutritionist, Agricultural extension
Dept. of Agronomy, IARI, Bihar
State
2011-14
Carrying out trails and
demonstrations of integrated
farming systems
11 lakhs
Improved agricultural productivity, income and sustenance
Development of a dairy co-
operative in eastern region
of Bihar for efficient milk
marketing
Veterinary extension specialist,
Agricultural economist, Dairy
Scientist
Bihar Agricultural University
2011-13
Spread and assist in
starting self run milk
cooperatives among farmers
15 lakhs
Higher returns and motivation to farmers for
milk production
Training of farm women in improved animal husbandry
practices and its Impact analysis on health of
animals and livelihoods of farmers
Veterinary extension, Agricultural economist
Bihar Agricultural University
2011-14
Imparting training for
healthy animal husbandry practices to farm women
10 lakhs
Healthy animals and increased
productivity
Development of short duration varieties in
cauliflower suitable for multi-cropping system
Plant breeder, Horticulturist, Statistician
IIHR 2011-
14
Evaluation and multi location
trials and crossing
12 lakhs
Short duration varieties for
intensive cropping
50
7.1 VILLAGE SEMINAR
Village seminar was conducted on 28th November 2010 at the village Sahitya Kala
Kendra , which was conveniently placed, almost at the centre of the village. Around 65
farmers attended the seminar. The FET local coordinator along with 3 subject matter
specialist, 4 key informants and village people were also present during village seminar.
The response to village seminar was very positive since many villagers took active
participation in the discussion.
The findings through PRA techniques were triangulated with the villagers and the
necessary feedback and suggestions were made. The top most researchable problem
identified by interaction and using the ranking technique were also triangulated and
discussed with the villagers. Common consensus was taken due consideration. Lack of
awareness regarding seed borne diseases including bacterial and viral diseases,
meagre knowledge regarding hot water treatment, depletion of nutrients due to mono-
cropping, non-adoption of crop rotation, lack of awareness regarding importance of
regular and timely vaccination, non-adoption of deworming in livestock and low livestock
productivity, were suggested as the major stumbling blocks for improvement of the
livelihood of villagers.
The broad issues took up in the village seminar were the black rot of cauliflower,
nutrient deficiency in cauliflower, cracking in beet root, crop diversification, leaf curl in
chillies, bean common mosaic virus in beans, little leaf of brinjal, damping off in
cauliflower nursery; problem of repeat breeding, anestrus, artificial insemination and
vaccination in livestock and alternative livelihood employment opportunities. The
farmers of Chaknawada village perceived that rotting and hollow stem in cauliflower is
the major problem reducing their economic returns. In livestock repeat breeding was
major problem. The FET group explained the villagers about use of quality seed, crop
rotation, seed treatment, use of vermi-composting, soil testing, deworming of animals,
regular and timely vaccination, artificial insemination with the help of veterinary doctor.
Therefore, there is a wide scope for diversifying the farming systems which can improve
the soil health and enhance the farmers‟ income and their living standards.
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The seminar ended on a high note with the assurance that farmers will get advice
for the soil and crop problems from the agricultural department and research institutes
rather than following blindly the advice of the pesticide dealer.
Figure 24: Village seminar at Chaknawada village
7.2 INSTITUTE SEMINAR
The institute seminar was held on 4th December, 2010 at KVK, Agwanpur, Barh
(Patna). Dr. Umesh Singh (local FET co-ordinator) and distinguished scientists of KVK
were present during the seminar. During the institute seminar, village transect, basic
information, agro-ecological, resource, technology and social maps, daily activity profile
of men, women and children, ITks, time line, seasonal calendar, consequence and venn
diagrams, problem-solution tree and proposed research projects. Major problems of
farmers were discussed in seminar with KVK scientists. Researchable issues on pest
and disease problem in crops and vegetables were also presented. Seminar was
concluded with active discussion among scientists and feedback was received. The
scientists gave valuable inputs to overcome most of the problems faced by the villagers.
The dignitaries were happy with the FET group presentation and the PRA work. It
was also suggested that further “farmer based - need oriented” research programmes
should be initiated
52
.
Figure 24: FET seminar at KVK, Agwanpur, Barh (Patna)
8. INDUSTRIAL VISITS
8.1 Visit to Patna Dairy Project (Sudha), Patna
Patna was one of the milk shed identified under Operation Flood-I (OF-1) for
implementation of the program. A hundred thousand litres per day capacity Feeder
balancing dairy (FBD) was set up under this program. A cooperation known as Bihar
State Dairy Cooperation was formed in the year 1972 for speedy and effective
implementation of OFP in the state. The dairy cooperation was to develop the dairy
cooperatives both at the village level and milk shed level on Anand Pattern and it was
expected that milk shed level cooperative would take over the entire infrastructure
crated in due course. The corporation positioned a multidisciplinary procurement and
inputs wing in 1975 after their recruitment and training. A Spear Head Team (SHT) was
deputed from National Dary Development Board (NDDB) from the same year for helping
the corporation in organizing and developing the cooperatives. Though the progress in
the initial years was encouraging, the program, for obvious reasons could not achieve
the goals for which it was established. Subsequently, the state government felt it
worthwhile to request the dairy board (NDBB) for taking over the infrastructure on the
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management basis. The NDBB took over the management of the infrastructure with
effect from 1st Oct. 1981 under the banner of Patna Dairy Project (PDP).
Milk Procurement
There are at present about 1482 functional Dairy Cooperative Societies in the
areas of PDP covering the districts of Patna, Vaishali, Nalanda, Saran and Shekhpura
with a total membership of 102793. The daily average procurement has reached upto
151520 litres during the year 2009-10. It is hoped that the project shall collect above 1.5
lakh litres of milk per day in commencing year. There are about 198 women cooperative
societies exclusively managed and run by rural women folk. While the union has fairly
good number of functional societies, emphasis is being given to consolidate the
functioning of primary societies by increasing the members‟ participation. The
Cooperative development program was also initiated from march 1991 with the
assistance of NDBB.
Technical Inputs
The union in addition to providing a ready and stable market for the rurally
produced milk at the door step has been providing the inputs required for milk
production enhancement viz, artificial insemination (AI) with frozen semen, veterinary
first aid, vaccination, supply of balanced feed, supply of fodder seeds, treatment of
paddy straw/wheat bhusa with urea, supply of Urea Molasses Block (UMB) etc. on no
profit no loss basis. The response from the milk producers for all these inputs has been
exceedingly encouraging and the union is in the process of extending these facilities to
more and more societies and farmers.
Milk Marketing
Marketing of liquid milk in sachets was introduced from the year 1981 itself.
However, initially the thrust was for organizing the milk procurement activities and to
stabilize the same at reasonable level. Nevertheless there was some natural growth in
milk marketing over the year. However, for various reasons, there were some
stagnation for few years in the quantity of milk marketed. With certain modifications in
54
the policy decisions and because of concerted efforts, the quantum of milk being
marketed is steadily growing.
Quality and Productivity Activities
The dairy plant management program was introduced in the year 1992 followed by
Quality Assurance Program in the year 1993 with the help of NDDB. It was decided in
year 2001that the organization should go in for ISO certification both in quality
management system and food safety. This process was successfully completed leading
to ISO-9001:2000 and HACCP (IS-15000) certification by Bureau of Standards in
March, 2002.
The project has been honoured with Best Productivity Performance Award for
the four years 2000-01, 2001-02, 2005-06 and 2006-07 by National Productivity
Council, New Delhi. The Chamber Commerce Association of Patna has honoured Patna
Dairy by providing Vanijayakar Ratna/Bhamasha Samman in the month of January
2010. This is a rare honour by any of the dairies in India.
Figure 25: Visit to Patna Dairy Project (Sudha), Patna
8.2 Visit to Cattle Feed Factory, Patna
We visited Cattle Feed Factory in Patna on 1st December 2010, which is the
oldest (~35 years old) feed factory in the district. Cattle feed plant has capacity of 100
MT per day. It is involved in the production and supply of cattle feed.
55
The role of balanced feed is not only increasing milk production but also
sustaining the same by ensuring regular conception. Realizing the same the union has
been making consistent efforts for popularizing the consumption of balanced feed by the
milk producers. Cattle feed is sold through dealers in the districts of Bihar for better
capacity utilization of the plant. Initially, Feed factory was involved only in the production
of Normal cattle feed which is saled as sudha dhan but with the introduction of latest
technologies, the production and sale of by-pass protein feed has started in the year
1989-90. The response for this feed too is encouraging. By-pass protein feed also
known as premium Cattle Feed is commercially saled as super sudha. Price of normal
cattle feed is Rs. 9 per kg while premium cattle feed is Rs. 10.50 per kg. Now a days
demand of premium cattle feed has increased upto 95% as compared to normal cattle
feed (5%).
Figure 26: Visit to Cattle Feed Factory, Patna
9. Vegetable Marketing in Barh We visited to vegetable market/mandi in the Gulab bhag where all the farmers of
village chaknawada sale their vegetables. Even farmers belonging to other villages also
sale their farm produce in the same mandi. The unique feature observed was that
farmers themselves bring their farm commodity on their own motor thella which was
56
introduced during 2009 in Chaknawada. Mostly chaknawada farmers sale cauliflower,
onion and carrot. Movement towards mandi starts from 5 am from the village
chaknawada. In mandi itself cauliflower and other vegetables are packed in gunny bags
and then supplied to different places of Bihar as well as nearby states. In mandi, one
shop for the sale of seed, fungicides and insecticides was also present. The different
vegetables observed in the mandi included:
1. Cauliflower 9. Pea
2. Brinjal 10. Turnip
3. Bitter gourd 11. Raddish
4. Tomato 12. Pumpkin
5. Onion 13. Cabbage
6. Bottle gourd 14. Chillies
7. Bean 15. Coriander
8. Okra 16. Banana
57
Figure 27: Vegetable marketing in Gulab bagh, Barh
9.1 Other Visits:
We also got opportunity to visit other Agricultural institutions, KVK other than
Barh, Interaction with progressive farmers of Taal region and participated in State
government program ie., Krishi Vikas Utsav. The list include:
1. Agriculture Research Institute, Patna
2. Sanjay Gandhi Dairy Institute, Patna
3. KVK, Harnaut, Nalanda
58
4. Block development office, Barh
5. Participation in Krishi Vikas Utsav, Barh
6. Taal region, Marachi
7. Raj Dairy, Patna
Taal region, Marachi
KVK,Harnaut, Nalanda
Block development office, Barh
Sanjay Gandhi Dairy Institute, Patna
Participation in Krishi Vikas Utsav, Barh
Institute, Patna
Agriculture Research Institute, Patna
59
10. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
In Chaknawada village, the importance or awareness on Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) related to agriculture is increasing but not to a
upliftment level and still most of the farmers were not familiar. Since ICT is an emerging
field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through
improved information and communication processes. More specifically, ICT involves the
conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and application of innovative ways
to use information and communication in the rural domain, with a primary focus on
agriculture. The leading information communications technologies existing in the village
include newspaper, radio, television, telephone and mobile. The villagers listen radio
regularly. They read news papers to know the daily market prices and agricultural
related problems, solutions and as a source of entertainment. They use telephone and
mobile for enquiring agriculture related problems and to interact with the Agricultural
officer. Mobile is also used to get information regarding availability of seed from KVK
scientists and problems what they are facing while farming. Mobile is also used as a
source of entertainment ie. for listening music. None of the households in this village are
having computer and internet facilities.
Sanjay Gandhi Dairy Institute, Patna
Raj Dairy, Patna
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11. CONCLUSIONS
Chaknawada is a village which is predominantly dependent on vegetable
production. Nearly 90 per cent of the villagers are involved in agriculture. Most of the
farmers are involved in agriculture alongwith livestock rearing. This is one of the typical
village in Patna district which is mostly involved in the production of cauliflower. Farmers
of the village Chaknawada are either small/marginal farmers or landless labourers who
perform farming on lease land. As either farmers belong to small or marginal category
so to earn more they do not leave their lands fallow even for a period of 15 days.
Landless villagers resort to Labour work in nearby villages and NTPC. Some of the
families supply milk to NTPC. Goat is found almost in each household.
Farmers follow mono-cropping pattern of agriculture growing mostly cole crops one
after the other. Cauliflower is grown as rabi, kharif as well as summer crop. Due to this
there is deficiency of nutrients (Boron) in the soil. Intercropping, mixed cropping and
sequential cropping practice is followed by farmers but no emphasis has been given on
crop rotation. This is the main reason for loss of soil fertility. Soil testing is also not
adopted by them. Boron (suhaga) is applied externally in the soil without knowing its
exact requirement by the soil.
Although the farmers on the basis of recommendation of KVK scientists are
shifting towards organic farming but they are using only FYM as an organic manure.
Adoption of Vermi composting is still lacking in the village. Although one of the farmer
Mr. Dilip Kumar initiated vermi-composting but due to lack of knowledge he failed and
has completely stopped this practice. Farmers without knowing and without the
consultation of scientists, use pesticides as per the dealers‟ recommendation.
To conclude it can be suggested that farmers are needed to motivated for crop
rotation, soil testing, seed treatment, use of vermi-composting and regular consultancy
with KVK scientists.