journal of krishi vigyan vol 2 issue 2

8/12/2019 Journal of Krishi Vigyan Vol 2 issue 2

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CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (CEC) for 2013-14

President

Mukhtar Singh Gill

Secretary Treasurer Editor Joint Secretary

Manoj Sharma N S Dhaliwal Gagandeep Kaur Gurdeep Singh

Member CECA H Hakeem, PC, KVK, Kupwara (Srinagar)

A K Srivastava, PC, KVK, Hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh)

Ajay Kumar, SMS, Agronomy, KVK, Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand)

Akhil Kr. Deka, PC, KVK, Karbi Anglong (Assam)

Amrish Vaid, PC, KVK, Kathua (Jammu)

Anamika Sharma, PC, KVK, Dimapur (Nagaland)

B Mohan, PC, KVK, Namakkal (Tamilnadu)

K P Chaudhary, Deputy Director (Instruction) CAU, Imphal (Manipur)

Karamjit Sharma, SMS ,Ext. Education, KVK, Mukatsar (Punjab)

Kuldeep Singh, PC, KVK, Jalandhar (Punjab)M P Nayak, PC, KVK, Sundergarh (Odisha)

Mahendra Kumar, PC, KVK, Nagaur (Rajasthan)

Mayank Kumar Rai, PC, KVK, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)

Manoj Sudhakar Talathi, PC, KVK, Killa-Roha (Maharashtra)

Mrs. Sailabala Dei, PC, KVK, Rohtas (Bihar)

N D Singh, PC, KVK, West Kameng, Dirang (Arunachal Pradesh)

P K Sharma, PC, KVK, Kheda (Gujarat)

R D Kaushik, PC, KVK, Jind (Haryana)

Ranjay Kumar Singh, PC, KVK, Chatra (Jharkhand)

Ratnesh Kumar Jha, PC, KVK, Saran (Bihar)

Samuel Rai, PC, KVK, Darjeeling (West Bengal)

S S Paliyal, SMS Soil Science, KVK, Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh)

T J Ramesha, PC, KVK, Lower Dibang Valley (Karnataka)

Editorial BoardAbu Kaushar Hazarika, Guwahati (Assam) Anil Dixit, Raipur (Chattisgarh)

Ashok S Dhawan, Parbhani (Maharashtra) Chander Mohan, Ludhiana (Punjab)

G S Buttar,Ludhiana (Punjab) J S Kular, Ludhiana (Punjab)

J S Urkurkur,Raipur (Chhattisgarh) V K Khatta, Hisar (Haryana)

K P Viswanatha, Raichur ( Karnataka) K S Risam, Jammu ( Jammu and Kashmir)

Kalyan Singh,Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) M Premjit Singh, Imphal (Manipur)

Mukesh K Gupta,Rourkela (Odisha) Pradeep K Sharma, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)

R K Sohane, Bhagalpur (Bihar) R R Singh, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh)

S K Acharya, Nadia (West Bengal) S S Nanda, Bhubaneswar (Odisha)

S S Tomar, Udaipur (Rajasthan) T A Shah, Kupwara (Jammu and Kashmir)

Manuscripts:Offered for consideration should be sent to the Editorial Office, hard copy as well as soft copy by Email-

[email protected] or [email protected] .

Editorial Office :

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, J J Farm, Near New Grain Market, PO. Sheikhupur, Kapurthala 144620 (Punjab).

Subscription fee:

Fee for 1 year -Rs. 1000/-; for 3 years- Rs. 2500/-; for 5 years - Rs. 3500/-; Life Membership (10 years)- Rs. 5000/-

General Correspondence:Should be addressed to the Secretary, Society of Krishi Vigyan, J J Farm, Near New Grain

Market, PO. Sheikhupur, Kapurthala 144620 (Punjab).

Printed and published by Dr. Manoj Sharma, Secretary on behalf of Society of Krishi Vigyan under the able guidance

of Dr. M S Gill, President, Society of Krishi Vigyan at M/S Foil Printers, Ludhiana.

SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN


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116. Angrej Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), KVK, Bhathnda (Punjab)

117. Ankit Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (AAgricultural Engineering), KVK, Mansa(Punjab)

118. Arvind Preet Kaur, Subject Matter Specalist (Horiticulture), KVK, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)

119. B Mohan,Programme Coordinator, KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)

120. Daya Ram, Department of Extension Education, Central Agricultural University Imphal (Manipur)

121. Jagdish Kumar Arora,Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection), KVK, Roop Nagar (Punjab)

122. Jagmohan Kaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,

Ludhiana (Punjab)

123. Kirandeep Kaur,Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Samrala (Punjab)

124. Krupasindhu Behere,Ph.D Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Utkal

University, Bhubaneswar (Odisha)

125. Maninder Kaur, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), KVK, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)

126. Navjot Singh Brar, Ph.D Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,

Ludhiana (Punjab)

127. Navjyot Kaur, Assistant Plant Physiologist, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University,

Ludhiana (Punjab)

128. Noorjehan A K A Hanif, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension), KVK, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Vamban Colony, Pudukkotai (Tamil Nadu)

129. Pervinder Kaur, Assistant Chemist (Residue), Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural

University, Ludhiana (Punjab)

130. Purva Jaggi,Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), KVK, Roop Nagar (Punjab)131. Ravinder Kaur, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Sangrur (Punjab)

132. A Alagudurai, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)

133. Sharmila Bharathi C, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Namakkal (Tamil Nadu)

134. Shivani Sharma, Subject Matter Specialist (Home Science), KVK, Faridkot (Punjab)

135. Tarundeep Kaur Dhaliwal, Assistant Agronomist, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural

University, Ludhiana (Punjab)

136. Vicky Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Soil Science), KVK, Ferozepur (Punjab)

137. V Krishnamoorthy, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), KVK, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Vamban Colony, PUdukkottai (Tamil Nadu)

SCIENTISTSJOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN


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Presidents MessageBy the year 2025, about eighty per cent of the

expected global population of 8.5 billion will be living

in developing countries. Yet the capacity of available

resources and technologies to satisfy the demands ofthis growing population for food and other agricultural

commodities remains uncertain. Agriculture has to meet

this challenge, mainly by increasing production on

diminishing arable land. Further, major adjustments

are needed in agricultural, environmental and

macroeconomic policy to create the conditions for

sustainable agriculture and rural development. This will

involve education initiatives, utilization of economic

incentives and the development of appropriate and new

technologies. Ensuring stable supplies of nutritionally

adequate food, access to those supplies by vulnerable

groups, and production for markets; employment andincome generation to alleviate poverty; and natural

resource management and environmental protection are

the challenges ahead.

The past contribution of science and technology

to agricultural development has not been trouble free

nor has it met all needs. Agricultural output must

increase, particularly in the developing world. At the

same time, an emerging global concern about the

degradation of the environment makes it clear that

progress will be acceptable only in the context of a

more sustainable agriculture that does not damage thenatural productive base of the planet. At farmers field,

the gap is wide between what can potentially be and

what is actually produced. There are many reasons for

this yield gap. Among technical constraints in crop

production, problems related to climate and water

account for about one-third of the overall yield gap,

and problems related to pests, weeds and diseases for

another third. The last third is accounted for by non-

technical constraints. In livestock production, the gap

in the yield of milk, meat, hides and animal traction is

primarily related to problems that cause low

productivity. Among the major causes are deficienciesin the quantity and quality of feed, the widespread

occurrence of major diseases, and often the difficult

environment in which livestock is raised.

A similar situation prevails in production from

aquaculture. Other sectors of fisheries face problems

that are related more to depletion of stocks, poor

utilization of the catch, especially the unintended by-

catch, and post-catch handling. Depletion is also a main

current problem for products of the forest, particularly

in the tropical regions. The existence and condition of

forests and trees also strongly influences production

and productivity in agriculture,

wildlife and the variety and

abundance of uncultivated

plants. One recognized need isnow additionally and urgently

to address the problems of poor

farmers and of more marginal

areas.

In order to interact with scientists working in

different parts of the country on the above mentioned

issues as well as for the betterment of farmers, an effort

has been made to publish such experiences and findings

in the form of research papers. These published research

findings will be of immense importance for the

planners, researchers and extension workers becausethe information collected by the scientists while working

in a district with the farmers is not available in any of

the scientific journal available at national level. Journal

of Krishi Vigyan is the first such attempt made by the

registered Society of Krishi Vigyan. Presently, about

137 research scientists from 20 different states have

been enrolled as life members who are further

committed to expand the horizon of this society.

The successful launch and growth of the Journal

of Krishi Vigyan owes much to the outstanding editorial

board members as well as secretary of the society who

have given so generously of their time and expertise.On behalf of the entire editorial team, I convey my

sincere gratitude to all our many authors and reviewers

who have submitted papers and provided valuable

service as a reviewer. Our team has spent countless

hours reviewing manuscript for the journal over the

past year and thus we continue to excel as a direct result

of your efforts.

I am asking for your help to increase the number

of high quality manuscripts submission. For this

purpose, when ever attending a scientific meeting, please

be an advocate for the journal and talk with potentialauthors. Your advocacy is valued and needed.

Let me close by again offering my sincere thanks

for everyones support for this journal during the past

year and by extending my best for your future

assignments and new endeavors in the field of

agriculture and allied sectors.

(M S Gill)


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CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. A Study Regarding Agricultural Development in Bhadrak District of Odisha.

Krupasindhu Behera and Baman Parida

2. Adoption of Chemical Weed Control in Rice: Credit Utilization and Preference for

Formulations A Study from Temperate Kashmir.

Sheikh Muzaffar Ahmad and Abdul Hameed Hakeem

3. Agronomic Manipulation in Brahmi Cultivation for Higher Productivity in Assam

Plains.

Aparna Baruah, P K Gogoi, I C Barua and D Baruah

4. Communication Source Utilization Pattern and Constraints Faced by Farm Women

for Getting Technical Information about Chickpea Cultivation.

Urmila Devi and Kanta Sabharwal

5. Comparative Study on Cultivation of Cabbage Under Low Tunnel and Open Field

Conditions in Cold Arid Ladakh Region.

Tahir Saleem, Mohd Mehdi, A H Hakeem, M S Trumboo and N A Ganai

6. Development and Evaluation of the Dietetic Products Prepared from Bael Fruit.

Sangita Sood and Suruchi Katoch

7. Effect of Salix Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)

under Shallow Water Table Conditions.

Sunil Kumar, B C Saini and R K Jha

8. Effect of Water Soluble and Conventional Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of

Chillies.

V Krishnamoorthy and Noorjehan A K A Hanif

9. Effect on Yield and Yield Component of Maize (Zea MaysL.) due to Planting

Patterns and Different Irrigation Levels.

Rima Taipodia and N D Singh

10. Evaluation of Different Gerbera (Gerbera JamesoniiBolus) Cultivars for Growth

and Flower Characters Under Assam Conditions.

Kankana Deka and Madhumita Choudhury Talukdar

11. Feeding of UMMB Licks to Dairy Animals: A Farmers Reactive Study. Manoj

Sharma, Gurdeep Singh and Keshava

12. Impact of KVK Training Programmes and Frontline Demonstrations on Adoption of

Pusa Basmati 1121 in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir.

A P Singh, Amrish Vaid and Vishal Mahajan

13. Impact of Training Programme on Adoption of Organic Farming Technology in

Central Zone.

A S Rajput, R P Singh, S Kumar and Ashish Jaiswal

1

8

11

14

19

22

25

28

31

35

39

44

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growth in the district.

To find out the various agro-climatic, socio-

economic, technological, infrastructural,

institutional and policy factors and various

economic aspects including production,profitability, equity and viability of small and

marginal farms in the context of diversification.

To identify potential sources and appropriate

strategies and policies for accelerated and

diversified agricultural growth as well as

sustainability of small/ marginal farms.

HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY

The present study about information needs of

agriculture would help in designing the

information system and services. Howeverspecific hypothesis formulated for the present

study were as under which envisaged that

Information needs about basic status of

agriculture in rural areas are based on and linked

with one another in mutually useful ways.

It has increased their needs of consulting

various information sources for developing their

economic growth.

Agriculture status has formulated and

organized to help them in solving daily problemsand raising the quality of their lives in day to day

problems.

Agriculture needs are to be met on priority

basis which is crucial for socioeconomic

development of household.

Refreshing or updating their knowledge in a

particular field improves their technical or

professional qualifications, further develop the

abilities, and/or enrich their knowledge.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was based on both secondary and

primary data. The secondary data at the block and

district level were collected from different

departments /agencies/farmer household relating

to different variables/parameters of the study for

the period 2012-13. The primary data were based

on a survey of a cross section of cultivating

households in the district during the year 2011-

2012.

The study has attempted to cover the

quantitative analysis of the status of poor farmers,

policy and management of rural process of

implementation in the district. The action research

consisted of secondary research on the agriculture

in the block, field visits and primary data collection

from different categories of farmers in the district,dialogue with government departments and

institutions/projects related on agricultural farm

and engagement with civil society groups and

institutions. The study primarily looked at the

interventions and delivery of services in farmers

located in the rural areas.

Agricultural diversification in the district were

gauged from share of various sub-sectors in GDP

as well as total value of output from agriculture

and allied activities, sectoral shares of employed

persons, cropping pattern and agricultural visa--vision-agricultural exports. Further two indices

of crop diversification were estimated.

(i) Index of Crop Diversification

(ii) Simpsons Index of Diversification

At the district level certain factors were taken

to explain agricultural diversification of value of

output from crop production, livestock, forestry

and fisheries through multiple regressions using

data for the 2011-2012. These factors were

fertilizer consumption, irrigation, annual rainfall,

grazing lands, credit, regulated markets, village

hats, cold storages, rural roads, rural electrification,

veterinary hospitals, forest protection committees,

rural literacy and urban population on one hand

and the factors like irrigation, annual rainfall,

credit, regulated markets, rural roads, rural

electrification, rural literacy and urban population

on the other hand. In these exercises, the

regressions of district could not be formulated due

to lack of adequate data under most heads. To

understand crop diversification, economics of

crop production was analyzed for which an

analysis of cost of cultivation was undertaken.

Apart from this, agricultural diversification in the

field was also gauged through horticultural,

livestock, fisheries and non-farm diversification.

Data collected through field survey were used

extensively for the detailed analysis.

A survey of cultivating households was

conducted in the areas of Basudevpur, Bhadrak,

Bonta, Chandbali, Dhamnagar, Bhandaripukhuri

and Tihidi to study the agricultural production and

Behera and Parida

J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 1-7


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resource use efficiency.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The primary data were based on a survey of a

cross section of cultivating households in selected

blocks. In the district in each block two areas were

purposively selected one relatively developed

and one relatively under developed in consultation

with local district level officer. Hence a village

or a cluster of villages was chosen from each of

the blocks (Table 1). Before the selection of

sample farm households, all households were

enlisted along with various information including

operational holdings i.e., net cultivated area

(NCA) in the selected villages. Based on the net

cultivated area, farm households were categorized

into four broad sub-classes viz., marginal (< 1.0ha.), small (between 1-2 ha.), medium (2-4 ha.)

and large (> 4 ha.). Within sub classes, the

households were selected based on proportionate

random sampling procedure. Accordingly, 50

households more were selected from each village.

Following this, systematic random sampling

method was adopted for the selection of sample

households. Under systematic random sampling

method, firstly all farm households in a village

were enumerated. The next step was to find the

random interval. This was calculated by dividingthe total number of households in particular farm

size category (For e.g. n = 100) in the village by

the number of households that are to be selected

(e.g.xn = 20). Thus, the random interval is equal

to 100/20 = 5. Then the first household was

selected using the random numbers table.

Subsequently every 5th household from the total

number of households was taken to frame a

sample. Therefore, if the first selected number was

the 5th household, then the subsequent selected

households were the 15th,25th, 35th, 45th, andso on. When the random interval was in decimals,

it was converted to the next whole number.

However, if a sample household could not be

surveyed due to any reason, then the sampling

household with the next sampling serial number

was substituted for collecting information. Farmers

were interviewed by using pre-tested structured

schedules.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Most of the secondary sources of data were

collected from economics and statistics of

agriculture, Department of Agriculture and

Cooperation, district level and Sample Survey

Rounds of District Statistical Organization (DSO),

District Statistical Abstracts, Department of

Animal Husbandry & Dairying, DistrictHorticultural Board and Economic Survey.

Table 1. Blocks and villages selected for primary

survey in districts.

Block Villa- No. of No. of No. of % of

ges House- per- far- Far-

holds sons mers mers

Basudevpur 10 60 240 120 15.08

Bhadrak 11 66 264 132 17.58

Bhandaripo 15 56 224 112 15.60

khari

Bonta 16 57 228 114 14.32Chandbali 13 50 200 100 12.16

Dhamnagar 12 54 216 108 13.16

Tihidi 10 55 220 110 12.10

Total 87 398 1592 796 100

Survey -detailed questionnaire schedule was prepared for

the collection of primary data.

Farming Households and Land Holdings

In all the selected blocks of district, the

proportion of marginal farmers was higher than

small, medium and large farmers. In terms of area

distribution, there was unequal distribution of net

cultivated area among farming households in the

entire block. Out of the net cultivated area of the

total households surveyed, medium and large

farmers defined as those operating area more than

2 ha. constitute a comparatively smaller proportion

of total farming households but account for a

higher per household operated area. The marginal

and small farmers constituting a large proportion

of households have comparatively lower net

cultivated area. The cropping intensity (GCA/

NCA) was highest in Chandbali (199.86%)

followed by Bonta(186.54%) Basudevpur(169.09%) Dhamnagar (159.02%) and Bhandari

pokhari (127.92%). Cropping intensity was higher

where farmers grew two crops per year, did

multiple cropping or grew several crops in a year.

Agriculture and Non-Agriculture

It was noticed that in the district as a whole,

the share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) declined from 35.7% in 2007-2008

to 23.2% in 2012-2013, while that of non-

agriculture increased from 64.3% to 76.8% in the


Agricultural Development in Bhadrak District


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same period. In all the areas share of agriculture

was higher than the district level except in Tihidi

in the recent years. Conversely, in all the blocks,

the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from

non-agriculture was lower. Further, within the allblocks the share of GDP from agriculture and allied

activities was relatively higher in Bonta (50.38%),

followed by Bhandaripokhari (50.19 %), Bhadrak

(45.99%) and Basudevpur (35.7%), lastly

Chandbali (30.06%). The share of GDP from non-

agriculture was very high in Dhamnagar (73.60

%), followed by Chandbali (69.94 %),

Basudevpur (64.3%), Bhadrak (54.01 %)

Bhandaripokhari(49.81 %), and lastly

Bonta(49.62%). This distribution was on expected

lines as Tihidi, Basudevpur and Bonta have largemineral deposits resulting in large scale

industrialization in this region.

Cropping Pattern in district

The index values of crop diversification were

very high in the district of Bhadrak,(Table 2)

indicating a high degree of crop specialization in

the district during both the years. The year 2007-

08 showed a decline in crop diversification in the

block of Dhamnagar and bhadrak as two crops

started dominating GCA as well as an increase in

their index values. There was an increase in theindex values of diversification for 2 out of 7

blocks (80%) more from 2007 to 2013, thereby

indicating in crop diversification. In the block of

Chandbali (Table 2) during 2008-2009, four crop

combinations occupied more than 10% of GCA

only in three blocks (Bonta, Chandbali and Tihidi),

while in 2007-08, four crop combinations

occupied more than 10% GCA in seven blocks

(Basudevpur, Bhadrak, Bonta, Chandbali,

Dhamnagar, Bhandaripukhuri and Tihidi). There

was an increase in the index values ofdiversification for 34 out of 70 villages(48.57%)

from 2007-2008 to 2012-2013, thereby indicating

a slight increase in crop diversification

Sector wise Agriculture Output and Allied

Activities

From Table 3, it was noticed that the share

of value of output from crop production (excluding

horticulture) in the total value of output from

agriculture and allied activities was highest

compared to the other sectors in the district and it

was highest in Chandbali (44.29%) followed by

Basudevpur (42.28%), Bhadrak (41.17%),

Dhamnagar(39.14%) and Bonta (33.51%). The

share of value of output from horticultural crop

production was highest in Tihidi (39.72%)followed by Dhamnagar (27.33%), Basudevpur

(26.6%), Chandbali (26.05%). The share of value

of output from livestock was highest in

Bhandaripokhari (43.27%) followed by Bhadrak

(37.79%), Damnagar(32.68%),Banta (28.59%).

The share of value of output from forestry was

highest in Banta(9.25%), followed by Bhadrak

(6.84%) Tihidi (5.55%). The share of value of

output from fisheries was highest in Basudevpur

(6.79%) followed by Bhadrak (4.67%), Tihidi

(4.54%), Bonta (3%) and Chandbali (2.34%) asthe district level average.

Share of Area under different Fruits in district.

In the total value of output from share of area

under different fruits as a percentage of total area

under different fruits in the district. In Basudevpur,

the share of value of output from fruits of mango

production was the highest (50.34%) followed

closely by that of Dhamnagar (45.03%) and lowest

has recorded as from Chandbali (16.79%) At the

district level, 796 farmers were of the view that

mango has the highest production in all the blocksof the district followed by banana (21.76%),

guava(10.79%) and lowest litchi (2.27%).

Share of Area under different Vegetables in the

District.

The highest share was of potato (44.49%)

among vegetables followed by onion (10.03%),

okra (7.31%), cauliflower (6.52%) and lowest has

been recorded from cucumber (0.21%). The data

showed that total share of area under seasonal

vegetables was during Rabi season (58.93%).Bhandaripokhari and Chandbali has maximum

percentage of area (62.17%) and lowest was

recorded from Bhadrak (56.81%). Maximum

number of farmers (132) practising seasonal

vegetable cultivation were in Bhadrak sector.

Total share of area during Kharif season was 41.07

per cent. Maximum area under seasonal

vegetables dring Kharif season was in Bhadrak

block while minimum share of area was in

Bhandaripokhari and Chandbali block.


Behera and Parida


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Table 2. Cropping pattern in district.

Block No. of Crop 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- Dist.Total

Farmers 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Basudevpur 120 Cereals 70.60 70.14 69.97 68.79 66.42 64.46 68.39

Oilseeds 9.41 9.28 9.72 10.14 12.55 13.83 10.94Pulses 12.75 13.38 12.41 13.12 12.81 11.83 12.72

Cotton 4.12 4.41 4.32 4.75 3.87 4.82 4.17

Jute &Mesta 0.61 0.45 0.72 0.91 0.53 0.61 0.86

Coconut 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.84 0.68

Sugarcane 1.48 1.51 1.47 1.01 2.13 2.81 1.66

Fruits & Veg. 0.44 0.24 0.79 0.60 0.94 0.80 0.58

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Bhadrak 132 Cereals 85.00 73.58 81.61 77.11 81.11 83.00 80.23

Pulses 7.74 8.22 8.81 8.34 10.67 9.2 8.83

Oilseeds 2.31 12.6 6.0 9.23 1.98 3.13 5.87

Fruits &Veg. 1.29 2.46 1.22 1.28 2.63 1.48 1.75

Sugarcane 2.19 1.54 1.01 1.13 2.05 1.36 1.54Jute 1.47 1.60 1.35 2.91 1.56 1.83 1.78

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Bhandari 112 Cereals 68.37 66.19 57.42 53.94 48.71 52.9 69.8

pokhari Pulses 8.85 9.14 12.71 14.97 21.84 19.62 16.17

Oilseeds 9.76 8.10 11.94 8.61 17.73 10.11 8.08

Fruits &Veg. 6.37 8.09 9.41 12.94 8.36 8.10 4.59

Sugarcane 6.65 8.48 8.52 9.54 3.36 9.27 1.36

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Bonta 114 Cereals 75.61 76.87 81.77 78.63 81.13 62.71 76.11

Pulses 11.79 9.79 9.53 8.28 11.14 15.97 11.08

Oilseeds 9.10 6.88 3.09 7.56 3.47 8.77 6.47

Fruits &Veg. 0.06 2.57 2.00 1.04 0.69 8.18 2.45

Sugarcane 3.44 3.89 3.61 4.49 3.57 4.37 3.89

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Chandbali 100 Cereals 74.72 75.76 75.23 68.51 71.13 68.72 82.37

Pulses 8.06 11.12 10.11 12.05 13.04 12.37 4.95

Oilseeds 7.07 7.40 5.22 6.56 6.92 8.78 4.45

Fruits &Veg. 5.68 4.30 8.24 9.15 5.70 7.96 6.70

Sugarcane 4.47 1.42 1.20 3.73 3.21 2.17 1.53

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Dhamnagar 108 Cereals 83.74 86.74 81.29 78.04 77.04 77.59 81.19

Pulses 8.66 7.43 8.29 9.31 10.22 12.38 12.26

Oilseeds 4.18 2.15 8.03 6.21 4.11 3.40 3.00

Fruits &Veg. 1.17 1.51 1.13 4.21 3.55 1.40 2.30

Sugarcane 1.19 1.11 1.21 1.19 3.04 4.19 0.55Jute 1.06 1.06 0.05 1.04 2.04 1.04 0.70

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Tihidi 110 Cereals 63.27 64.72 76.33 68.42 67.91 63.27 74.05

Pulses 14.91 12.33 8.05 10.47 8.65 11.11 6.44

Oilseeds 9.25 7.13 6.49 8.24 7.38 9.25 7.33

Fruits &Veg. 6.33 5.97 6.4 8.42 8.74 6.21 6.98

Sugarcane 4.17 5.97 0.22 4.2 4.01 5.17 3.39

Cereals 2.07 3.88 2.51 0.25 3.31 4.99 1.81

Total 796 Share 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: Primary Field Survey




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Table 3. Sector wise value of output in agriculture and allied activities in district.

Block No. of Crop Horticulture Livestock Forestry Fisheries

Farmers Production

Basudevpur 120 42.28 26.6 24.14 0.19 6.79Bhadrak 132 41.17 9.53 37.79 6.84 4.67

Bhandaripokhari 112 36.47 17.38 43.27 0.13 2.75

Bonta 114 33.51 25.65 28.59 9.25 3

Chandbali 100 44.29 26.5 26.87 0 2.34

Tihidi 108 36.68 39.72 13.51 5.55 4.54

Dhamnagar 110 39.14 27.33 32.68 0 0.85

Total. 796 273.54 172.71 206.85 21.96 24.94

(39.07) (24.67) (29.55) (3.13) (3.56)


Table 4 Area under seasonal vegetables as a percentage of total area under vegetables in Bhadrak (2007-08)

Block No. of Farmers Rabi Vegetables Kharif VegetablesBasudevpur 120 56.97 43.03

Bhadrak 132 56.81 43.19

Bhandaripokhari 112 62.17 37.83

Bonta 114 57.68 42.32

Chandbali 100 62.17 37.83

Tihidi 108 57.68 42.32

Dhamnagar 110 59.03 40.97

Total 796 (58.93) (41.07)



Behera and Parida

Table 5. Share of agricultural vis--vis non-agricultural exports in district (%)

District No. of Persons Year Agricultural Exports Non-Agricultural ExportsBasudevpur 120 2005-06 84.02 15.98

Bhadrak 132 2006-07 69.35 30.65

Bhandaripokhari 112 2007-08 80.59 19.41

Bonta 114 2008-09 85.96 14.04

Chandbali 100 2009-10 90.87 9.13

Tihidi 108 2010-11 92.12 11.3

Dhamnagar 110 2011-12 95.15 16.4

Source: Economic Survey (Various Issues)

Annual Growth Rate of different Livestock in

the District.

As a component of agricultural sector, itsshare in gross domestic product has been rising

gradually, while that sector has been on the

decline. In recent years, livestock output has

grown at a rate of about cattle -2.7% a year,

Buffaloes 2.98% Sheep 9.56 % and goats 7.48%

growth in sector. District has immense resources

of livestock and poultry, which plays a vital role

in rural areas.

The share was highest for milk (52.32%)

followed by meat 23.19%,dung 6.84%, egg

4.47%, wool and hair 4.23% and lowest for silk

and honey in the district.

Share of Agricultural Vis--vis Non-agricultural

Exports in district

Out of all the blocks, was at the top by

contributing to Dhamnagar in highest as 95.15%in

the year 2011-12 followed by Tihidi 92.12%,

Chandbali 90.87% and lowest was Bhadrak

69.35% in agricultural exports. On the other hand

Non-Agricultural Exports was highest from

Bhadrak (30.65%), Bhandaripokhari (19.41%)

and lowest from Tihidi (9.13%) blocks in the

district (Table 6).


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7J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 1-7


CONCLUSION

This study analyzed the trends and patterns

of agricultural diversification and related

development of blocks in the district by

considering various agro-climatic, socio-economic, technological, infrastructural,

institutional and policy factors. Within the

agriculture & allied activities sector the share of

agriculture including livestock in recent years was

highest in Bhadrak, (95.2%) followed by

Basudevpur, Chandbali, Bonta and Tihidi

(approximately 80%). The share of forestry and

logging was highest in Bhadrak (12.08%),

followed by Chandbali and Dhamnagar

(approximately 7%). In Chandbali and

Dhamnagar the shares were very low 3%. The

share of fisheries was highest in Chandbali

(10.23%) followed by Bhadrak and Basudevpur

5%. The fisheries sector showed very low shares

in Tihidi and Chandbali i.e., 3.93% and 1.28%respectively.There has been a significant change

in the cropping pattern in the past few decades.

In Bhadrak as a whole as well in all the block

areas share of cereals in the GCA has been highest

amongst other crops from 2006-2012. It was also

observed that the area devoted to food grains was

higher in all the blocks compared to horticultural

crops. It was thus inferred that:

Received on 11-01-2014 Accepted on 08-03-2014


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8

Adoption of Chemical Weed Control in Rice: Credit

Utilization and Preference for Formulation: A Study

From Temperate KashmirSheikh Muzaffar Ahmad* and Abdul Hameed Hakeem

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Baramulla (Potushai Bandipora)

Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir ( J & K)

ABSTRACT

Farmers dont use credit for the purchase of herbicides in the rice crop and they prefer a

particular formulation of herbicide in Kashmir. To know the reasons, a study was conducted in

four randomly selected development blocks of district Baramulla. Two villages from each

development block were selected randomly. A sample of 200 farmers comprising adopters,

partial adopters, and non-adopters was selected from eight sampled villages through stratifiedrandom sampling technique proportional to size. The study revealed that financial soundness

and the risk of losing their lands in case of untimely repayment of credits were the main reasons

for not using credits. It was further revealed that granular formulation was preferred over liquid

formulation owing to lesser requirement of labourers and ease of application.

Key Words: Adoption, Credit, Herbicide, Rice crop.

INRODUCTION

Rice is the staple food as well as one of the

major crops of Jammu and Kashmir (Mubarak et

al. 2012). Weeds are considered as the major

constraint in achieving higher yields in rice(Srinivasan et al.2008) and can cause a reduction

to the tune of 10-90 per cent in Indian rice fields

(Nair et al.2000). In integrated weed management

approach, chemical weed control is very important

as it is quick, easy, efficient, labour saving and

less time consuming. The use of chemicals for

weed control in rice in Jammu and Kashmir is

slow. In order to speed up the adoption of

herbicides, a study was conducted with the

objective to examine the extent and level of

adoption of recommended herbicides for rice crop

by the farmers of Baramulla district of Jammu and

Kashmir. Since farmers dont use credits for

purchasing herbicides, so it was considered

worthwhile to probe reasons for this trend.

Moreover, the farmers are using herbicides in

granular form. Hence, the investigation was also

conducted with the objective that if the farmers

are given a free choice, what they would prefer:

Granular formulation or liquid formulation of

herbicides.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was carried out during 2006 in

Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir. Out of

14 development blocks in the district, four

development blocks were selected randomly. Twovillages from each development block were

selected randomly. A sample of 200 farmers

comprising adopters, partial adopters, and non-

adopters was selected from eight sampled villages

through stratified random sampling technique. The

size of sample from each stratum was in

proportion to the total number of farmers in it.

The data was collected through personal interview

with the farmers with the help of structural and

pretested schedule.


Data presented in Table 1 revealed that the

major reasons, which contributed for not using

credits for purchasing herbicides were financial

soundness (40.0%), risk of losing land in case of

untimely repayment of credits (30.5%) and poor

repaying of capacity of credits later on (17.0%).

The other reasons pointed out by farmers were

high rate of interest, delay in sanctioning credits,

lengthy and different procedures involved in

J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 8-10

J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 8-10

*Corresponding Authors Email: [email protected]


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getting credits sanctioned from banks, hesitation

of banks to sanction credits because of small

holdings, prevalence of bribery, non- availability

of credits, previous bad experience and the

tradition of community of not taking credits frombanks. Kumar and Jitarwal (2012) also reported

that economic status has great role in technology

adoption and thus such farmers rarely need credit

facility.

From the above findings, it becomes clear that

extension personnel have to work for bringing in

confidence among the farmers that by taking

credits from banks, they will not lose their

holdings. They should help the farmers in filling

up the forms etc at the nearby banks. The bank

people should be invited in the district meetingsso that the problems of delaying in sanctioning

credits are sorted out amicably.

Table 1. Reasons for not using credits for purchasing

herbicides for rice crop.

(N = 200)

Reason Respondents

No Percentage

1. Financial soundness 80 40.0

2. Unwilling to take risk of 61 30.5

losing land if credit not

repaid back in time3. Poor repaying capacity 34 17.0

4. High rate of interest charged 27 13.5

by bank

5. Delay in sanctioning credits 20 10.0

6. Lengthy and difficult 19 9.5

procedure involved

in getting credits sanctioned

7. Not knowing the credit facility 17 8.5

of banks

8. Hesitation of banks to 8 4.0

sanction credits because

of small holdings9. Other reasons like prevalence 8 4.0

of bribery, non-availability of

credits, previous bad experience,

tradition of the community of

not taking credits from banks.

A perusal of the data presented in Table 2

revealed that 78.0 per cent of respondents gave

preference for granular formation while 21.0 per

cent did not give any preference.

Table 2. Preference for a particular formulation of

weedicide.

Preference Respondents

No Percentage

1. Granular formulation 156 78.0

2. Liquid formulation 2 1.0

3. No preference 42 21.0

Out of those who preferred granular

formulation (Table 3), the reasons were: lesser

requirement of labourers (53.2%), ease in

application (31.4%), difficulty in handling

spraying equipment (23.1%) and long experience

of using granular formulation of herbicides

(20.5%).

Table 3. Reasons for preferring granular formulationof herbicides.

(N = 156)

Reasons Respondents

No %age

1. Lesser requirement for 83 53.2

labourers

2. Ease in application 49 31.4

3. Difficulty in handling 36 23.1

spraying equipment

4. Long experience of using 32 20.5

granular formulation

5. Conviction about superiority 23 14.7of granular formulation over

liquid formulation.

6. Non-availability of spraying 22 14.1

equipment

7. Tradition of a community 12 7.7

to apply granular formulation

8. Others(Lack of experience in 20 12.8

applying liquid formulation,

not knowing effectiveness of

liquid formulation of

herbicides, machinery /

spraying equipment not needed,liquid formulation laborious,

weeds completely controlled

by granular formulation,

weedicide in granular formulation

can be broadcast effectively).

Other reasons pointed out were: conviction

about superiority of granular formulation over

liquid formulation, non-availability of spraying

equipments, lack of experience in applying liquid

formulation and higher efficiency of granular

J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 8-10

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10

formulation. Only two respondents preferred

liquid formulation and the reason expressed by

them was that liquid formulation of herbicides

could be evenly spread to entire field as compared

to granular formulation.

CONCLUSION

From the above findings it was evident that

the farmers were not yet aware of the liquid

formulation of herbicides. Extension efforts need

to be concentrated on educating the farmers

regarding liquid formulations through result

demonstrations so that farmers become equally

convinced about the effectiveness of liquid

formulations also. At the same time, the liquid

formulation of herbicides should also be made

available to farmers at their respective plant

protection stores, well in time. It would be

worthwhile to mention that quite a good

percentage of respondents (23.1) have expressed

that due to difficulty of handling spraying

equipment, they prefer granular formulation.

Since no spraying equipment is involved in liquid

formulations of herbicides, the extension workers

should remove this misconception through

educational efforts.

REFERENCES

Kumar Mahendra and Jitarwal R C (2012). Review of Factors

affecting the Adoption of Drip Irrigation Technology.J Krishi

Vigyan1(1):69-72

Mubarak T, Zarger M A and Bhat Z A ( 2012). IDM- In Combating

Blast Disease in Rice Crop in Temperate Environment.J Krishi

Vigyan1(1):27-31

Nair A K , Pramanik S C, Ravisankran N and Dinesh R ( 2000).

Effect of varieties and weed control practices on productivity

of rice and weed growth in lowlands of south Andamans.Indian J Agri Sci 72(8): 477-79

Srinivasan E K, Natarajan S , Ganapathy M and Arivazhagan K(

2008). Effect of nitrogen levels and weed management in

hybrid rice.ORYZA45(2): 160-62.


J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 8-10

Adoption of Chemical Weed Control


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11

Agronomic Manipulation in Brahmi (Bacopa

monnieri) Cultivation For Higher Productivity in

Assam PlainsAparna Baruah, P K Gogoi, I C Barua and D Baruah1#

Department of Agronomy

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, (Assam)

ABSTRACT

Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst] is one of the most popular medicinal herb in Indian

Pharmacopeia. It has been used as brain tonic and mind refresher in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic,

Siddha and Folk medicines. Realizing the importance of scientific support for the sustainable

and large scale production of Brahmi, an agronomic trial was conducted with an aim to develop

an acclimatized package of cultivation practices for the plains of Assam. The experiment wasconducted at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University (AAU)

under medium-land rainfed conditions during summer season. The study revealed that the crop

is very sensitive to soil nutrient status, spacing and availability of moisture in the soil. Addition

of organic manure resulted faster spread and ground coverage of the crop and the optimum

dose was determined as 2t ha-1 enriched compost. Organic manure improved the soil health by

increasing the organic carbon content nearly to 17 per cent after the first harvest of the crop and

also improved the water holding capacity of the soil. The planting of 12 to15 cm long rooted

slips with a spacing of 20 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants resulted faster ground

coverage that gave better competitive ability of the crop against the associated weeds. The

highest yield (144.17 g m-2) on dry weight basis was obtained with the application of 2t ha -1

enriched compost at spacing of 20cm x 10cm, after 6 months of planting. In addition, thistreatment also yielded 996 numbers m-2 of rooted slips. The results were very promising for

acceptance of Brahmi for commercial cultivation and entrepreneurship development

Key Words: Bacopa monnieri; Package of practices; Commercial cultivation.

INTRODUCTION

Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst] is an

important medicinal herb. It is found throughout

the Indian subcontinents in wet, damp and marshy

areas. It belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae

and has a chromosome number of 2n = 64. It

requires a warm- moist climate with a temperature

range of 30 to 40C and a relative humidity of 60

to 80 per cent with a good sunshine duration.

Thus, the climatic and edaphic conditions of plains

of Assam are very ideal for Brahmi cultivation. It

is usually used as a memory booster. Besides this,

it is also used in the treatment of cardiac,

respiratory and neuropharmacological disorders

like insomnia, insanity, depression, phychosis,

epilepsy and stress (Russo and Borrelli, 2005). In

addition, it was also reported to possess anti

inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, sedative, free

radical scavengering and anti-lipid peroxidative

activities (Anbarasi et al, 2005; Kishor and Singh,

2005). In spite of availability of all the favorable

environmental conditions and also its usefulness,

its commercial cultivation is restricted to very few

pockets of Assam, that too in a very small scale

and without following proper scientific method

of cultivation; that is mainly due to the lack of

site specific low cost agro technology of the crop.

So in order to develop an acclimatized and organic

agro-technique, an attempt was made to work on

the fertility and spacing management of the crop.

Corresponding Authors E-mail: [email protected] Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Hekra-781127, Kamrup, Assam

J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 11-13

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Table 1. Number of rooted slips and herbage yield under different spacing and doses of organic manure of

Brahmi.

Treatment Dry weight of leafy Dry weight of leafy Number of rooted slips

twigs without roots (g m2) twigs with roots (g m2)

Spacing20cm x 10cm 93.3 164.2 996

20cm x 20cm 72.5 143.3 869

30cm x 20cm 66.7 127.5 697

30cm x 30cm 40.8 98.3 602

CD (P=0.05) 0.43 0.39 2.63

Organic manures (t h-1)

3t EC 64.2 130.8 827

2t EC 81.7 144.2 827

3t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 56.2 122.5 716

2t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 68.33 135.83 801

CD (P=0.05) 0.43 0.39 2.63

Table 2. Ground coverage (%) of Brahmi at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting under different doses of

organic manure and spacing.

Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT 150 DAT

Organic manures (t h-1)

3t EC 50.2 79.0 94.8 97.3 98.7

2t EC 51.4 85.3 96.0 99.0 100.0

3t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 47.7 77.7 90.3 95.7 98.7

2t EC, 25%w/w supp. with FYM 50.8 80.1 95.3 98.7 99.3

CD (P=0.05) 0.95 0.84 0.98 N.S. 1.05

Spacing

20cm x 10cm 64.7 88.7 97.7 100.0 100.0

20cm x 20cm 59.3 81.1 95.1 98.7 100.030cm x 20cm 40.4 76.7 93.7 97.7 99.7

30cm x 30cm 35.7 75.7 90.0 94.3 97.0

CD (P=0.05) 0.95 0.84 0.98 3.90 1.05

between 30-60 days after planting. In addition

narrow spacing reduced the growth of competitive

weeds. Thus, under medium-land rainfed

condition and warm moist sub-tropical climate,

the crop flourishes well and increased the harvest

frequency when it is transplanted with a spacing

of 20 cm x 10 cm and a dose of 2t EC ha-1 is

applied.

REFERENCES

Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K and Desai C S (2005). Creatine

kinase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette

smoke: Protective effect of Bacoside A. Vascul Pharmacol

42: 57-61.

Kishore K and Singh M (2005). Effect of bacosides, alcoholic

extract ofBacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi), an experimental

amnesia in mice.Indian J Exp Biol43: 640-45.

Russo A and Borrelli F (2005). Bacopa monnieri, a reputed

nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine12: 305-317.

Sharma S N, Bhan M K, Kumar A, Gupta S, Balyan S S, Gupta

K K and Dhar A K (2005).Bacopa monnieri: Its domestication

and agro-technology.J Tropical Medicinal Plants6 (2): 227-

33.

Shirole M S, Jadhav, A S , Mahatale P V, Shinde R H and

Mahatale Y V (2005). Effect of organic manure and spacing

on growth and yield of Brahmi.Annals of Plant Physiology

19(2): 264-65.


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constraints in getting technical information for

chickpea cultivation.

Keeping this in view, the present investigation

was carried out to study the communication

sources utilization pattern by the farm womenabout recommended package of practices and

identify various constraints faced by them in

getting technical information regarding chickpea

cultivation.


The present study was conducted in Rewari

district of Haryana. Rampuri and Jatusana villages

were selected from Rewari Block. From two

selected villages, a proportionate sample of 65

farm women who were actively involved infarming was selected randomly. The extent of use,

usefulness, satisfaction level and perceived need

for repetition of communication source and

constraints faced in getting technical information

by the farm women were studied for chickpea.

Extent of use of Communication sources refers

the frequency with which rural women used

various media for getting information. The

frequency of contact with various sources and/or

channels by the farming women was measured

with the help of three-point interval scale. The threepoints were regularly, often and sometime and

assigned scores of 3, 2 and 1, respectively.

Usefulness refers to the benefits derived from

technological information source use and was

obtained from the respondents under 4 categories

as very useful, useful, somewhat useful and not

useful and score was assigned as 4, 3, 2 and 1,

respectively. The satisfaction level was

categorized in three categories viz., fully satisfied,

partially satisfied and not satisfied and score was

assigned as 3,2 and 1, respectively. Perceived

need for repetition of information refers to

information from any technological information

source and was obtained from the respondents

under three categories as most needed, needed

and not needed and accordingly score was

assigned as 3,2 and1 respectively.

The structured interview schedule was

developed and pre-tested on non sampled

respondents. The interview was conducted

personally by the investigator with the women

farmers individually. The collected data were

processed, tabulated and analyzed by using

frequency, percentage, mean weight score and

ranking etc.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFrequency of information source utilization

It was observed (Table 1) that friends got rank

I with mean score 2.58 followed by neighbours

(2.51) and family members (2.49) to acquire

information by the respondents whereas,

frequently used source of information was

relatives (2.11) and least frequently used source

was traditional folk media (1.55), Panchayat

members (1.15) and village leaders (1.11) as

localite source of information.

Least frequently/not used cosmopolite sourcesof information were contact farmers (I,), social

workers (II), banks (III), exhibition, input agencies

(IV), university scientist (V), cooperative societies

personnel, agricultural development officer

(ADO), subject matter specialist, kisan mela (VI),

scientist, extension specialist, government agency

personnel, farmers training centers, krishi Upaj

Mandi, pesticides/seed/fertilizers depot holders

(VII,) by the farm women.

Radio and television were frequently used

mass media sources by the farm women. whereascassette recorder , newspaper , audio visual aid ,

farm magazines/journals, telephone calls and

internet were least frequently/not used sources of

information by farm women for seeking

information regarding gram cultivation practices.

It was thus, inferred that the locality sources

were utilized more frequently by the farm women

and no cosmopolite source of information was

used to acquire the information about gram

cultivation. Radio and television were found to

be frequently used mass media source ofinformation. Similar findings were reported by

Dahiya et al (1997).

Usefulness of information source

It was observed that the family members

were found very useful locality source, whereas

friends , neighbours and relatives were perceived

as useful, whereas progressive farm men/women,

traditional folk media, panchayat members and

village leaders were perceived as somewhat

useful/not useful localite source of information by

Devi and Sabharwal

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Table 1: Communication source utilization pattern by farm women. N=65

Sr. Communication Frequency of use Usefulness Satisfaction level Perceived need

No. source Weighted Rank Weighted Rank Weighted Rank Weighted Rank

Mean Mean Mean Mean

A) Localite source

1. Family members 2.49 III 3.01 I 2.43 II 1.63 VI

2. Neighbour 2.51 II 2.75 III 2.43 II 1.52 VII

3. Progressive farm 1.65 V 1.98 V 1.58 IV 2.49 III

men/women

4. Relatives 2.11 IV 2.57 IV 2.14 III 1.98 V

5. Friends 2.58 I 2.98 II 2.52 I 1.46 VIII

6. Village leaders 1.11 VIII 1.15 VIII 1.08 VII 2.92 I

7. Panchayat members 1.15 VII 1.17 VII 1.12 VI 2.88 II

8. Traditional folk media 1.55 VI 1.68 VI 1.55 V 2.45 IV

B) Cosmopolite source

1. University scientist 1.06 V 1.05 VIII 1.05 V 2.92 IV

2. NDRI scientist 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I3. District Extension 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 2.94 III

Specialist

4. Co-operative societies 1.03 VI 1.02 X 1.03 VI 3.00 I

personnel

5. Government personnel 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I

agency

6. Panchayat officers 1.00 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 3.00 I

7. Agricultural Development 1.03 VI 1.03 IX 1.03 VI 2.92 IV

Officer

8. Social workers 1.15 II 1.28 I 1.17 O 3.00 I

9. Farmers Training Centres 1.10 VII 1.00 XI 1.00 VII 2.88 V

10. Subject matter specialists 1.03 VI 1.06 VII 1.03 VI 3.00 I

11. Kisan Mela 1.03 VI 1.06 VII 1.08 IV 2.94 III

12. Exhibition 1.11 IV 1.14 III 1.08 IV 2.97 III

13. Banks 1.12 III 1.09 V 1.08 IV 3.00 I

14. Contact farmers 1.25 I 1.08 VI 1.14 II 2.83 VI

15. Krishi Upaj Mandi 1.00 VII 1.15 II 1.11 III 2.92 IV

16. Pesticides/Seed/Fertilizers 1.00 VII 1.12 IV 1.00 VII 3.00 I

depot holders

17. Input agencies 1.11 IV 1.00 XI 1.08 IV 3.00 I

C) Mass Media Source

1. Radio 2.03 I 2.54 I 1.88 I 2.52 VI

2. Television 1.95 II 2.43 II 1.88 I 2.08 VII

3. Newspapers 1.28 IV 1.40 IV 1.60 II 2.71 V

4. Farm magazines/journals 1.20 VI 1.34 V 1.18 IV 2.80 IV5. Telephone calls 1.00 VII 1.00 VII 1.15 V 2.85 II

6. Internet 1.00 VII 1.00 VII 1.00 VI 2.91 I

7. Audio visual aid 1.21 V 1.32 VI 1.15 V 2.86 III

8. Cassette recorder 1.63 III 1.86 III 1.52 III 1.97 VIII

*Maximum mean score is 3

Low 1.0-1.66

Medium 1.67-2.32

High 2.33-3.00

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information from various technological

information sources.

CONCLUSION

It was inferred that among the localite sources,

majority of the respondents usedfamily members,

neighbours and friends most frequently and also

found fully satisfying in using these localite

sources of information. All the cosmopolite source

of information were found somewhat satisfied bythe respondents but in case of mass media sources

Table 2. Constraints faced by the respondents in getting

technical information for chickpea

cultivation.

N=65

Sr. Constraint Weighted RankNo. mean

1. Time constraint 2.52 III

2. Lack of competency of 1.80 VIII

the resource person

3. Lack of technical expertise 1.89 VII

4. Lack of confidence 2.17 IV

5. Physical constraints 2.66 II

6. Social constraints 2.72 I

7. Economic constraints 1.97 VI

8. Language problem 2.07 V

*Maximum score is 3

Not so serious (low) 1 1.66Serious (medium) 1.67 2.32

Most serious (high) 2.33 3.00

television and radio were found to be somewhat/

not satisfied by the respondents. Likewise, family

member were found most useful source, whereas

all the cosmopolite source were found somewhat/

not useful and radio and television were perceivedas useful mass media sources of information by

the respondents. It was worth noting that village

leaders, Panchayat members, progressive farm

men/women, traditional folk media were

perceived as most needed localite sources of

information by the respondents, whereas all of the

cosmopolite and mass media communication

sources were perceived most needed by the

respondents for repetition of information and the

most serious constraints perceived by the

respondents were social, physical and time .Hence, it can be said that need based training for

farm women may be organized using different

mass media and cosmopolite communication

sources to enhance their potentiality and to meet

the challenges of the society.

REFRENCES

Dahiya R, Verma T and Grover I (1997). Training of rural women

on grain storage through media package and impact

assessment.J. Dairying, Foods and Home Science16, 1: 60-

64.

Prameela K, Ravichandran V and Vasanthakumar J (2001).

Communication channels utilization behaviour of farm women.

J. Ext. Edu.12, 2: 3089-3093.


J Krishi Vigyan 2014, 2(2) : 14-18

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Comparative Study on Cultivation of Cabbage Under

Low Tunnel and Open Field Conditions in Cold Arid

Ladakh RegionTahir Saleem1, Mohd Mehdi2, A.H.Hakeem1*, M.S. Trumboo1 and N.A. Ganai3

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kargil -194103

Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kashmir ( J&K)

ABSTRACT

The low tunnel technology increased seed germination from 75.3 to 91.0 per cent and seedling

survival on transplanting from 76.3 to 96.6 per cent. Time taken for production of marketable

seedling as well as attaining marketable cabbage heads reduced from 53 to 45.6 days and 85.3

to 75.3 days, respectively. Low tunnel cultivation advanced the growing of crop by around two

months. The total cabbage yield was significantly higher under low tunnels as compared toopen field conditions. Higher net returns per unit area were realized under low tunnel cultivation

of cabbage than open cultivation due to early maturity, early market entry of produce and

evading market glut.

Key Words: Low tunnel, Cold arid, Cabbage, Ladakh.

INTRODUCTION

With increased health awareness among

general public vegetables are now becoming an

integral part of average house holds daily meals.

In addition, high population growth rate,

availability of packaged and air lifted freshvegetable from distant markets has therefore

generated a year round high demand for vegetable

in this region. However, farmers have yet not

been able to encash this opportunity and still

follow traditional methods of production. This

results in highly volatile vegetable supply in

market wherein the market is flooded with seasonal

vegetables irrespective of demand on one hand

and extremely poor supplies and high priced

vegetable during off season on the other hand.

Ladakh, the cold arid region of Jammu andKashmir State experiences prolonged severe

winters and has a short cropping season starting

from last week of March to last week of September

in double cropped areas and from first week of

May to Last week of August in monocropped

areas. Due to high altitude the intensity of solar

radiation and long photoperiod (12 to 14 h) is good

enough to support crop growth but the aridity and

speedy wind dips temperature which limits

growing of vegetable crops for large part of the

year (Sharma, 2000). Plasticulture involves using

plastic soil mulches and crop covers to improve

microclimate conditions surrounding the crop,thereby enhancing earliness, improving yields and

increasing profitability (Waterer, 2000).

For tapping the solar energy various types of

forcing structures like green house, Ladakhi green

house and trench have been successfully

introduced but lack ready acceptability due to

limitations in term of high initial costs, continuous

power requirement, maintenance and replacement

of soil after every 2-3 years for protection against

soil borne disease and insect pest. Hence, a low

cost and low maintenance technique, low tunneltechnology was tried that ensures supply of

vegetable during scarcity and help the grower to

obtain reasonable and profitable return of their

produce. By increasing air temperature, reducing

wind damage and providing a degree of frost

protection, the low tunnels accelerate crop

production and extend the growing season

* Corresponding Authors email: [email protected]

1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K Bandipora, Potushai Bandipora, 193502

2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K, Kargil -194103

3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra SKUAST-K, Kupwara.

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(Waterer, 2003). In the present investigation, an

on farm trial was conducted to compare the

efficiency of low tunnel technology and traditional

open field growing of cabbage hybrid S 92.


On farm trials on cabbage hybrid S-92Mitra

was conducted during the years 2006, 2007 and

2008 at 3 locations in the Kargil district. The

supporting structure of low tunnel was made by

using locally and abundantly available 2.5 m long,

freshly cut willow sticks of 1.5 to 2 cm diameter.

To obtain uniform curvature sticks were moulded

by keeping them fixed in 0.5 m long strong pegs,

nailed into ground at 5 different points along a

prefixed curve, to obtain a diameter of 1m till the

time these were dry and hard enough to provide

sufficient support without losing the shape. After

drying, arc shaped willow sticks were fixed at the

proper site by inserting 15 cm deep into the soil

at intervals of 75 cm to 90 cm, depending upon

the diameter of the sticks. Seed for raising nursery

were sown in the first week of February and

transplanted in third week of March. The tunnel

was covered with ordinary transparent polythene

(2.4 m wide), with lateral supports and packed

from all the sides. The polythene covering was

removed gradually as the outside temperaturebecame favorable for plant growth, starting with

opening of tunnel at both ends followed by

complete lifting during day time. The covering

was removed completely after mid May. As

dictated by weather, under open field conditions

sowing and transplanting operations were possible

only in the first week of April and third week of

May, respectively. Observations on germination

percentage, days taken to attain marketable

seedlings, survival of transplants and percentage

head formed plants were recorded. Harvesting of

cabbage head was done by keeping unwrapped

leaves intact with plant and allowing the plant to

produce super heads. For calculating average headweight 30 randomly selected heads from each trial

were weighed and yield per unit area was

calculated by multiplying average head weight and

number of head formed. Most of the new head

sprouts were rubbed retaining a maximum of two

heads per plant in order to obtain saleable heads.

The yield of super heads was also recorded. The

data were analyzed using the test of two

independent means suggested by Herzberg

(1983).


Effect on seed germination and seedling survival

The seed germination percentage ranged from

87 to 96 per cent in low tunnel compared to 70 to

84 per cent under open field condition. This

technology reduced days taken to reach the 3 to

4 leaf stage, which is considered fit for

transplanting, from 53 to 45 days. Good moisture

supply and protection from fluctuating

temperature under low tunnel may be the cause

of increased germination percentage and rapidgrowth. It is worth to note that the survival of

seedlings after transplanting is very critical in

Ladakh condition due to prevalence of dry

weather and high speed desiccating winds. Under

low tunnel structures, survival of seedlings after

seven days was found to be superior (96.6 %)

while as in open condition only 76.3 per cent

seedlings survived. Flood irrigation immediately

after transplanting might be the cause of reduced

survival percentage in open field condition which

Table 1. Comparison of growth and yield of cabbage hybrid under low tunnel and open field conditions.

Character Location -1 Location -2 Location -3 Average

Low Open Low Open Low Open Low Open

tunnel field tunnel field tunnel field tunnel field

Germination (%) 90 72 96 84 87 70 91* 75.3

Days to maturity of seedlings 46 52 48 54 46 51 46.6* 53.0

Transplantation survival (%) 98 81 98 75 94 73 96.6* 76.3

Days to head maturity 72 88 70 86 75 82 72.3* 85.3

No. of head formed plant (%) 96 91 98 90 95 88 96.3* 89.6

Average head weight (kg) 0.86 1.01 0.96 0.98 0.81 0.82 0.87 0.93

Yield (q/ha) 555.79 652.56 633.34 587.88 518.02 562.32 569.0 600.9

Yield of super heads (q/ha) 278.58 191.55 301.92 186.76 280.30 180.43 290.2* 186.2

Saleem et al

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most of the time becomes necessary due to high

evaporation rate coupled with porous soils. To

keep the soil moist, in open planting, manual

fountain bucket watering, 2-3 time a day is

required, which is laborious and adds to the cost

of cultivation while in low tunnel single manual

fountain bucket watering is quite sufficient for

three to four days, which meets the requirement

because of drastically reduced rate of evaporation

and recycling of the evaporated moisture.

Improved microclimate resulted in early

maturation coupled with increased proportion of

head formed plant in low tunnels (Table 1).

Effect on yield and maturity

The average head weight was more in openfield because of the high light intensity, which

increase the rate of photosynthesis (Jain, 2005)

but was not able to compensate the yield

difference. The early maturation of heads under

low tunnel provided sufficient time to gain size

and firmness of super heads which resulted in 55.8

per cent increase in yield of super heads over open

field grown cabbage.

Under low tunnel the heads were ready for

harvest in the first fortnight of June and reaped

the early market high price (Rs. 10 to Rs.14/kg.)as at this point of time only distant produced

vegetables are available in the market. Further due

to nuclear family system the demand of super

heads which weigh about 200-400g was

preferred, purely for economic reasons, as open

Table 2. Economics of cabbage hybrid under low tunnel and open field conditions.

Location Yield of Return Yield of Return Gross Cost of Net

main crop (Rs./ha) super (Rs./ha) income input profit

(q/ha) heads (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs/ha)

(q/ha) (3+5)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Low tunnel 569.05 6,82,860 290.26 2,32,208 9,15,068 95,200 8,20,008

Open field condition 600.92 4,80,736 186.24 1,48,992 6,29,728 - 6,29,728

% increase over open field 42.2 55.82 30.21

Cost of input includes only cost of polythene and willow sticks keeping a life span of 1 and 3 years respectively.

Sale rate of main crop under low tunnel (off season) Rs.12/kg and rest @ Rs. 8/kg

field grown big sized cabbage heads weighing

around two kg are only available in the market

during this period and not required by small

families. Early maturation of main crop and small

compact super heads produced under low tunnel

not only protected grower from market glut but

also raised net profits, to as high as Rs. 8,20,008/

ha against Rs. 6,29,728 /ha earned from the crop

grown in open field condition.

CONCLUSION

The low tunnel technology is a suitable

technology for the region, which is low cost than

other forcing structures, has potential to increase

the per unit area returns and can play a positive

role in nutrition by making vegetable available inthe off-season. The technology needs testing for

other crops as well.

REFERENCES

Herzberg P A ( 1983). Principles of Statistics.John Wiley and

Sons, Singapore. Pp. 249-52.

Jain V K ( 2005). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology.S. Chand

company Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 225-27.

Sharma J P ( 2000). Climate of cold arid region: An Agricultural

perspective. In Dynamics of cold arid agriculture. (eds.

Sharma, J.P and Mir, A.) Kalyani publisher. Pp. 19-36

Waterer D R (2000). Effect of soil mulches and herbicides onproduction economics of warm season vegetable crops in cool

climate.HortTechnology10: 154-59.

Waterer D R (2003). Yields and economics of high tunnels for

production of warm season vegetable crops.HortTechnology

13(2): 339-43.


Cultivation of Cabbage under Low Tunnel in Ladakh

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Development and Evaluation of Dietetic Products

Prepared From Bael (Aegle marmelos) Fruit

Sangita Sood and Suruchi Katoch

Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology

College of Home Science

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur 176062 (Himachal Pradesh)

ABSTRACT

Bael fruit with nutritive and medicinal value was processed into products especially for diabetics

patients. The preparation was done using sorbitol a non-nutritive sweetener in place of sugar.

These were then analyzed for TSS, pH, Vitamin C, acidity and sugars. The products contained

good amount of vitamin C, less acidity and less sugar, beneficial for the patients.

Key Words:Bael, Diabetes mellitus, Beverages, Dietetic products, Aegle marmelos.

INTRODUCTION

With the advancing of age, Diabetes mellitus

is one of the prominent metabolic disorders

commonly noticed among the people. The

incidence of diabetes is increasing all over the

world and becoming a problem of significant

importance. Diet plays a very important role and

restricts a person to a specific diet. This makes

the individual devoid of certain sweet products

which are palatable and enjoyed from time to time.

Moreover, providing a suitable combination ofdiet with respect to other health problems rising

along with diabetes is meant to be a sole

responsibility. Bael occupies an important place

among the indigenous fruits of India. The

importance of its fruit lies in its nutritive and

curative properties a well known fact. It is a

concentrated source of riboflavin and ascorbic

acid. The pulp although a little acrid bitter but is

aromatic and acts as a sweet cooling tonic for heart

and brain. The pulp is mildly laxative and simple

remedy for dyspepsia, diarrhea anddysentery.Since this fruit is widely grown in the

Changer areas of Distt Kangra ,Himachal Pradesh

generally go waste for the want of technical

know-how. Therefore, an effort was made to

process bael into dietetic products using sorbitol,

a non-nutritive sweetener to provide suitable

health drinks and enjoyable items especially for

the diabetic patients.


Bael fruits were procured from the changer

areas and was processed into pulp according to

Roy and Singh (1979). Thereafter the pulp was

freezed to process into different products like

squash, ready-to-serve beverage (RTS), jam and

toffee, according to FPO specification; except

sorbitol was used in place of sugar.The method

for the preparation of the products in the form of

flow-sheet are shown in Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4. The

prepared products were then analyzed for TSSby using hand sugar refractometer, pH through

pH meter, acidity, Vitamin C and sugars by

Ranganna (1995).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table (1) shows the nutritive content of bael

products. The TSS value obtained for RTS, squash,

jam and toffee are 18.5, 48.6, 68.8 and 30 Brix.

The values obtained are quite less than that noted

by Jauhari and Singh (1971) within the range of

32-36

0

Brix in different bael fruit varieties. Thismight be due to the presence of sorbitol in the

products. However, a close value of 500Brix in

bael squash was observed by Roy and Singh

(1979). Moreover, the Brix should be high in bael

squash as compared to citrus and most other fruit

squashes. This is because the fruit is not acidic

and mucilage contributes a lot towards the soluble

solids of the pulp. The pH values in the RTS and

squash was found to be 3.3 and 3.2 respectively

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Table 1. Nutritive value of Bael Products

Product TSS Degree pH Vitamin C Acidity Reducing sugars Total sugars

Brix (mg/100g) (%) (%) (%)

RTS 18.5 3.3 15.0 0.70 3.87 14.71

Squash 48.6 3.2 12.0 1.15 7.48 15.06Jam 68.3 - 21.0 0.64 27.17 49.02

Toffee 69.0 - 31.5 0.38 27.78 50.00

cannot bring any harm when given to diabetics

and can also be prepared in homes as and when

required.

CONCLUSION

With changng life style and feeding habbits

health problems are on the rise. Now, the

emphasis is on those foods or procesed products

that have nutriotional value and some theraupatic

effect. Toffees, jam and squash etc. prepared from

bael have great important for health. Fruit based

processed products need to be introduced in the

market to cater the growing demand for these

natural products.

REFERENCES

Jauhari O S and Singh R D (1971). Bael - a valuable fruit.Indian

Horticulture(4-6) : 9.

Singh V P and Misra, K K (2003). Bael : A panacea for all.Indian

farmers Digest(1) : 41-42.

Roy S K and Singh R N (1979). Studies on utilization of bael fruit

for processing-II. Extraction of bael fruit pulp.Indian Food

Packer(1): 5-9.

Ranganna S (1995). Handbook of Analysis and Quality control

for fruit and vegetable products. 3rd Edition.


Evaluation of Dietetic Products Prepared from Bael Fruits

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Effect of Salixspp. Spacing on the Growth and Yield

of Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) under Shallow

Water Table ConditionsSunil Kumar, B C Saini and R K Jha

Department of Agronomy

G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263 145 ( Uttaranchal)

ABSTRACT

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of Salix albaspacing on the growth

and yield of wheat under shallow water conditions. Two clones of Salix alba (Salix alba cv.

coerulea and Salix alba cv. vitellina), planted four years earlier at four different spacing of 4 m

5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and 10 m 5 m, one treatment being control i.e., without any tree,

were tried in split plot design with three replications. Wheat variety PBW 343 was sown inbetween the rows of Salix trees. Almost all plant characters like germination, plant height,

number of tillers, spike length, number of fertile spikelets, number of sterile spikelets, grains

per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and above ground biological yield were found

statistically at par due to tree clone. However, the treatments having lesser tree population were

significantly superior over the treatments having greater tree population in all the growth and

yield attributing parameters. The highest grain yield (3898 kg/ ha) was obtained from the

treatment having no trees followed by the treatment having tree spacing of 10 m 5 m (3533

kg / ha) and 8 m 5 m (3533 kg/ha). The lowest grain yield (3161 kg / ha) was obtained from

the treatment having tree spacing of 4 m 5 m. Tree height and tree diameter at breast height

(DBH) taken before and after wheat crop were also found non-significant due to Salix clones

and Salix spacing.Key Words: Salix alba, Wheat, Intercropping ,Tree spacing.

INTRODUCTION

It is a well known fact that the population of

India is increasing at a fast rate and the pressure

of population on the land resource is increasing.

At the same time, the existing tree population and

natural forests are being exhausted to meet the

food demand. The agroforestry system thus seems

to be the only option accommodating both forestry

and agronomic crops. Wheat is the second mostimportant crop in India contributing about 32.0

per cent of the total cereal production and 22.7

per cent of the total area under cereal crops. As

wheat requires high temperature during vegetative

stage and low temperature during post anthesis

stage, it can be suitably placed as an intercrop in

the agroforestry system. Unfortunately, most of

the agroforestry trees are unsuitable for wheat.

Salix trees shed leaves during winter and sprout

early in the spring so wheat can perform better

because it will permit sufficient sunlight to wheat

in early stage and protect the plant during later

stages. Therefore, the field experiment was

conducted during the rabi season of 2002-2003

in the Agroforestry Research Block of

Horticultural Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A.T.

Pantnagar to study the effect of Salix albaspacing

on the growth and yield of wheat under shallowwater conditions.


Two clones of Salix alba (Salix alba cv.

coerulea and Salix alba cv. vitellina) planted four

years earlier were treated as the main plots. Four

spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and

10 m 5 m and one treatment being control i.e.,

without any tree, were kept as sub plots in the

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affected by tree spacing and highest spike length

was found under control followed in the order by

decreasing tree spacing. This could be due to

reduced availability of light under trees (Saxena,

2002). Sharma et al (1996) also observed almostsimilar results in wheat. The number of fertile

spikelets per spike was also found to highest under

control and there was 15.6, 8.9, 8.2 and 5.1 per

cent decrease in the number of fertile spikelets

per spike in tree spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m,

8 m 5 m and 10 m 5 m, respectively. This

could be because of lesser shading effect under

wider tree spacing (Saxena, 2002). The grain yield

was significantly influenced by Salix clones and

tree spacing, however, interaction between these

factors was non-significant. Highest grain yieldwas found under control and there was 18.9, 13.6,

9.3 and 4.4 per cent reduction in yield under tree

spacing of 4 m 5 m, 6 m 5 m, 8 m 5 m and

10 m 5 m, respectively. This could be because

of reduction of light under trees in agroforestry

system as compared to sole crops. This was again

in confirmation with the findings of Savin and

Slafer (1991) and Saxena (2002).

REFERENCES

Savin R and Slafer G A (1991). Shading effects on the yield of an

Argentinian wheat cultivar. J Agric Sci (Camb),116:1-7.

Saxena Ruchi ( 2002). Studies on growth and productivity of

wheat crop under poplar (Populus deltoidsBart. Ex. Naren.)

based agroforestry system. Thesis M.Sc.Ag. G.B. Pant Univ.

of Agric. and Tech., Pantnagar. P. 41-44.

Sharma K K, Khanna P and GulatiA ( 1996). The growth and

yield of wheat and paddy as influenced byDalbergia sisso

Roxb. Boundary plantation.Indian Forester.122(12):1114-

1126.

Tripathi M K (2001). Growth and yield of late sown wheat under

modified microclimate of mix Salix-Dalbergia plantations inan agroforestry system. Thesis M.Sc. Ag. G.B. Pant Univ. of

Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar.


Effect of Salix spp spacnig on wheat yield

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Single super phosphate (94 Kg soil-basal

application) and muriate of potash (100 Kg).

Super phosphate in the above treatments was

applied as basal dose in soil at the time of the last

ploughing. The fertigation schedule was given atfour stages of crop growth from days after

transplanting (DAP) viz. establishment stage (1-

10 DAP), vegetative stage (11-40 DAP), flowering

and fruiting stage (41-70 DAP) and maturity and

harvest stage (71-90 DAP).

The soil nutrient status was N (185 kg/ha),

P2O

5(9 kg/ha) and K

2O (225 kg/ha). The soil and

plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

contents were estimated by Microkjedhal method

(Pipper, 1966), Vanadomolybdate phosphoric

yellow method (Jackson, 1967) and flamephotometer method (Jackson, 1967), respectively.

The fertigation was given at three days interval

and total 50 times during the entire crop period.

The study was conducted by replicating at10

farmers field. The plot size per treatment was 0.2

ha. The drip was installed in all the trials. The

distance between laterals was five feet and distance

between drippers was two feet. The discharge rate

of drippers was 4 l/hr

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