report great unsolved mysteries of the world

8/7/2019 Report Great Unsolved Mysteries of the World

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UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF THE WORLD

Mystery:

Mystery can be defined as anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or

unknown.

any affair, thing, or person that presents features or qualitiesso obscure as to arouse

curiosity or speculation

A profound secret; something wholly unknown, or something kept cautiously concealed,

and therefore exciting curiosity or wonder; something which has not been or can not be

explained; hence, specifically, that which is beyond human comprehension.

Our world is full of certain mysteries which sustain to challenge the horizons of logic andknowledge here is a glimpse of some of the great unsolved mysteries of the world.

THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE:

The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region in the western

part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft andsurface

vessels allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Popular culture has

attributed these disappearances to the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial

beings. Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents

were inaccurately reported or embellished by later authors, and numerous official

agencies have stated that the number and nature of disappearances in the region is

similar to that in any other area of ocean.


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The Area

The "Bermuda or Devil's Triangle" is an imaginaryarea located off the southeastern Atlantic coast ofthe United States, which is noted for a high

incidence of unexplained losses of ships, smallboats, and aircraft. The apexes of the triangle aregenerally accepted to be Bermuda, Miami, Fla., andSan Juan, Puerto Rico. However, The U. S. Board ofGeographic Names does not recognize the BermudaTriangle as an official name and does not maintainan official file on the area.

An area called the "Devil's Sea" by Japanese andFilipino seamen, located off the east coast of Japan,also exhibits the same magnetic characteristics. It isalso known for its mysterious disappearances.

Theories

Countless theories attempting to explain the many disappearances have been offered

throughout the history of the area. The most practical seem to be environmental and

those citing human error. The majority of disappearances can be attributed to the area's

unique environmental features.

It has been said that the "Devil's Triangle" is one of the two places on earth that amagnetic compass does point towards true north. Normally it points toward magneticnorth. The difference between the two is known as compass variation. The amount ofvariation changes by as much as 20 degrees as one circumnavigates the earth. If this isthe case and a compass variation or error is not compensated for, a navigator could findhimself far off course and in deep trouble.

Another environmental factor is the character of the Gulf Stream. It is extremely swiftand turbulent and can quickly erase any evidence of a disaster. The unpredictableCaribbean-Atlantic weather pattern also plays its role. Sudden local thunder storms and

water spouts often spell disaster for pilots and mariners. Finally, the topography of theocean floor varies from extensive shoals around the islands to some of the deepestmarine trenches in the world. With the interaction of the strong currents over the manyreefs the topography. Not to be under estimated is the human error factor. A largenumber of pleasure boats travel the waters between Florida's Gold Coast and theBahamas. All too often, crossings are attempted with too small a boat, insufficientknowledge of the area's hazards, and a lack of good seamanship.


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Gas

Dr. Ben Clennell, of Leeds University, England, is not the first to make note of thepossibility of methane hydrates as a source for causing ships to disappear, he has

become identified with the theory which, on September 21, 1998, at the Festival ofEarth Sciences at Cardiff, Wales, he proposed methane hydrates as the future ofenergy.

As a part of his elaborate dissertation he claimed that methane locked below the seasediments in the Bermuda Triangle can explain the mysterious disappearances. He toldhow subterranean landslides can unlock the vast beds of methane hydrate. This wouldbe disastrous, he told the audience, because large amounts of methane would reducethe density of the water. This would make any ship floating above sink like a rock. Hewent on to explain how the highly combustible gas could also ignite aircraft engines andblow them to pieces. Although I believe a certain percentage of flammable gas to air isrequired for the atmosphere to become combustible.

Aliens and time

There is another school of thought regarding the disappearance of people along withtheir craft, it is thought that they are "trapped in-between time dimensions," of whichthere is "no way out." These disappearances are accidental and not intentional. Thevictims were in the wrong place, at the wrong time.The "Bermuda Triangle" is one of two portals, used by the "human-like" aliens, to travel

from their planet to ours. The "Bermuda Triangle" is not actually a triangle. When it is"in-phase," it is constantly in motion and in intensity (between one to one and a half milewide). The disappearances occur when caught in the center or within the first twooutward radiating rings.The occurrence takes place 25 times a year and lasts for 28 minutes, for the "BermudaTriangle." The "Pacific Triangle," takes place only 3 times a year. The "Bermuda and thePacific Triangles" are linked to other triangles that exist throughout the universe. The"human-like" aliens technology enable them to use "time compression, solar power andthe ability to reduce friction," for travelling across vast distances. It takes themapproximately 24 hours to travel from their planet to Earth.These "time holes" can be described as an "accordion in motion." When the "time hole"

is compressed, the craft enters one end and when the "time hole" expands itself, thecraft is at the opposite end exiting one "time hole" and entering another. The "human-like" aliens know exactly which "time hole" is compressed, at any given time.


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Atlantis & crystals

the U.S.'s most prominent advocate of a factual Atlantis. Widely known as "TheSleeping Prophet," Cayce claimed the ability to see the future and to communicate with

long-dead spirits This theory was helped along in more recent years by the psychicEdgar Cayce (1877-1945) who became from the past. He identified hundreds ofpeople...including himself ...as reincarnated Atlanteans.Cayce said that Atlantis had been situated near the Bermuda island of Bimini. Hebelieved that Atlanteans possessed remarkable technologies, including supremelypowerful "fire-crystals" which they harnessed for energy. A disaster in which the fire-crystals went out of control was responsible for Atlantis's sinking, he said, in whatsounds very much like a cautionary fable (what is that about history repeating itself ?)on the dangers of nuclear power. If still intermitently active beneath the ocean waves,damaged fire-crystals send out energy fields that interfere with passing shipsand aircraft...which is how Cayce accounted for the Bermuda Triangle.

Cayce prophesied that "elements of Atlantis would rise in 1968 and 1969". The BiminiWall or Road was discovered off the coast of Bimini in 1968.

Ray brown's crystal

In 1970, Dr. Ray Brown, a naturopathic practitioner from Mesa, Arizona, went scubadiving with some friends near the Bari Islands in the Bahamas, close to a popular areaknown as the Tongue of the Ocean (This was depicted in the television show, "InSearch Of...Atlantis," originally made in 1979.

During one of his dives, Brown became separated from his friends and while searchingfor them he was startled when he came across a strange pyramid shape silhouettedagainst the aquamarine light. Upon investigating further, Brown was surprised by howsmooth and mirror-like was the stone surface of the whole structure, with the jointsbetween the individual blocks almost indiscernible. Swimming around the capstone,which Brown thought might have been lapis lazuli, he discovered an entrance anddecided to explore inside. Passing along a narrow hallway, Brown finally came to asmall rectangular room with a pyramid-shaped ceiling. He was totally amazed that thisroom contained no algae or coral growing on the inner walls. They were completelyspotless! In addition, though Brown had brought no torch with him, he couldnevertheless see everything in the room with his normal eyesight. The room was well lit,but no direct light source was visible. Brown's attention was drawn to a brassy metallicrod three inches in diameter hanging down from the apex of the center of the room and


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at its end was attached a many-facetted red gem, which tapered to a point. Directlybelow this rod and gem, sitting in the middle of the room, was a stand of carved stonetopped by a stone plate with scrolled ends. On the plate there was a pair of carvedmetal bronze-colored hands, life-sized, which appeared blackened and burnt, as ifhaving been subjected to tremendous heat. Nestled in the hands, and situated four feet

directly below the ceiling rod gem point, was a crystal sphere four-inches in diameter.Brown tried to loosen the ceiling rod and red gemstone but neither would move.Returning to the crystal sphere, he found, to his amazement, that it separated easilyfrom the bronze hand holders. With the crystal sphere in his right hand he then madehis way out of the pyramid. As he departed, Brown felt an unseen presence and heard avoice telling him never to return!Fearing, rightly, that his unusual prize might be confiscated as salvage-treasure by the

American Government, Dr. Brown did not reveal the existence of his strange crystalsphere, nor did he relate his experiences until 1975, when he exhibited his crystal forthe first time at a psychic seminar in Phoenix.

Since that time, the crystal sphere has made only a very few public appearances but oneach occasion people who have seen it have experienced strange phenomena directlyassociated with it.Deep inside the crystal form, one gazes upon three pyramidal images, one in front ofthe other,in decreasing sizes. Some people who enter a deep meditative state ofconsciousness are able to discern a fourth pyramid, in the foreground of the otherthree.Elizabeth Bacon, a New York psychic, claimed while in trance, that the crystal spherehad once belonged to Thoth, the Egyptian God who was responsible for burying asecret vault of knowledge in Giza, near the three great Pyramids. Perhaps the positionsof the three pyramidal images in the crystal sphere hold the long-sought key to finding afourth, as yet unfound, subterranean pyramid that will lead us to the Hall of Records?Who knows?Looking at the crystal sphere from the side, the internal images dissolve into thousandsof tiny fracture lines. Brown feels that these may prove to be electrical in nature, likesome form of microscopic circuitry.Dr. Brown's crystal sphere has been the source of a wide variety of paranormal andmysterious occurrences. People have felt breezes or winds blowing close to it. Bothcold and warm layers surround it at various distances. Other witnesses have observedphantom lights, heard voices or felt strange tingling sensations surrounding it. Acompass needle, when placed next to the crystal sphere, will spin counter-clockwise,then commence turning in the opposite direction when moved only inches away. Metalsbecome temporarily magnetized when they come into close contact with the sphere.

There are even recorded instances where healing has taken place by merely touchingthe sphere.We may only speculate as to why the crystal sphere was created and what part it onceplayed within the underwater Bahamas pyramid discovered by Ray Brown.


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Notable incidents

Flight 19

US Navy TBF Grumman Avenger flight, similar to Flight 19. This photo had been used by

various Triangle authors to illustrate Flight 19 itself. (US Navy)

Flight 19 was a training flight ofTBM Avenger bombers that went missing on December

5, 1945 while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight path was scheduled to take them

due east for 120 miles, north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 120-mile leg that

would return them to the naval base, but they never returned. The impression is

given that the flight encountered unusual phenomena and anomalous compass

readings, and that the flight took place on a calm day under the supervision of an

experienced pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Adding to the intrigue is that the Navy's

report of the accident ascribed it to "causes or reasons unknown."

Adding to the mystery, a search and rescue Mariner aircraft with a 13-man crew was

dispatched to aid the missing squadron, but the Mariner itself was never heard from

again. Later, there was a report from a tanker cruising off the coast of Florida of a visible

explosion] at about the time the Mariner would have been on patrol.

While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate, some

important details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the

incident, and naval reports and written recordings of the conversations between Taylor

and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not indicate magnetic problems.


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Mary Celeste

The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the 282-ton brigantine Mary Celeste is often

but inaccurately connected to the Triangle, the ship having been abandoned off the

coast of Portugal The event is possibly confused with the loss of a ship with a similar

name, the Mari Celeste, a 207-ton paddle steamer that hit a reef and quickly sank off

the coast of Bermuda on September 13, 1864. Kusche noted that many of the "facts"

about this incident were actually about the Marie Celeste, the fictional ship from Arthur

Conan Doyles short story "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (based on the real Mary

Celeste incident, but fictionalised).

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew,

and attempted to sail with it to New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict

disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelict reappeared minus the prize

crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's

of London records proved the existence of theMeta, built in 1854 and that in 1880

the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin. There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or

any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missing men were placed

on board a derelict that later disappeared.

USS Cyclops

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not

related to combat occurred when USSCyclops under the command of Lt Cdr G.W.

Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometime after March 4, 1918,

after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for anysingle theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing,

and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.


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Theodosia Burr Alston

Theodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron

Burr. Her disappearance has been cited at least once in relation to the Triangle. She

was a passenger on board the Patriot, which sailed from Charleston, South

Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was never heard from again.

The planned route is well outside all but the most extended versions of the Bermuda

Triangle. Both piracy and the War of 1812 have been posited as explanations, as well

as a theory placing her in Texas, well outside the Triangle.

SchoonerCarroll A. Deeringas seen from the Cape Lookout lightvessl on January 29,

1921, two days before she was found deserted in North Carolina. (US Coast Guard)

Carroll A. Deering

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, theCarroll A. Deeringwas found hard aground

and abandoned at Diamond Shoals, nearCape Hatteras, North Carolinaon January 31,

1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deeringwas a victim of piracy,

possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade duringProhibition and possibly

involving another ship, S.S. Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just

hours later, an unknown steamer sailed near the lightship along the track of

the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculated that

the Hewittmay have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deeringcrew's

disappearance. [


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Douglas DC-3

On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002 disappeared while

on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32

people onboard was ever found. From the documentation compiled by the Civil

Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was

found, but barely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were

inspected and found to be low on charge, but ordered back into the plane without a

recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to complete electrical

failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely

upon magnetos to provide spark to their cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition

coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.

Star Tigerand Star Ariel

G-AHNPStar Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to

Bermuda; G-AGREStar Arilldisappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from

Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica Both were Avro Tudor IV passenger aircraft operated

by British South American Airways. Both planes were operating at the very limits of their

range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching

the small island. One plane was not heard from long before it would have entered the

Triangle.

KC-135 Stratotankers

On August 28, 1963 a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and

crashed into the Atlantic. The Triangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis of this story

specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were two distinct crash sites,

separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research [ showed

that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris

field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and

found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.


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SS Marine Sulphur Queen

SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last

heard from on February 4, 1963 with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. Marine

Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in Vincent Gaddis'

1964ArgosyMagazine article,[8] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown",

despite the Coast Guard report, which not only documented the ship's badly-maintained

history, but declared that it was an unseaworthy vessel that should never have gone to

sea.

Connemara IVA pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26,

1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer) that the crew vanished while the

yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The 1955 Atlantic hurricane

season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month,

with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force. It was confirmed that

the Connemara IVwas empty and in port when Ione may have caused the yacht to slip

her moorings and drift out to sea


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THE JFK ASSANINATION:

John Fitzgerald Kennedy the thirty-fifth President of the United States was

assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday,November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot while

traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas governor John Connally, and the latter's

wife, Nellie, in a Presidential motorcade.

The ten-month investigation of the Warren Commission of 19631964 concluded that

the President was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone and that Jack

Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. These conclusions

were initially supported by the American public; however, polls conducted from 1966 to

2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was aplot or cover-up.

Contrary to the Warren Commission, the United States House Select Committee on

Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that President John F. Kennedy was

probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. The HSCA found both the original

FBI investigation and the Warren Commission Report to be seriously flawed. While

agreeing with the Commission that Oswald fired all the shots which caused the wounds

to Kennedy and GovernorConnally, it stated that there were at least four shots fired and

that there was a "high probability" that two gunmen fired at the President. No gunmen orgroups involved in the conspiracy were identified by the committee, but the CIA, Soviet

Union, organized crime and several other groups were said to be not involved, based on

available evidence. The assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has

spawned numerous conspiracy theories and alternative scenarios.

ASSASSINATION AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES:

Ever since November 1963 the motives for the assassination of John F. Kennedy have

been the subject of wild speculation. What is clear is that the young President was

about to steer his own course strongly opposed to the mighty political and financial

interest of the establishment. He was not a good collaborator, and one of the reasons

for the murder was the sacking of the overly powerful CIA chief Allen Dulles after the

fiasco at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, shortly after he took on the job. Furthermore, he

prepared to call back some U.S. advisors from Vietnam. This order was issued in


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October 1963. Another thorn in the flesh of the Illuminati was the plan to curb CIA

military activities in Southeast Asia. On July 18, 1963 he had told Congress that he

wanted to implement certain measures to remedy the balance of payments deficit of the

U.S. He wanted to support exports of industrial goods and an interest balancing tax on

foreign accounts of American citizens. On capital invested abroad up to 15% tax wouldhave to be paid. That the international bankers didnt want to put up with that is obvious.

Kennedy would have been the right man as the peoples representative! But to find an

even more important reason we have to leave politics for a moment. It concerns

the Roswell Incident.

Conspiracy theorists state that the government had JFK assassinated in an effort to

destroy the dream of space travel. Since the Roswell incident they had remained very

mysterious about the truth of that days events, thereby enjoying a measure of power

over an unwittingly ignorant and vulnerable public. It follows, then, that the government

would not be keen for society to learn the truth as a result of space travel, as whatever

secret they had been harboring could finally be exposed.

On July 22, 1947 a non-terrestrial flying machine had crashed at Roswell, New

Mexico. There were ninety-two witnesses, thirty-five of which were Air Force personnel,

and four humanoid beings were found. The next space vehicle was found on February

13, 1948 near Aztec, New Mexico, followed on March 25 by a further crash in the same

area, at Heart Canyon. This disk had a diameter of thirty-three meters, was made from

an unknown metal and was occupied by sixteen beings, about 120 cm high and all

dead. Another crash happened near Roswell in 1949, and here one being survived.

An Air Force officer was ordered to bring him to Los Alamos, at that time the best-

guarded institution of the U.S. Armed Forces. The being was described as a reptiloid

humanoid with certain insectoid characteristics. He was simple called EBE

(Extraterrestrial Biological Entity). He came from a double-star system, that their planet

was now a desert planet, that their sun was dying and that they had underground

facilities in several countries of the world. EBE taught the young colonel who looked

after him about reincarnation, that the soul lives on and that this was the law of the

Universe. All this was recorded and stored under the code-name YELLOW BOOK.

Under the project SIGMA (Part of Operation Majestic-12) they tried to contact EBEs

race, but without success.

At the end of 1951 EBE became very ill. Since his biological body functions were


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chlorophyll-based, the botanist Dr. Guillermo Mendoza was called in to treat EBE. EBE

stayed in Los Alamos until June 18, 1952 when he died for unknown reasons. It is said

that the colonel looking after him cried when he died. He apparently had loved him like a

child. Under the project ROBERTSON PANEL this event was later filmed as ET to

accustom the public slowly to reality. On December 6, 1950 a thirty-meter saucercrashed near Laredo, Texas. In the debris the charred remains of a being of about 130

cm in height with a very large head was found. When the photographs were released,

this event caused quite a stir.

On May 20, 1953 a further saucer of only ten meters across was recovered in Kingman,

Arizona. Here there were four dead beings who were brought like all the others to the

Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Hangar 18. As the Americans like to say: Reality is

sometimes stranger than fiction. After the first crash already several

secret organizations were founded to deal with the presence of UFOs. The most

important one was the Operation Majestic 12 that was founded on September 24, 1947,

by President Harry Solomon Truman and under which all the other projects ran

(MAJESTY is the code name for the President). Among its twelve members were Dr.

Vanevar Bush, the scientific advisor of the President, Defense Secretary Forrestal and

later also Nelson Rockefeller, Allen Dulles, Head of the CIA, and J. Edgar Hoover, Head

of the FBI. The rest were all members of the CFR. All twelve were also members of the

Jason Society or Jason Scholars, the elite from the Skull & Bones order. The groups

headquarters in Maryland is only accessible by air and is called the Country club by

insiders.

On February 20,1954 the time had come. This event has been confirmed by films and

several witnesses among them Geralt Light of the mighty media group CBS, the Earl of

Clancerty, member of the House of Lords, the former secret service man, William

Cooper, Paul Solomon of the Air Force and many others who at that time had been

stationed at Edwards/MURDOC. Apparently on this day something happened that had

all officers including the commander run to the observation tower. From there they saw

a disk with a diameter between sixty and one hundred meters that hovered directly

above the runway. The object was observed for hours, literally until the last man on the

base knew about it. The disk flew patterns that defied all laws of physics, up and down,

from one side to the other, right angles, etc. Later there were five objects, three disk-

shaped and two cigar-shaped.


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Eisenhower who at that time was resting at Palm Springs was fetched. The air base

personnel and Eisenhower then watched as a small group of the occupants stepped out

and came toward them. They looked like human beings, had about the same height,

were blond and spoke English. They offered help in the spiritual development of

humanity. Their main condition was the destruction of all nuclear arms. They were notprepared to share their technology with us since spiritually we were not even ready to

deal responsibly with the technology we already had. They believed that we would use

any new technology only to destroy each other. This race declared that we were on the

way to self-destruction and that we had to stop killing each other, polluting the Earth,

exploiting the natural resources and that we should live in harmony with Creation. Most

importantly we had to understand and to learn to see ourselves as citizens of a

planetary family and that we were committed and should start behaving as members of

that family. We would have to quickly let go of the idea that we could do as we pleased.

Only then could we start to behave like citizens of a planetary system and start relations

with them. They are part of the same family and should be treated accordingly, and that

is also how we should see the people of our Earth.

As soon as we would have learned to interact peacefully with other nations, we could

start interplanetary relations. This was met with skepticism, especially the demand for

nuclear disarmament. One didnt believe that disarmament was in the interest of the

U.S. and feared to stand defenceless before the extra-terrestrials.

The offer was refused! The aliens then declared that they would continue to contact

individuals until the humans were used to their presence. Then the extra-terrestrials

showed to the President , who stood paralyzed, and his entourage their authoritative

technical possibilities. They showed the President their craft and proved that they could

make themselves invisible. This made Eisenhower fell most uncomfortable, because

although they knew that they were still there, they couldnt be seen. Then the aliens

boarded their ships and took off. This landing was also confirmed by the U.S. astronaut

Gordon Cooper who recalls that during his service a film was shown that showed the

landing of a UFO on a California airforce base in the Fifties.

The whole story in detail, with answers to every why and how-come is found in Michael

Hesemanns UFOs Die Beweise (the proofs) and UFOs-Die Kontakete (the contacts).

He painstakingly collected the data from more than fifty books, especially from the U.S.,

and he added many pictures of very good quality. UFOs- Die Beweise contains the

secret CIA documents that were released after thirty years due to the Freedom of


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Information Act. There were more contacts with governments, but one should read it all

in one go to get an overview of the many facets of the subject of UFOs. There are also

videos available that among other things show the landing in 1964 on the Holloman Air

Force Base.

Now back to Kennedy. After he became President and was told about the retrieved

UFOs and the secret projects that also contained the study of the survivors, he wanted

to make this information public. Defense Secretary Forrestal, who was a Majestic 12

member, had tried to do just that, too, and on May 22, 1949 he was thrown out of his

hospital room window with a bed sheet tied around his neck. Kennedy fared no better.

He was murdered at Dallas on November 22, 1963.

The first shot actually did come from the roof of the storehouse, but it was not lethal.

The killing shot came from the driver of the Presidents limousine. A CIA agent who shot

Kennedy in the head with a special weapon developed by the CIA. If we look at the

original film of the assassination in slow motion and watch the driver, then we can

clearly see that he turns around with a gun in his hand, shoots, and the back of

Kennedys head bursts.

The films shown in most Western countries have the driver cut out. On November 21,

1993, the German TV channel ARD sought in its program Spiegel-TV in a ridiculous

way to tell the viewers that there was no CIA involvement in the assassination, at almost

the same time RTL showed a program claiming the opposite. Apart from the differing

commentaries both programs showed the film only once full-frame, afterwards the driver

was again cut out. But in the full-frame version the shooting driver and the gun were

clearly visible to those who knew where to look. John Lear, the son of the founder and

today owner of Lear Aircraft and once decorated as the best pilot of the U.S. Air Force

(seventeen world records), found three original films, e.g. in Japan, that he had

computer analyzed and checked for authenticity. Both he and William Cooper, former

member of Naval Intelligence and author of the book Behold a Pale Horse, today give

lectures in the U.S., and they supply the original films, too (address in the list of

literature). Because of this film William Cooper lost one leg when the CIA tried to

assassinate him. Japanese television later showed the original footage several times

during the main news.


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The computer analysis also allowed to recognize the weapon as a special caliber

developed by the CIA. The bullet, too, was a CIA special bullet that only exploded after

entering the body and thus annihilated Kennedys brain. The assassination was

prepared by the CIA members Orlando Bosch, E. Howard Hunt, Frank Sturgis and Jack

Rubinstein (aka Jack Ruby) for whose collaboration the CIA paid his huge gamblingdebts. Lee Harvey Oswald had also been a CIA member, but at the time of the

assassination he had been working for Jack Ruby. His death had been planned. Jack

Ruby shot Oswald before he could prove his innocence. Thus they had a culprit who

could no longer prove the truth.

Lee harvey Oswald

The CIA hated Kennedy. In its eyes he was responsible that neither the Vietnam, the

Cuban nor the UFO projects went the way the CIA wanted. When the news about

Kennedys death broke, writes a CIA operative who had also been involved in the Bay

of Pigs operation, all the people in his department rose and applauded. Many of these

facts had been uncovered during the special hearings by the committee forassassination, but according to U.S. security law they remain secret until 2029. After the

hearings the CIA was prohibited from undertaking any undercover operations within the

U.S. It is hard to believe that they ever followed that order. All the witnesses of the

conspiracy were either killed or died of fast-growing cancer that they had injected the

deadly marksman in the car three weeks after the deed, for example.


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The official story of the Kennedy assassination according to the report by the Warren

Commission was that Lee Harvey Oswald had been the only person responsible, and it

was printed nine hours later in all newspapers of the U.S. The true story of the CIA

Committee of 300 conspiracy was never told. And once again a whole nation is

misinformed for decades until a brave researcher takes the trouble to dig deep.

His brother, Robert F. Kennedy who stood also in the way of the Illuminati had to die on

June 5, 1968, as he was about to win the presidential elections. In this case the single

attacker was Sirhan Sirhan. He was under the influence of a drug that was developed

by the CIA especially for cases like this. To be sure that Sirhan Sirhan was not going to

miss, one of the bodyguards of Howard Hughes fired an extra bullet that later was

found in Kennedys head. As the examining magistrate found, the ballistic tests showed

that the mouth of the weapon had to have been about five to eight centimeters from

Kennedys head, Sirhans weapon though was never nearer than thirty centimeters.

This story, too, was kept from the public.

The independent publications with the CFR and the Skull & Bones order contained this

information. As section 12 of the Protocols says, persons who oppose the plan should

be brought nearer to death.

THE LOCHNESS MONSTER:

The Loch Ness Monster(Scottish Gaelic Niseag) is a cryptid that is reputed to

inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. The most frequent speculation is that the

creature represents a line of long-surviving plesiosaurs. It is similar to other

supposed lake monsters in Scotland and elsewhere, though its description varies from

one account to the next.

Popular interest and belief in the animal has varied since it was brought to the world'sattention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal, with minimal and much-

disputed photographic material and sonar readings. The scientific community regards

the Loch Ness Monster as a modern-day myth, and explains sightings as a mix

of hoaxes and wishful thinking. Despite this, it remains one of the most famous


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examples of cryptozoology. The legendary monster has been affectionately referred to

by the nickname Nessie

Origin:

The term "monster" was reportedly applied for the first time to the creature on 2 May

1933 by Alex Campbell, the water bailiff for Loch Ness and a part-time journalist, in a

report in the Inverness Courier. On 4 August 1933, the Courierpublished as a full news

item the claim of a London man, George Spicer, that a few weeks earlier while motoring

around the Loch, he and his wife had seen "the nearest approach to a dragon or pre-

historic animal that I have ever seen in my life", trundling across the road toward the

Loch carrying "an animal" in its mouth.Other letters began appearing in the Courier,

often anonymously, with claims of land or water sightings, either on the writer's part or

on the parts of family, acquaintances or stories they remembered being told. Thesestories soon reached the national (and later the international) press, which described a

"monster fish", "sea serpent", or "dragon",[ eventually settling on "Loch Ness

Monster".] On 6 December 1933 the first purported photograph of the monster, taken by

Hugh Gray, was published and shortly after the creature received official notice when

the Secretary of State for Scotland ordered the police to prevent any attacks on it In

1934, interest was further sparked by what is known as The Surgeon's Photograph. In

the same year R. T. Gould published a book the first of many that describe the author's

personal investigation and collected record of additional reports pre-dating the summer

of 1933. Other authors have claimed that sightings of the monster go as far back as the

6th century

Photographs and films:


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"Surgeon's Photograph" (1934)

Surgeon's Photograph

One of the most iconic images of Nessie is known as the "Surgeon's Photograph". Its

importance lies in the fact that it was the first photo and only photographic evidence of a

head and neck all the others are humps or disturbances Dr. Wilson claimed he was

looking at the loch when he saw the monster, so grabbed his camera and snapped five

photos. After the film was developed, only two exposures were clear. The first photo

(the more publicised one) shows what was claimed to be a small head and back. The

second one, a blurry image, attracted little publicity because it was difficult to interpret

what was depicted. The image was revealed as a hoax in 1994. Supposedly taken by

Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London gynaecologist, it was published in the Daily Mailon

21 April 1934.] Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with the photograph led to

it being called "Surgeon's Photograph". The strangely small ripples on the photo fit the

size and of circular pattern of small ripples as opposed to large waves when

photographed up close. "But science cannot rule out it was just a blemish on the

negative", he continued. Additionally, analysis of the full photograph revealed the object

was quite small, only about 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) long.

In 1979 it was claimed to be a picture of an elephant (see below). Other sceptics in the

1980s argued the photo was that of an otter or a diving bird, but afterChristian

Spurling's confession most agree it was what Spurling claimed a toy submarine with a

sculpted head attached.] Details of how the photo was accomplished were published in

the 1999 book, Nessie the Surgeons Photograph Exposed. Essentially, it was a toy

submarine with a head and neck made of plastic wood, built by Christian Spurling, the

son-in-law of Marmaduke Wetherell, a big game hunter who had been publicly ridiculed


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in the Daily Mail, the newspaper that employed him. Spurling claimed that to get

revenge, Marmaduke Wetherell committed the hoax, with the help ofChris Spurling (a

sculpture specialist), his son Ian Marmaduke, who bought the material for the fake

Nessie, and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent), who would call to ask surgeon

Robert Kenneth Wilson to offer the pictures to the Daily MailThe hoax story is disputed

by Henry Bauer, who claims this debunking is evidence of bias, and asks why the

perpetrators did not reveal their plot earlier to embarrass the newspaper. He also

claimed that plastic wood did not exist in 1934 (when actually it was a popular DIY and

modelling material in the early 1930s).

Alastair Boyd, one of the researchers who uncovered the hoax, argues the Loch Ness

Monster is real, and that although the famous photo was hoaxed, that does not mean

that all the photos, eyewitness reports, and footage of the monster were as well. He

also argues that the hoaxed photo is not a good reason to dismiss eyewitness reportsand other evidence.

Taylor film (1938)

In 1938, G.E. Taylor, a South African tourist, filmed something in the loch for three

minutes on 16 mm colour film, which was in the possession of Maurice Burton.

However, Burton refused to show the film to Loch Ness investigators (such as Peter

Costello or the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau). A single frame was published in his

book The Elusive Monster; before he retired. Roy P. Mackal, a biologist and

cryptozoologist, declared the frame was "positive evidence". Later, it was shown also to

the National Institute of Oceanography, now known as the National Oceanography

Centre, Southampton.

Dinsdale film (1960)

In 1960, aeronautical engineerTim Dinsdale filmed a hump crossing the water in a

powerful wake unlike that of a boat. JARIC declared that the object was "probably

animate". Others were sceptical, saying that the "hump" cannot be ruled out as being a

boat,] and claimed that when the contrast is increased a man can be clearly seen in a

boat.

In 1993 Discovery Communications made a documentary called Loch Ness

Discoveredthat featured a digital enhancement of the Dinsdale film. A computer expert

who enhanced the film noticed a shadow in the negative that was not very obvious in

the positive. By enhancing and overlaying frames, he found what appeared to be the


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rear body, the rear flippers, and 12 additional humps of a plesiosaur-like body. He said

that: "Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness Monster was a load of rubbish.

Having done the enhancement, I'm not so sure" Some have countered this finding by

saying that the angle of the film from the horizontal along with sun's angle on that day

made shadows underwater unlikely. Believers (and some non-believers) claim the

shape could have been undisturbed water that was only coincidentally shaped like a

plesiosaur's rear end. But the same source also says that there might be a smaller

object (hump or head) in front of the hump causing this. Nonetheless, the enhancement

did show a smaller second hump and possibly a third hump.

Holmes video (2007)

On 26 May 2007, Gordon Holmes, a 55-year-old lab technician, captured video of what

he said was "this jet black thing, about 45 feet (14 m) long, moving fairly fast in the

water." Adrian Shine, a marine biologist at the Loch Ness 2000 centre in Drumnadrochit,has watched the video and plans to analyse it. Shine also described the footage as

among "the best footage [he has] ever seen. BBC Scotland broadcast the video on 29

May 2007.[ STV News' North Tonight aired the footage on 28 May 2007 and interviewed

Holmes. In this feature, Adrian Shine of the Loch Ness Centre was also interviewed and

suggested that the footage in fact showed an otter, seal or water bird

Holmes's credibility has been doubted by an article on the Cryptomundo website,[ which

states that he has a history of reporting sightings of cryptozoological creatures, and

sells a self-published book and DVD claiming evidence for fairies. His video also has noother objects for size comparison. The Monster Questteam investigated this video as

well in theirTV episode "Death of Loch Ness", where they examine evidence that

Nessie has died, as well as other photos. A CNN news report showing the footage and

an interview with Gordon Holmes is available here.

Sir Edward Mountain Expedition (1934)

Having read the book by Gould, Edward Mountain decided to finance a proper watch.

Twenty men with binoculars and cameras positioned themselves around the Loch from9 a.m. to 6 p.m., for five weeks starting 13 July 1934. Some 21 photographs were taken,

though none was considered conclusive. Captain James Fraser was employed as a

supervisor, and remained by the Loch afterwards, taking cine film (which is now lost) on

15 September 1934.] When viewed by zoologists and professors of natural history it was

concluded that it showed a seal, possibly a grey seal.[


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Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (19621972)

The Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (LNPIB) was a UK-based society

formed in 1962 "to study Loch Ness to identify the creature known as the Loch Ness

Monster or determine the causes of reports of it. It later shortened the name to Loch

Ness Investigation Bureau (LNIB). It closed in 1972. The society had an annual

subscription charge, which covered administration. Its main activity was for groups of

self-funded volunteers to watch the loch from various vantage points, equipped with

cine cameras with telescopic lenses. Its founders included MPDavid James and

naturalist Peter Scott. From 1965 to 1972 it had a caravan camp and main watching

platform at Achnahannet, and sent observers to other locations up and down the

loch.]According to the 1969 Annual Report of the Bureau,] it had 1,030 members, of

whom 588 were from the UK. Its directors were listed as Norman Collins (Chairman),

LordC

raigmyle, Prof. Roy P. Mackal, R. S. R. Fitter, David James, MP, and Peter Scott.LNPIB sonar study (19671968)

Professor D. Gordon Tucker, chairman of the Department of Electronic and Electrical

Engineering at the University of Birmingham, England, volunteered his services as

a sonar developer and expert at Loch Ness in 1968. The gesture was part of a larger

effort helmed by the LNPIB from 19671968 and involved collaboration between

volunteers and professionals in various fields. Tucker had chosen Loch Ness as the test

site for a prototype sonar transducer with a maximum range of 800 m (2,600 ft). The

device was fixed underwater at Temple Pier in Urquhart Bay and directed towards the

opposite shore, effectively drawing an acoustic 'net' across the width of Ness through

which no moving object could pass undetected. During the two-week trial in August,

multiple animate targets 6 m (20 ft) in length were identified ascending from and diving

to the loch bottom. Analysis of diving profiles ruled out air-breathers because the targets

never surfaced or moved shallower than midwater. A brief press release by LNPIB and

associates touched on the sonar data and drew to a close the 1968 effort:

Andrew Carroll's sonar study (1969)

In 1969 Andrew Carroll, field researcher for the New York Aquarium in New York City,

proposed a mobile sonar scan operation at Loch Ness. The project was funded by the

Griffis foundation (named for Nixon Griffis, then a director of the aquarium). This was

the tail-end (and most successful portion) of the LNPIB's 1969 effort

involving submersibles with biopsy harpoons. The trawling scan, in Carroll's research

launch Rangitea, took place in October. One sweep of the loch made contact with a


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strong, animate echo for nearly three minutes just north of Foyers. The identity of the

contact remains a mystery. Later analysis determined that the intensity of the returning

echo was twice as great as that expected from a 10-foot (3 m) pilot whale. On returning

to the University ofChicago, biologist Roy Mackal and colleagues subjected the sonar

data to greater scrutiny and confirmed dimensions of 20 feet (6 m).

Submersible investigations

Earlier submersible work had yielded dismal results. Under the sponsorship of World

Book Encyclopedia, pilot Dan Taylor deployed the Viperfish at Loch Ness on 1 June

1969. His dives were plagued by technical problems and produced no new data.

The Deep Star IIIbuilt by General Dynamics and an unnamed two-man submersible

built by Westinghouse were scheduled to sail but never did. It was only when

the Pisces arrived at Ness that the LNPIB obtained new data. Owned by Vickers, Ltd.,the submersible had been rented out to produce The Private Life ofSherlock Holmes, a

film featuring a dummy Loch Ness Monster. When the dummy monster broke loose

from the Pisces during filming and sank to the bottom of the loch, Vickers executives

capitalised on the loss and 'monster fever' by allowing the sub to do a bit of exploring.

During one of these excursions, the Pisces picked up a large moving object on sonar

200 feet (60 m) ahead and 50 feet (15 m) above the bottom of the loch. Slowly the pilot

closed to half that distance but the echo moved rapidly out of sonar range and

disappeared.

"Big Expedition" of 1970

During the so-called "Big Expedition" of 1970, Roy Mackal, a biologist who taught for 20

years at the University ofChicago, devised a system of hydrophones (underwater

microphones) and deployed them at intervals throughout the loch. In early August a

hydrophone assembly was lowered into Urquhart Bay and anchored in 700 feet (210 m)

of water. Two hydrophones were secured at depths of 300 and 600 feet (180 m). After

two nights of recording, the tape (sealed inside a 44 gallon drum along with the system's

other sensitive components) was retrieved and played before an excited LNPIB. "Bird-

like chirps" had been recorded, and the intensity of the chirps on the deep hydrophone

suggested they had been produced at greater depth. In October "knocks" and "clicks"

were recorded by another hydrophone in Urquhart Bay, indicative of echolocation.

These sounds were followed by a "turbulent swishing" suggestive of the tail locomotion

of a large aquatic animal. The knocks, clicks and resultant swishing were believed were


24/40

the sounds of an animal echo-locating prey before moving in for the kill. The noises

stopped whenever craft passed along the surface of the loch near the hydrophone, and

resumed once the craft reached a safe distance. In previous experiments, it was

observed that call intensities were greatest at depths less than 100 feet (30 m).

Members of the LNPIB decided to attempt communication with the animals producing

the calls by playing back previously recorded calls into the water and listening via

hydrophone for results, which varied greatly. At times the calling patterns or intensities

changed, but sometimes there was no change at all. Mackal noted that there was no

similarity between the recordings and the hundreds of known sounds produced by

aquatic animals. "More specifically," he said, "competent authorities state that none of

the known forms of life in the loch has the anatomical capabilities of producing such

calls."

Robert Rines's studies (1972, 1975, 2001 and 2008)

In the early 1970s, a group of people led by Robert h. Rines obtained some underwater

photographs. Two were rather vague images, perhaps of a rhomboid flipper (though

others have dismissed the image as air bubbles or a fish fin). The alleged flipper was

photographed in different positions, indicating movement. One of the flipper photos is

available here. On the basis of these photographs, British naturalist Peter

Scott announced in 1975 that the scientific name of the monster would henceforth

be Nessiteras rhombopteryx(Greek for "The Ness monster with diamond-shaped

fin"). Scott intended that this would enable Nessie to be added to a British register of

officially protected wildlife. Scottish politician Nicholas Fairbairn pointed out that the

name was an anagram for "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S".

The underwater photos were reportedly obtained by painstakingly examining the loch

depths with sonar for unusual underwater activity. Rines knew the water was murky and

filled with floating wood and peat, so he made precautions to avoid it. A submersible

camera with an affixed, high-powered flood light (necessary for penetrating Loch Ness's

notorious murk) was deployed to record images below the surface. If he detected

anything on the sonar, he would turn the lights on and take some pictures. Several of

the photographs, despite their obviously murky quality, did indeed seem to show an

animal resembling a plesiosaur in various positions and lightings. One photograph

appeared to show the head, neck and upper torso of a plesiosaur-like animal. The body

photo can be seen here. A rarely publicised photograph depicted two plesiosaur-like

bodies. Another photo seemed to depict a horned "gargoyle head", consistent to that of


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several sightings of the monster. Some believe the latter was a tree stump found during

Operation Deepscan. The head photo can be seen here.

A few close-ups of what would be the creature's diamond-shaped fin were taken in

different positions, as though the creature was moving. But the "flipper photograph" has

been highly retouched from the original image. The Museum of Hoaxes shows the

original unenhanced photo.

On 8 August 1972, Rines' Raytheon DE-725C sonar unit, operating at a frequency of

200 kHz and anchored in Ness at a depth of 35 feet (11 m), identified a moving target

(or targets) estimated by echo strength to be 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) in length.

Specialists from Raytheon, Simrad (now Kongsberg Maritime\), and Hydroacoustics,

Inc.; Marty Klein of MIT and Klein Associates (a producer of side scan sonar); and Dr.

Ira Dyer of MIT's Department of Ocean Engineering were all on hand to examine the

data and come to this conclusion. Further, P. Skitzki of Raytheon suggested that the

data showed a protuberance, 10 feet (3 m) in length, projecting from one of the echoes.

Mackal proposed that the shape was a "highly flexible laterally flattened tail" or the

misinterpreted return from two animals swimming together.

In 2001, the Robert Rines' Academy of Applied Science videoed a powerful V-shaped

wake traversing the still water on a calm day. The AAS also videotaped an object on the

floor of the loch resembling a carcass, found marine clam-shells and a fungus not

normally found in fresh water lochs, which they suggest gives some connection to the

sea and a possible entry for Nessie.

In 2008, Rines theorised that the monster may have become extinct, citing the lack of

significant sonar readings and a decline in eyewitness accounts. Rines undertook one

last expedition to look for remains of the monster, using sonar and underwater camera

in an attempt to find a carcass. Rines believes that the creature may have failed to

adapt to temperature changes as a result of global warming

Operation Deep Scan (1987)

In 1987, Operation Deepscan, the biggest sonar exploration of Loch Ness, took place.

Twenty-four boats equipped with echosounder equipment were deployed across the

whole width of the loch and they simultaneously sent out acoustic waves. BBC News

reported that the scientists had made sonar contact with a large unidentified object of

unusual size and strength. The researchers decided to return to the same spot and re-

scan the area. After analysing the echosounder images, it seemed to point to debris at

the bottom of the loch, although three of the pictures were of moving debris. Shine


26/40

speculates that they could be seals that got into the loch, since they would be of about

the same magnitude as the objects detected.

Darrell Lowrance, sonar expert and founder of Lowrance Electronics, donated a number

of echosounder units used during Operation Deepscan. After examining the echogram

data, specifically a sonar return revealing a large moving object near Urquhart Bay at a

depth of 600 feet (180 m), Lowrance said: "There's something here that we don't

understand, and there's something here that's larger than a fish, maybe some species

that hasn't been detected before. I don't know."

Discovery Loch Ness (1993)

In 1993 Discovery Communications began to research the ecology of the loch. The

study did not focus entirely on the monster, but on the loch's nematodes (of which a

new species was discovered) and fish. Expecting to find a small fish population, the

researchers caught twenty fish in one catch, increasing previous estimates of the loch's

fish population about ninefold.

Using sonar, the team encountered a kind of underwater disturbance (called a seiche)

due to stored energy (such as from a wind) causing an imbalance between the loch's

warmer and colder layers (known as the thermoclin). While reviewing printouts of the

event the next day, they found what appeared to be three sonar contacts, each followed

by a powerful wake. These events were later shown on a program called Loch Ness

Discovered, in conjunction with analyses and enhancements of the 1960 Dinsdale Film,

the Surgeon's Photo, and the Rines Flipper Photo.

Searching for the Loch Ness Monster BBC (2003)

In 2003, the BBC sponsored a full search of the Loch using 600 separate sonar beams

and satellite tracking. The search had enough resolution to pick up a small buoy. No

animal of any substantial size was found whatsoever and despite high hopes, the

scientists involved in the expedition admitted that this essentially proved the Loch Ness

monster was only a myth


27/40

Near death experiences and afterlife:

A near-death experience (NDE) refers to a broad range of personal experiences

associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including

detachment from the body; feelings of levitation; extreme fear; total serenity, security, or

warmth; the experience of absolute dissolution; and the presence of a light.

These phenomena are usually reported after an individual has been

pronounced clinically dead or otherwise very close to death, hence the term near-

death experience. Many NDE reports, however, originate from events that are not life-

threatening. With recent developments in cardiac resuscitation techniques, the numberof reported NDEs has increased Many in the scientific community regard such

experiences as hallucinatory, while paranormal specialists and some mainstream

scientists claim them to be evidence of an afterlife.

Popular interest in near-death experiences was initially sparked by Raymond Moody's

1975 book Life AfterLife and the founding of the International Association for Near-

Death Studies (IANDS) in 1981. According to a Gallup poll, approximately eight million

Americans claim to have had a near-death experience. Some commentators, such asSimpso claim that the number of near-death experiencers may be underestimated,

mainly because some such individuals are presumably afraid or otherwise reluctant to

talk about their experiences.

NDEs are among the phenomena studied in the fields

of parapsychology, psychology, psychiatry, and hospital medicine


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Characteristics

Gustave Dor depiction of the highest heaven as described by Dante Alighieri in the Paradiso

The earliest accounts of NDE can be traced to the Myth of Er, recorded by Plato's The

Republic(10.614-10.621). In this story, Plato describes a mythical soldier telling of his

near-death experiences about an afterlife and reincarnation.

Researchers have identified the common elements that define near-death

experiences. Bruce Greyson argues that the general features of the experience include

impressions of being outside one's physical body, visions of deceased relatives and

religious figures, and transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries. The

experience may also follow a distinct progression, as illustrated below.

The traits of a classical NDE are as follows:

Receiving messages in telepathic form.

A sense/awareness of being dead.

A sense of peace, well-being and painlessness. Positive emotions. A feeling of being

removed from the world.

An out-of-body experience. A perception of one's body from an outside position. Sometimes

observing doctors and nurses performing medical resuscitation efforts

A "tunnel experience". A sense of moving up, or through, a passageway or staircase.


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A rapid movement toward and/or sudden immersion in a powerful light. Communication with

the light.

An intense feeling of unconditional love.

Encountering "Beings of Light", "Beings dressed in white", or other spiritual beings. Also, the

possibility of being reunited with deceased loved ones.

Being given a life review.

Being presented with knowledge about one's life and the nature of the universe.

A decision by oneself or others to return to one's body, often accompanied by a reluctance

to return.

Approaching a border.

There also seems to be a link between the cultural and spiritual beliefs where one lives.

These seem to dictate what is experienced in the NDE or how it is interpreted afterwards

(Holden, Janice Miner. Handbook of Near-Death Experiences. Library ofCongress

Cataloging in Publishing Data, 2009.).

Kenneth Ring (1980) subdivided the NDE on a five-stage continuum. He stated that

60% experienced stage 1 (feelings of peace and contentment), but only 10%

experienced stage 5 ("entering the light").

Clinical circumstances associated with near-death experiences include cardiac

arrest in myocardial infarction (clinical death), shock in postpartum loss of blood or in

perioperative complications, septic or anaphylactic shock, electrocution, coma resulting

from traumatic brain damage, intracerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction, attempted

suicide, near-drowning or asphyxia, apnea, and serious depression In contrast to

common belief, Kenneth Ring argues that attempted suicides do not lead more often to

unpleasant NDEs than unintended near-death situations.

The distressing aspects of some NDEs are discussed more closely by Greyson and

Bush. Karlis Osis and his colleague Erlendur Haraldsson argued that the content of

near death experiences does not vary by culture, except for the identity of the

personages and religious figures seen during the experiences;] however Yoshi Hata and

his team reported NDEs with substantially different contents than those described

above


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Research

Contributions to the research on near-death experiences have come from several

academic disciplines, among these the disciplines of medicine, psychology and

psychiatry. Interest in this field of study was originally spurred by the research of such

pioneers as Elisabeth Kbler-Ross, George Ritchie, and Raymond Moody Jr. Moody's

book Life AfterLife, which was released in 1975, brought a lot of attention to the topic of

NDEs.]This was soon to be followed by the establishment of the International

Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS) in 1981. IANDS is an international

organization that encourages scientific research and education on the physical,

psychological, social, and spiritual nature and ramifications of near-death experiences.

Among its publications are the peer-reviewed Journal of Near-Death Studies and the

quarterly newsletterVitalSigns.]

Later researchers, such as Bruce Greyson, Kenneth Ring, and Michael Sabom, helped

to launch the field of Near-Death Studies and introduced the study of near-death

experiences to the academic settingNeuro-biological factors in the experience have

been investigated by researchers in the field of medical science and psychiatry. Among

the researchers and commentators who tend to emphasize a naturalistic and

neurological base for the experience are the British psychologist SusanBlackmore (1993), with her "dying brain hypothesis",] and the founding publisher

ofSkepticmagazine,Michael Shermer (1998).

In September 2008 it was announced that 25 UK and US hospitals will examine near-

death studies in 1,500 heart attack patient-survivors. The three-year study, coordinated

by Dr. Sam Parnia atSouthampton University, hopes to determine if people

without heartbeat or brain activity can have an out-of-body experience with veridical

visual perceptions. This study follows on from an earlier 18-month pilot project. On a

July 28, 2010 interview about a recent lecture at Goldsmiths, Parnia asserts that"evidence is now suggesting that mental and cognitive processes may continue for a

period of time after a death has started" and describes the process of death as

"essentially a global stroke of the brain. Therefore like any stroke process one would not

expect the entity of mind / consciousness to be lost immediately". He also expresses his

disagreement with the term 'near death experiences' because "the patients that we


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study are not near death, they have actually died and more over it conjures up a lot of

imprecise scientific notions, due to the fact that itself is a very imprecise term".

Among the scientific and academic journals that have published, or are regularly

publishing, new research on the subject of NDEs are Journal of Near-Death

Studies, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, British Journal of

Psychology,American Journal of Disease of Children, Resuscitation, The Lancet, Death

Studies, and the Journal of Advanced Nursing.

Variance in NDE studies

The prevalence of NDEs has been variable in the studies that have been performed.

According to the Gallup and Proctor survey in 1980-1981, of a representative sample of

the American population, data showed that 15% had an NDE. Knoblauch in 2001performed a more selective study in Germany and found that 4% of the sample

population had experienced an NDE.

Perera et al., in 2005, conducted a telephone survey of a representative sample of the

Australian population, as part of the Roy Morgan Catibus Survey, and concluded that

8.9% of the population had experienced an NDE. In a more clinical setting. They found

that 62 patients (18%) had an NDE, of whom 41 (12%) described a core experience.

According to Martens the only satisfying method to address the NDE-issue would be an

international multicentric data collection within the framework for standardized reportingof cardiac arrest events. The use of cardiac-arrest criteria as a basis for NDE research

has been a common approach among the European branch of the research field.

Biological analysis and theories

In the 1990s, Dr. Rick Strassman conducted research onthe psychedelic drug Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) at the University of New

Mexico Strassman advanced the theory that a massive release of DMT from the pineal

gland prior to death or near-death was the cause of the near-death experience

phenomenon. Only two of his test subjects reported NDE-like aural or visual

hallucinations, although many reported feeling as though they had entered a state


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similar to the classical NDE. His explanation for this was the possible lack of panic

involved in the clinical setting and possible dosage differences between those

administered and those encountered in actual NDE cases. All subjects in the study were

also very experienced users of DMT and/or other psychedelic/entheogenic agents.

Some speculators consider that if subjects without prior knowledge on the effects of

DMT had been used during the experiment, it is possible more volunteers would have

reported feeling as though they had experienced an NDE.

Critics have argued that neurobiological models often fail to explain NDEs that result

from close brushes with death, where the brain does not actually suffer physical trauma,

such as a near-miss automobile accident. Such events may however have

neurobiological effects caused by stress.

In a new theory devised by Richard Kinseher in 2006, the knowledge of the Sensory

Autonomic System is applied in the NDE phenomenon. His theory states that the

experience of looming death is an extremely strange paradox to a living organismand

therefore it will start the NDE: during the NDE, the individual becomes capable of

"seeing" the brain performing a scan of the whole episodic memory (even prenatal

experiences), in order to find a stored experience which is comparable to the input

information of death. The theory also states that out-of-body experiences, accompanied

by NDEs, are an attempt by the brain to create a mental overview of the situation and

the surrounding world. The brain then transforms the input from sense organs and

stored experience (knowledge) into a dream-like idea about oneself and the surroundingarea.

Whether or not these experiences are hallucinatory, they do have a profound impact on

the observer. Many psychologists not necessarily pursuing the paranormal, such

as Susan Blackmore, have recognized this. These scientists are not trying to debunk

the experience, but are instead searching for biological causes of NDEs.[

According to Engmann, near-death experiences of people who are clinically dead are

psychopathological symptoms caused by a severe malfunction of the brain resulting

from the cessation of cerebral blood circulation. An important question is whether it ispossible to "translate" the bloomy experiences of the reanimated survivors into

psychopathologically basic phenomena, e.g. acoasms, central narrowing of the visual

field, autoscopia, visual hallucinations, activation of limbic and memory structures

according to Moody's stages. The symptoms suppose a primary affliction of

the occipitaland temporal cortices under clinical death. This basis could be congruent


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with the thesis ofpathoclisisthe inclination of special parts of the brain to be the first to

be damaged in case of disease, lack of oxygen, or malnutritionestablished eighty

years ago by C. and O. Vogt. According to that thesis, the basic phenomena should be

similar in all patients with near-death experiences. But a crucial problem is to distinguish

these basic psychopathological symptoms from the secondary mental associated

experiences which may result from a reprocessing of the basic symptoms under the

influence of the person's cultural and religious views.

An article by Netherlands researchers Pim van Lommel et al., argues, "With a purely

physiological explanation such as cerebral anoxia for the experience, most patients who

have been clinically dead should report one." Accordingly, a lack of predictable

experiences should cast doubt on wholesale explanations of NDEs

REM state

It is suggested that the extreme stress caused by a life threatening situation triggers

brain states similar to REM sleep and that part of the near death experience is a state

similar to dreaming while awake. People who have experienced times when their brains

behaved as if they were dreaming while awake are more likely to develop the near

death experience. Further stimulation of the Vagus nerve during the physical and/or

psychological stress of a life threatening situation may trigger brain conditions where theperson is in a dream-like state while awake.

Lucid dreaming

Some sleep researchers, such as Timothy J. Green, Lynne Levitan and Stephen

LaBerge, have noted that NDE experiences are similar to many of the experiences

reported during lucid dreaming. Lucid dreaming occurs when the individual becomes

lucid and realizes they are in a dream. Often these states are so realistic as to be barely

distinguishable from reality, even including the ability to feel very realistic textures.

In a study of fourteen lucid dreamers performed in 1991, people who perform wake-

initiated lucid dreams operation (WILD) reported experiences consistent with aspects of

out-of-body experiences such as floating above their beds and the feeling of leaving

their bodies. Due to the phenomenological overlap between lucid dreams, near death

experiences, and out-of-body experiences, researchers say they believe a protocol


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could be developed to induce a lucid dream similar to a near-death experience in the

laboratory.

Other similarities include seeing oneself from the outside (an out of body experience),

floating or flying, heightened awareness, and feelings of joy or peace. Some

researchers believe this is caused when the mind is deprived of the majority of its main

five senses and relies on the expectational processing. In this regard one experiences

what one would expect to happen in their current circumstance. This could explain

experiences caused by mental trauma such as a near miss accident in which the mind

may close itself off at least partially to the senses and ones caused by physical trauma

in which again the mind closes itself off to the world. At present, there exists no clear

physiological or psychological basis for any relationship between lucid dreaming and

ND

Computational psychology

Modeling of NDEs using artificial neural networks has shown that some aspects of the

core near death experience can be achieved through simulated neuron death. In the

course of such simulations, the essential features of the NDE, life review, novel

scenarios (i.e., heaven or hell), and OBE are observed through the generation of

confabulations or false memories, as discussed inConfabulation (neural networks). Thekey feature contributing to the generation of such confabulatory states are a neural

network's inability to differentiate dead from silent neurons.] Memories, whether related

to direct experience, or not, can be seeded upon arrays of such inactive brain cells. To

date, no extant computer has reported a near-death experience. Furthermore, the total

operations performed by the human brain cannot even be closely approximated by

current computer systems.


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Effects

Near-death experiences can have a major impact on the people who have them, and

they may produce a variety of after-effects. NDE subjects have increased activity in the

left temporal lobe. NDEs are also associated with changes in personality and outlook on

life. Kenneth Ring has identified a consistent set of value and belief changes associated

with people who have had a near-death experience. Among these changes one finds a

greater appreciation for life, higher self-esteem, greater compassion for others, a

heightened sense of purpose and self-understanding, desire to learn, elevated

spirituality, greater ecological sensitivity and planetary concern, and a feeling of being

more intuitive. Changes may also include increased physical sensitivity; diminished

tolerance to light, alcohol, and drugs; a feeling that the brain has been "altered" to

encompass more; and a feeling that one is now using the "whole brain" rather than just

a small part.] However, not all after-effects are beneficial and Greyson[ describes

circumstances where changes in attitudes and behavior can lead to psychosocial and

psychospiritual problems.[ Often the problems have to do with the adjustment to

ordinary life in the wake of the NDE.


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]Afterlife viewpoints

Many view the NDE as the precursor to an afterlife experience, claiming that the NDE

cannot be adequately explained by physiological or psychological causes, and that the

phenomenon conclusively demonstrates that human consciousness can function

independently of brain activity.] Many NDE-accounts seem to include elements which,

according to several theorists, can only be explained by an out-of-body consciousness.


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For example, Michael Sabom states that one of his contacts accurately described a

surgical instrument she had not seen previously, as well as a conversation that occurred

while she was under general anesthesia. In another account, from a

prospective Dutch NDE study,] a nurse removed the dentures of an unconscious heart

attack victim, and was identified after his recovery as the one who removed them. This

surprised her, as he had been in a deep coma and undergoing cardio-pulmonary

resuscitation at the time.

Dr. Michael Sabom reports a case about a woman who underwent surgery for

an aneurysm. The woman reported an out-of-body experience that she claimed

continued through a brief period of the absence of any EEG activity. If true, this would

seem to challenge the belief held by many that consciousness is situated entirely within

the brain.

Many individuals who experience an NDE see it as a verification of the existence of an

afterlife.]This includes those with agnostic/atheist inclinations before the experience.

There are examples of ex-atheists, such as the Reverend Howard Storm, adopting a

more spiritual viewpoint after their NDEs. Storm's NDE may also be characterized as a

distressing near-death experience.

Likewise, individuals who do not experience an NDE after going into cardiac arrest

frequently lose any preexisting belief in an afterlife. Both processes, like most of the

psychological transformations associated with a close brush with death, take place

gradually over several years.

It should be noted that a lack of predictable NDEs casts doubt on explanations that rely

on a single mechanism. Greyson claims that: "No one physiological or psychological

model by itself explains all the common features of NDE. The paradoxical occurrence of

heightened, lucid awareness and logical thought processes during a period of impaired

cerebral perfusion raises particular perplexing questions for our current understanding

of consciousness and its relation to brain function

Another account by a student nurse named Jeanette Atkinson from Eastbourne, who

experienced a near-death experience, says that, "There is no doubt in my mind that

theres life after death because Ive seen the other side. I dont believe in a benevolent

God. Ive seen too much suffering for that but Im very spiritual." A recent study by Dr.

Sam Parnia (despite his acknowledgment that he was initially a skeptic), shows that

such patients are "effectively dead", with their brains shut down and no thoughts or

feelings possible for the complex brain activity required for dreaming or hallucinating;


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additionally, to rule out the possibility that near-death experiences resulted from

hallucinations after the brain had collapsed through lack of oxygen, Parnia rigorously

monitored the concentrations of the vital gas in the patients blood, and found that none

of those who underwent the experiences had low levels of oxygen. He was also able to

rule out claims that unusual combinations of drugs were to blame because the

resuscitation procedure was the same in every case, regardless of whether they had a

near-death experience or not. According to Parnia, "Arch sceptics will always attack our

work. Im content with that. Thats how science progresses. What is clear is that

something profound is happening. The mind the thing that is you your soul if you

will - carries on after conventional science says it should have drifted into

nothingness." [

A few people feel that research on NDEs occurring in the blind can be interpreted to

support an argument that consciousness survives bodily death. Dr. Kenneth Ring claimsin the book Mindsight: Near-Death and Out-of-BodyExperiences in the Blindthat up to

80% of his sample studied reported some visual awareness during their NDE or out of

body experience.] Skeptic] however question the accuracy of their visual awareness,

and indeed of all sensory awareness of people undergoing NDEs.

There are many religious and physiological views of near-death experiences. The NDE

is often cited as evidence for the existence of the human soul, the afterlife,

and heaven and hell, ideas that appear in many religious traditions. On the other hand,

skeptical commentators view NDEs as purely neurological and chemical phenomenaoccurring in the brain. From this perspective NDEs are the result of purely physiological

and neurobiological mechanisms. The imagery in the experiences also varies within

cultures

There has been recent research into afterlife conceptions across cultures by religious

studies scholar Dr. Gregory Shushan. This suggests that the authors of these ancient

religious texts were familiar with NDE or something similar (e.g. shamanic-type

experiences). Cross-cultural similarity, however, can be used to support both religious

and physiological theories, for both rely on demonstrating that the phenomenon isuniversal. Others dispute that there are cultural similarities. The following accounts

appear to demonstrate that the cultural background of the victims determine the nature

of the NDE.

Personal experiences


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Return from Tomorrowby George G. Ritchie, MD with Elizabeth Sherrill (1978). George G.

Ritchie, MD held positions as president of the Richmond Academy of General Practice;

chairman of the Department of Psychiatry ofTowers Hospital; and founder and president of

the Universal Youth Corps, Inc. He lived in Virginia. At the age of twenty, George Ritchie

died in an army hospital. Nine minutes later he returned to life. Ritchie's story was the first

contact Dr. Raymond Moody, PhD (who was studying at the University of Virginia, as an

undergraduate in Philosophy, at the time) had with NDEs. It inspired Moody to investigate

over 150 cases of near-death experiences, in his book Life AfterLife, and two other books

that followed.

Embraced by the Lightby Betty Eadie (1992). One of the most detailed near-death

experiences on record.

Saved by the Lightby Dannion Brinkley. Brinkley's experience documents one of the most

complete near death experiences, in terms of core experience and additional phenomenafrom the NDE scale. Brinkley was clinically dead for 28 minutes and taken to a hospital

morgue.

Placebo by Howard Pittman (1980). A detailed record of Mr. Pittman's near-death

experience.

The Darkness of Godby John Wren-Lewis (1985), Bulletin of the Australian Institute for

Psychical Research No 5. An account of the far-reaching effects of his NDE after going

through the death process several times in one night.

Bah' Reinee Pasarow has presented h

report great unsolved mysteries of the world

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