Experience of Mexico in the field of bioenergy & perspectives in the field of bioenergy technology

Dr. Roberto Parra Saldívar Centro del Agua Para America Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, México

EUROCLIMA Project Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC JRC)

Centre of Renewable Energies of Chile (CER, Ministry of Energy)

International cooperation in the field of bioenergy technology

Santiago de Chile: 12-13 March 2013

Reserve/production = 54 years! Estimated of 471.8 EJ total consumption with fossil

fuels supplying 87 %*

Due to this level of use, the current world reserve/production ratio for oil is 54.2 years.

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*Energy Information Administration’s 2011

Global RE consumption 16.7 % RESs include biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar,

wind and marine energies

Energy status in Mexico Mexico is one of the largest oil producers in the

world.

Oil production in the country has begun to decrease, as production at the giant Cantarell oil field declines.

•Imports: 15% natural gas. 40% for gasoline 15% of diesel

Mexican Petroleum Company (PEMEX) is the seventh largest petroleum company worldwide by crude oil output .

Federal Electric Commission (CFE) is the 6th largest power company in the world.

Renewable energy status in Mexico An estimated of 88.7 % came from fossil fuels, 7.0 %

from renewable *

*Secretaría de Energía

There are 204 RESs power stations functional or under construction

Total installed capacity of 5,505 MW.

75 % of this capacity is concentrated in the states of Oaxaca, Baja California, Veracruz and Nuevo Leon.

Research efforts in Mexico (1982-2012)

Almost 3/4 related to the use of biomass

The lowest contribution in hydropower and wind energy (started much later than the others; 1994 and 1996)

*Scopus database.

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Biomass

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Hydropower

Institutions Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 25.74%

Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados 9.17%

Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5.52%

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 11.49%

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 6.51%

Instituto Politécnico Nacional 6.13%

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12.01%

Colegio de Postgraduados 4.05%

Instituto Politécnico Nacional 3.91%

Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas 40.10%

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12.38%

Comisión Federal de Electricidad 7.43%

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 13.39%

Comisión Federal de Electricidad 9.82%

Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas 7.14%

SOLAR

WIND

GEOTHERMAL

BIOMASS

HYDROPOWER

Solar energy Mexico is among the top five most attractive countries

in the world to invest

Facilities: In operation capacity (33 MW) Under construction (39.1 MW) TOTAL: 72.1 MW

Solar Potential

Wind Energy

Mexico has wind energy potential of 71000 MW . However, only 1.7 % of this potential is currently in use. Potential zones:

A) Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Oaxaca)

B) State of Baja California.

C) The coast Gulf of Mexico.

D) Northern and Central Region.

E) Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Wind Potential

B

C

A

D

E

Facilities: In operation capacity (1214 MW) Under construction (2069 MW)

TOTAL: 3283 MW

Geothermal Energy Mexico is ranked fourth in geothermal power

generation worldwide and estimated potential of 7560 MW.

Cerro Prieto plant (Baja California) accounts for close to the three quarters of total installed capacity

Potential: 7560 MW.

Facilities: In operation capacity (980 MW) Under construction (75 MW) TOTAL: 1033 MW

Hydropower 72 stations in operation.

Identified over 100 possible sites for its exploitation

Facilities: In operation capacity (11603MW) Under construction (136MW) TOTAL: 11739MW

Bioenergy 59 reported operating projects for co-generation and

power supply in 2012.

This source has the highest potential: around 2,635 to 3,771 PJ/year:

A) 77.9 % of it would come plantations.

B) 20.1 % from liquid bioenergetics.

C) 2 % from biogas.

Facilities: In operation capacity (908 MW) Under construction (93 MW) TOTAL: 641 MW

Barriers and solutions

Energy strategy: policies and energy prospective are based on fossil fuels reserves.

Policies: economical and fiscal incentives should be considered.

Technology: increase exploration of renewable energy sources.

Promote energy small producers.

Standardization and simplification of procedures

Investment in exploration and perforation

Promotion of educational programs and university

International status quo and future directions

Contents Biobased Economy

Bio

refi

ner

ies

Definition

Categories

Objective

Products

Systems

Systems revisted Conclusions

The Biobased Economy

Closing the loop: No waste & CO2 - neutral

Drivers: Kyoto Security of

supply Agricultural

policies Sustainability Economics

World biomass demand in 2050 Food/Feed 10 billion ton biomass for 3billion ton food

Energy 10 billion ton equivalent to 160 EJ

Chemical industry 1 billion ton for 0.3 billion top product

Specialities 1 million ton

Wood and composities 2 to 3 billiion ton

Current production 170 billion ton biomass of wich 6 billion ton is used: • 1.8 grains • 2.2 other food (sugar, vegetables, starch, etc) • 2 wood • 0.01 other non - food

The new biomass value chain: a new €- game

Agro logistics Food

pretreatment Food

conversion Food

production

Biomass sources: Agro – food

production by products & waste

Logistic & storage,

production imports

New pre-treatment % conversion

New production. Performance materials.

Base&platform chemicals. Performance chemicals. Bio Energy.

Existing conversion

Existing production

€

€

Comparison of the basic – principles of the petroleum refinery and the biorefinery

Petroleum

Fuels and Energy

Chemistry

Biomass

Fuels and energy

Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas Hydrogen

Material Utilisatoin, chemistry

Basic and Fine

chemicals,

Biopolymers and

bioplastics

Refinery

BioRefinery

Biorefinery Definitions NREL

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html)

A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipmento to produce fuels, power, and value – added chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.

US-DOE:US Department of Energy (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/)

A biorefinery is an overall concept of a processing plant where biomass feedstocks are converted and extracted into a spectrum of valuable products.

Shell (http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/gp/gp_events/biorefinery/04_schaverien_en.pdf)

Addition of Pure Plant Oil into traditional oil refineries.

Cluster of biobased industries producing chemicals, fuels, power, products, and materials.

Schematic overview of a general biorefinery concept

Biomass

Pretreatment

Primary separation

• Primary Product 1

• Primary Product 2

• Intermediate

Conversion/

Pretreatment

Secondary separation

• Product 3

• Product 4

• Intermediate 2nd

conversion

Product 5

Primary Biorefinary

Secondary Biorefinary

Which Products? Chemicals

Fuels

Power and heat All biorefineries should become Heat and may be power independent

Materials (Fibres, Starch, Wood) Can be important (economic) products but are by itself outside the

Biorefinery definition

Food and Feed Can be important (economic) products but are by itself outside the

Biorefinery definition.

Ashes, CO2, H2O,…

Biorefinery Categories Generation I Biorefinery

Dry – milling bioethanol plant

Generation II Biorefinery Wet – milling bioethanol plant

Generation III Biorefinery

Biorefinery Development 2005 2010 2015

Existing Starch based

biorefineries: Wet & Dry

Mills

Increase Ethanol production by

access to residual starch & increased

protein in Coproducts

Use of residues in a dry mill to increase

ethanol production

Fractionation of residue in dry for

new coproducts from lignin

Fractionation of grain and residues

introduction of energy crops in dry mill

Integrated industrial bioR multiple

feedstocks fractionated to high value products for

economics and fuels production drive scale

General Objective There is an agreement about the objective, which is

briefly defined as (Kamm & Kamm, 2005):

«Developed biorefineries, start with a biomass – feedstock – mix to produce a multiplicity of most

various products by a technologies – mix».

Biorefinery Systems Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery which use nature – dry

raw material.

Whole crop biorefinery which uses raw material such as cereals or maize.

Green biorefineries which use nature – wet biomasses such as green grass, alfalfa, clover, or immature cereal.

Biorefinery two platforms concept includes the sugar platform and the syngas platform.

Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery

Lignocelluloses Lignocellulosic

Feedstock (LCF)

Cellulose «Biotech/Chemical

»

Hemicelluloses (Polyoses)

«Biotec/Chemical»

Cogeneration Heat & Power

Extractives

Ligning «Chemical»

Sugar Raw material

Fuels, Chemicals Polymers

And materials

Ligning Raw material

Residues

Residues

The Forest Biorefinery

Extract Hemicelluloses New products

chemicals polymers $3.3 billion

66x106 mt CO2 O2

BL Gasifier Wood Residual Gasifier Combined Cycle System Process to manufacture

Liquid Fuels and Chemicals

Syngas

Power Export $3.8 billion Or

Liquid Fuels/chemicals

$5.5 billion

Steam, Power & Chemicals

Black Liquor & Residuals

Net Revenue Assumptions: Acetic Acid - $1.73/gallon

Ethanol - $1.15/gallon Pulp - $100/ton net profit

Purchased Electricity - $43.16/MWH Exported Electricity - $40.44/MWH

Renewable Fisher Tropsch Fuel - $57/bbl

Pulp $5.5 billion

Value Added Chemicals From wood Wood Chips Pulp mill Pulp Paper

Intermediates Bark Tail Oil Pulpong liquor

Suberin Extractives

Fatty acids Carbohy-

drates Phenolics Methanol

Functional polymers

Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals

Antioxidants

Water based alkyds Wood

treatment agents

Hydrogels Chelators

Emulsifiers Food

ingredients

Liquid fuels

Polymers Speciality

Whole Crop Biorefinery Concept

Whole Crop Cereals

– Dry Mil -

Grain «Biotech/Chemical» «physical/chemical»

Flour (meal) «Physical/Chemical»

Cogeneration Heat & Power

Extractives

Straw «Biotech/Chemical»

Starch line, Sugar,

Raw material

Fuels, Chemicals Polymers

And materials Residues

Lignocellulosic Raw material

Green biorefinery concept

Green Biomass Techn. Press

Press Juice «Biochemical»

«Biotech/Physical»

Biogas Cogeneration

Heat and Power Hydrogen

Press Cake «Hydrothermal»

«Enzymatic» «Thermal chemical»

Proteins Soluble Sugars

Feed, Fuels, Chemicals Polymers

And materials

Residues

Residues

Cellulose Lignocellulose

Composition of grass

Porcentaje

Oligo - saccharides

Lipids

Organic acids

Mono/di -saccharides

Minerals

Water 80 – 90 %

Dry Susbtance 10-20%

Biorifinery two platforms concept

Biomass

Sugar Platform «Biochemical»

Cogeneration Heat and Power

Extractives

Syngas Platform «Gasification»

«Thermal chemical»

Sugar Raw material

Fuels, Chemicals Polymers

And materials

Clean Gas

Residues

Conditioning Gas

Plants and Sun

Torrefaction

Gasification

Tar removal «Olga» Unit

Aqueous scrubber

CO2 removal

Cryogenic distillation

Syngas

Combined cycle

The staged catalytic biomass conversion process scheme

Torrefaction area 180 – 290°C

Catalyst?

Pyrolysis area 290 – 600°C

Catalyst?

Gasification area > 600°C Catalyst?

Product separation and upgrading

Crude Crude

Crude

Biomass

Fuels Power Heat

Base / Plarform Chemicals

Staged (catalytic) biomass degasification

Location A highly evolved industrial ecosystem is located in the

seaside industrial town of Kalundborg, Denmark.

The case of Kalundborg, Denmark is a seminal example of industrial symbiosis (IS) in the industrial ecology (IE).

History A new oil refinery decided to use Lake Tissø water instead of groundwater, which is very scarce in Kalundborg.

1961

• The city of Kalundborg took the responsibility for building the pipeline while the refinery financed it.

• The collaborations among the municipality and enterprises began to flourish.

The partners realized how well the ‘self-organized.’

End of the 1980’s

Actually Eleven physical linkages comprise much

of the tangible aspect of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.

The development of the IS:

Several allocated

companies

local municipality

complex web of symbiotic interactions

Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis

According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), there are several companies participating as recipients of material and energy, but the main partners of the IS are:

a 1,500-MW power plant which is part of SK Power Company and the largest coal-fired plant producing electricity in Denmark.

Asnaes power station:

an oil refinery belonging to the Norwegian State oil company.

Statoil:

Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis

a multi-national biotechnology and pharmaceutical company. It is the largest producer of insulin and industrial enzymes.

Novo Nordisk:

a Swedish company producing plasterboard for the building industry.

Gyproc:

a soil remediation company that joined the symbiosis in 1998.

Bioteknisk Jordrens:

which receives excess heat from Asnaes for its residential district heating system. (UNEP).

The town of Kalundborg:

Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis

The staring resource of the Kalundborg symbiosis is water, which is a highly valorized resource in Denmark (UNEP).

Wastewater and cooling water from the Statoil refinery are reused at the power plant of Asnaes.

Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis

For secondary purposes, the cooling water is used to feed water for boilers producing stream, electricity and also for desulfurization processes.

The desulfurization process produces calcium sulfate (gypsum) used in the production of plasterboards by Gyproc where part of the natural gypsum used is replaced. The heated cooling water from condensation is piped out to fish farms nearby, increasing its efficiency.

Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis

Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.

The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.

Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis

Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.

The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later

sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.

Novo Nordisk creates large quantities of used biomass containing

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are used as liquid fertilizer by local farmers.

In addition, slid by-products such as fly ash, sludge, and biomass are

recycled locally and no locally

Results Several reductions in use of materials have been achieved through the process of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.

Asnaes has reduced the fraction of available energy directly discarded by about 80%.

Since 1981, the town of Kalundborg has eliminated the use of 3,500 oil-fired residential furnaces by distributing heat from the power plant through a network of underground pipes.

Results Homeowners pay for the piping, but receive cheap, reliable heat in return.

The Statoil refinery receives 40% of its steam requirements while Novo Nordisk receives all of its steam requirements from Asnaes.

Asnaes’s scrubber meets two-thirds of Gyproc’s gypsum needs.

Symbiotic linkages have reduced the water demand by around 25%.

Results

In total, IS in Kalundborg counts approximately 20 different by-products exchanges in operation (Jacobsten, 2006).

Even though material flows in the IS of Kalundborg are based either on water, solid waste, or energy exchange, the main reason why the Kalundborg symbiosis started was in order to lessen the use of groundwater.

Jacobsten (2006) focuses on the water and stream exchanges in the Kalundborg IS complex in order to save groundwater, showing that pure water-related exchanges lead to economic benefits because of scarcity and costliness of groundwater resources.

Conclusions

Mexico ranks ninth in the world in crude oil reserves.

Only 7 % of its energy is produced from RESs

Research efforts (1982-2012) have been led by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in hydropower, wind, solar and biomass energy and Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas.

Research focused mainly in biomass and less in hydropower.

Conclusions

Hydropower has the highest installed capacity.

Mexico is ranked fourth in geothermal power generation worldwide.

Mexico is among the top five most attractive countries in the world to invest in solar energy.

Wind energy is mainly in the state of Oaxaca.

Biomass energy has the highest potential for energy production.

Conclusions

Efforts should be addressed to avoid having an energy strategy based on fossil fuels

The implementation of triple helix project for the implementation of biorefineries should be develop urgently

An inventory on byproducts in Mexico with potencial for energy need to be produced

Conclusions

Life Cycle Assessments for new biofuels need to be generated and use as a decision tool for imp0lementation of new technologies

A triple helix proyecto at regional level or in cluster zones should be favored

Thank you r.parra@itesm.mx