renewable and water resource, agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
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TOPICS
• Renewable energy resources
• Floods and drought
• Agriculture and over grazing
• Water resources
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Renewable energy resources
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Water energy
• Geo thermal energy
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Solar energy
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At focal point = heat liquid – steam to turn turbine
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Solar electricity generation
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Solar water heating solar air heating
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Solar house problems
• The Los Angeles air = smog
• Retrofitting- very expensive
• Hard for big hotels, Wal-Mart's, etc.
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Wind energy
Banning Pass
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Wind Power Generation
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Netherlands = coastal development
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England = off shore
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Wind energy problems
• Location – near population center
• Bird migration –
• Visual
• Must be coupled with other sources of electricity (intermittent supply)
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Hydropower
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Problems with hydroelectric
• Location = unused rivers are in extreme north or low population areas
• Competition with recreational uses (U.S.) and environmental concerns
• Hard to build dams in populated river valleys
• Siltation of dams – limited life.
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Tidal power
1.In areas of large tides
2.Anywhere – build offshore dam
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Tidal power anywhere
1.No dam – but a turbine.
Problems:
1. Corrosion
2. Navigation
3.Amount of energy available is low
4.Best tides are near poles – away from people.
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Geo thermal energy
Heat near surface of the earth = geysers, volcanoes, etc,,.
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Use heat to make steam to turn turbine for electrical generation
Note: deep hot waters are corrosive to best to inject clean water in a closed system and bring it back to the surface as steam.
Geothermal Energy
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Floods and Droughts
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Causes OF Floods
• Floods are an excess of water that covers land that is normally dry.
• This can be due dam or level failures, more rain than the landscape can dispose of, torrential rains caused by storms, rapid snow melts, or a blocked river.
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Causes OF Droughts
• it is caused by a lack of precipitation in an area resulting from weak or less frequent storms and other weather systems than normal.
• Most major droughts last for months or years.
• What is considered a drought in a rainy location may be enough precipitation for another region.
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When Do They Occur?
• Floods can occur any time of the year.
• Floods occur primarily in the spring season due to ice and snow melting and frequent storms.
• In some countries, there are monsoon seasons, a time of great rain, when floods often occur, then a dry season, when drought conditions occur.
• Droughts can occur any time of the year.
• In North America, droughts occur most often between March and September, when it is often dry and hot.
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Major River Floods
The areas in red are where river floods have occurred this year.
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Other Facts
• Floods account for 40% of all deaths caused by natural disasters.
• In an average year, floods account for about 200 deaths and $2 billion of damage in the U.S. alone.
• In 1937 floods removed 300 million tons of topsoil in the Ohio Valley.
• The world’s longest drought occurred in Arica, Chile, from October 1903 to January 1918. No rain fell for over 14 years.
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AGRICULTURE
Crop rotation• Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and
soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests and disease.
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Contour farming
• Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce erosion on hillsides.
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Intercropping
• Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide nutrients and reduce erosion.
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Alley cropping
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Terracing• Cutting stair steps or terraces is the only way to farm
extremely steep hillsides without causing massive erosion. It is labor-intensive to create, but has been a mainstay for centuries in the Himalayas and the Andes.
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Shelterbelts• Rows of fast-growing trees around crop plantings
provide windbreaks, reducing erosion by wind.
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Overgrazing
• When livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant regret
• The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land on either side of a fence line can be striking.
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Overgrazing
• Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive feedback loops.
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Effects of overgrazing
Land degradation Soil erosion
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Water resources• Hydrologic Cycle
• Water Reservoirs
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Hydrological cycle
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Hydrological cycle
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Freshwater Reservoirs
• Rivers and Streams
• Lakes
• Groundwater
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Freshwater Reservoirs
River and streams lakes
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Groundwater• Much greater in volume than either lakes or
streams
• renewable in our lifetime
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AQUIFER
• Geologic formation that possesses porosity and permeability
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Confined and unconfined aquifers
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THANKYOU
• BY
– K.V. VARUN
KARTHIKEYAN