remote sensing in environmental research georgios aim. skianis university of athens, faculty of...
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Remote Sensing in Environmental Research
Georgios Aim. Skianis
University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geo-Environment, Department of Geography and Climatology, Remote Sensing Laboratory.
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1. Physical principles
2. Platforms and Sensors
3. Images at the visible and infrared spectrum
4. Images at the thermal infrared spectrum
5. Radar images
6. Image analysis
7. Some environmental applications
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1. Physical Principles
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Red, Green, Blue additive colors Blue channel 1
Green channel 2 Red channel 3
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RGB 321 (color composite)
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Spectral Signature
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2. Platforms, Scanners and Sensors
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3. Images at the visible and infrared spectrum
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Landsat ETM channel 1 (blue). City of Pyrgos (Western Peloponnesos)
Brightness value (tonality) of each pixel
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Channel 2 (green) Channel 3 (red)
Channel 4 (NIR, 0.76-0.9 μm) Channel 5 (middle infarred, 1.55-1.75 μm)
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RGB 321 (Red, Green, Blue) RGB 432 (NIR, Red, Green)
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RGB 542 (Middle Infrared, NIR, Red)
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Landsat natural colors (RGB 321) RGB 432 (NIR, Red, Green)
RGB 421 (NIR, Green, Blue) RGB 742 (middle infrared, NIR, Green)
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4. Images at the thermal infrared spectrum
Τrad = ε1/4. Τkin T radiant, emissivity, T kinetik
P thermal inertia (how easy does the temperature change)
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As long as thermal inertia increases, temperature variation decreases
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RGB 321 (natural colors) Landsat image over Mesologi-Evinos river
Thermal infrared image of the same region
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Landsat nocturnal image of the lakes Ontario and Erie, USA
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L = c.DN 2731/ln 1
2
LK
KT
Landsat image, thermal infrared channel
A map of temperatures
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5. Radar Images
Active Passive remote sensing
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Radar image, ERS-1, Udine, Italy
Landsat image, Udine, Italy
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Zone L, Polarization HH, Endeavour SIR-CX-SAR
Zone L, Polarization HV, Endeavour SIR-CX-SAR
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RGB L-HH (red), L-HV (green) και C-HH (blue). Endeavour SIR-CX-SAR
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Detection of an oil spill
RGB L-VV (red), mean value L-VV and C-VV (green) and C-VV (blue). Οι εικόνες ελήφθησαν από το σύστημα Endeavour, SIR-CX-SAR. Mumbai, India
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Radar image L-HH, SIR-A, over Sahara Desert. The Landsat image is represented by yellow-orange colors.
Radar may penetrate certain meters below ground surface
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6. Image Analysis
•Preprocessing (georeferencing, atmospheric correction, destriping,…)
•Image enhancement (contrast enhancement, image sharpening, edge detection,…)
•Information extraction (vegetation indices, classification, principal component analysis,…)
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Atmospheric correction
)cos(
)BV(
00
min
01 d
p
EtEt
LLK
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Landsat RGB 321 image Atmospherically corrected image
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Destriping
Initial image Filtered (destriped) image
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Contrast enhancement
Initial Linear stretch
Equalization
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Edge detection
22 ff|grad| yx
–1 0 1
fx = –2 0 2
–1 0 1
1 2 1
fy = 0 0 0
–1 –2 –1
Initial image
Filtered image
Sobel filter
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Classification
Spectral domain
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Training fields
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Classified image
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7. Some environmental applications
Thermal channel
Contrast enhanced temperature map of the Argolic Bay
Detection of submarine carstic springs
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The drainage network of a region of Southern Yemen, as it appears in a Landsat image
Mapping of the drainage network
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Satellite images of Elvas river (Germany) before and after the floods of 2000
Mapping of floods
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Land cover mapping using vegetation indices
Satellite image of Nile river, Egypt, in natural colors
The NDVI vegetation index of the region.
NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR +Red)
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Mapping burnt areas
NDVI image produced by an ALOS multispectral image
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Terra Modis satellite image over the Gulf of Mexico. The meandric structure with the bright tones is the Gulf stream.
Oceanography
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Archaeology
Detection of the ancient city of Ubar (Arabic Peninsula) by a Landsat image