relationship between robusticity 978-93-84659-39-4.pdfstudy “kinanthropometry” bears the...

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY

INDEX AND SOCCER PLAYING ABILITY

BY

Dr. Bhaskar Shukla Assistant Professor (Physical Education)

HNB Govt. PG College, Naini,

Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

2016

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ISBN: 978-93-84659-39-4

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………… iii

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DEDICATED TO MY

PARENTS & LOVING BROTHERS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………

iv

KNOWLEDGEMENT

The research scholar wishes to express his sincere appreciation

and gratitude to Dr. Jitendra Singh Naruka, Director of Lakshmibai

National institute of Physical Education (Deemed University), Gwalior,

M.P. for providing him an opportunity to work on this study and facilities

extended to him in carrying out the same successfully.

I wish to record my deep gratitude to my advisor Dr. Vivek Pandey,

Lecturer, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (Deemed

University), Gwalior, M.P for providing an opportunity to work on this

study, and for his generous advice, competent guidance and supervision

for the successful completion of this study.

Thanks are also due to Dr. Rishipal Singh, Registrar and Dr. S.

Mukharjee, Lecturer, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education

(Deemed University), Gwalior, M.P for their invaluable help in formulation

and successful completion of this study.

My heartiest thanks to library staff of L.N.I.P.E., Gwalior for all theii

help Which has made this work possible.


v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (Contd.)

I express my appreciation to one steam of the study i.e. all the

University Level Soccer Players who acted as subjects for this study, for

their strenuous ellort and full co-operation without which study would not

have been possible.

Finally, I record my special appreciation and sincere thanks to Mr.

Amt Chikara,Phd. Scholar L,N.I.P.E., Gwalior, Mr. Sanjeev, Mr. Malay,

Mr. Sharad, Mr. Chandan, Mr. Pramod, Mr. Harpreet, Mr. Sashi, Mr.

Rajesh, Mr. Fahim, Mr. Devendra, Mr. Neeraj and Mr. Naveen who have

helped me and encourage me towards the completion of this study.

BHASKAR


vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

Chapter

I INTRODUCTION 01 1.1 General Introduction

1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Purpose of the Study 1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Delimitation of the Study 1.6 Limitation of the Study 1.7 Statement of the Hypothesis

1.8 Definition and Explanation of Terms II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 11

III METHOD AND MATERIALS 15 1.1 Selection of Subjects

1.2 Criterion Measures 1.3 Reliability and Validity of the Tests and Tester’s Competency 1.4 Tools

1.5 Procedure for Administrating Tests IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 21

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 33 Summary

Conclusions Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY


vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1. Mean and S.D. of personal data of three different

institution, viz. LN.J.P.E. (Deemed University),

Gwalior; Jiwaji University, Gwalior; and Allahabad

University, Allahabad, 21

2. Mean and S.D. of Robusticity Index of three different

Institutions. 23

3. Robusticily Index and Range of Variation of Soccer

players of three different Institutions. 24

4. Distribution of subjects of three different Institutions on

the basis of Range variation of Robusticity Index, 27

5. Inter-group difference in Robusticity Index. 28

6. Mean and S.D. of Soccer playing ability of three

different Institutions. 29

7. Inter-group difference in playing abilities. 30

8. Coefficient of correlation between playing ability and

Robusticity Index of College Level Soccer players. 31


viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page

1. Graphical representation of Robusticity characteristic of

L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Soccer Players. 25


Jiwaji University, Soccer Players. 26


Allababad University, Soccer Players. 26

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROBUSTICITY INDEX ………… 1



CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION;

In todays world, sports plays an important role in our life. Not so

long ago, it should its appearance as the hobby of the idle rich. Today

millions of people under modem conditions participate in sports and it has

got woven into the fabric of modern life providing a counter weight to the

exercise comforts and indulgens of the day. In developing countries it

helps to fight the frustration of youth, who otherwise become easy victims

to boredom because of lack of opportunities in life, If we disregard the

importance of sports we do so at our own peril.

In sports and game the function of efficient body moment, or

neuromuscular skills is to provide the individual with the ability to perform

proficiently which is greater enjoyment of participation.

The fundamental movements are in born. After the birth of a child

they learn how to run, how to climb, how to jump, and how to throw.

These fundamental movements are applied and modified into different

kinds of games and sport. In the primitive state the people utilized these

movements for daily living. But gradually they began to develop their

standard of living. Consequently they started to, play different kind

of games and sports in order to spent to their ledger time. Also to defend


2

themselves from external manse they started to become ‘physically strong

person. From the stand point they started different kinds of games and

sports to maintain their bodily fitness.

Structure determines function and function determines the

structure is an old saying which has been formulated perhaps from the

realization of the fact that there is a close relationship between build and

the nature’and the efficiency of motor functioning of an individual. The

realization was based on scientific facts and practical experiences.

Though the term “Anthropometry’ was used for the first time by Quetelet,

a French mathematician, the measurement of man dates back to ancient

civilization and is the oldest form of measurement. It is to be surprisingly

noted that scientific studies were initiated En this area in our country

India.

Study of human body parts has gained new emphasize in the area

of physical education and sports science also. Emergency of new field of

study “KInanthropometry” bears the evidence of this. Efforts are

continuously begin made to study the body build of world class

performance in different games and sports, so, any such attempt is very

useful and justified in expanding the knowledge which could be applicable

to select right type of individuals for particulars games and sports and

right type of games and sports for a particular individual.

It is an accepted fact that the performance of an individual

(performer) in games and sports has got a close relationship with h,és

body-built. On the basis of this constant research programs are taken up

to find out the talented Individual for a better performer.

Soccer is one of the most important game in the world. Any soccer

player can participate in any games and sports activities. Soccer is a part


3

of physical education program and coaching too. Many students who so

exceptional skill in some inter scholastic sports such as basketball and

baseball would like to become numbers of physical education so that they

may coach.

Each game has its requirement for certain physical arid

physiological components. The activities which are usually termed as

body contact sports or games required a considerable strength, power,

and fitness components. Such a requirement is relative to the body

weight, segmental dimension tc. The game like, soccer, boxing, wrestling,

judo, kabbadi, involved the player who are robust. There are some other

non body contact activities which are required robust athlete like

basketballer, throwers in athletics, Deca-thietes.

An athlete whose Robusticily index is high appears to be very

strong with reasonable body mass and height these are advantageous to

excel performance ability.

In modern days, soccer playing ability has become more strenious

because of its tactical peculiarities. A competition of international Level

like Euro Cup. World Cup, Olympic etc. where the competition between

the contestants is very tough, creates different type of demand of abilities

suited for the game.

Such a player, which required body mass arid size with

anthropometric peculiarities are to be selected in terms of their robusticity

index. A hypersthenic robusticity index may not be available in soccer for

quick movement because of its high body mass. It is desired that a

normosthenic soccer player may be more effective one for better

performance potentiality.


4

On this back-drop the investigator has been motivated to find out

the material relationship between soccer playing ability and robusticity

index.

This is the first comprehensive study of the physique of

International Sports men in which body measurement, standardized

photographs and x-rays have all been used to discover how expert

performers in one event differ from expert performer in another. It

was made possible by the co-operation of football players, and their

team managers and doctors.

At each International game the standard of performance rises

and new records are set for human skill and endurance. To a small

extent this is due to improvements in track and equipment, and to a

greater degree to improvements in the method and availability of

coaching. Techniques have become increasingly efficient as a result

of mechanical and physiological research. There is more

understanding of the physiological need for acclimatization, there is

better medical control over chance infection, and above all there is

greater attention paid to the development of the psychological

attitudes necessary for successful competition.


5

But mostly the improvement is due to the football players,

themselves perhaps they are more gifted now than previously;

perhaps Elliott and Zatopek are better runners than Wooderson and

Nurmi could ever have been. In the sprints, the jumps and throwing

events at least, it is hard to resist the conclusion that the modern

athlete is actually better endowed physically, better suited to his

particular task.

The Olympic Games are just as absorbing an interest for the

human biologist as for the athlete and coach. The limits of certain

types of performance, and the manner in which body structure plays a

part in setting these limits are of fundamental importance to the

scientist. For him the Olympic player is the extreme case, and for

once he finds a sample of extreme cases ready at hand in a manner

seldom available in other fields of study. The statistical premises in

carrying out this study were different from the usual ones in that the

extreme selection of the games has been used to advantage. If any

relation between physique and success in one event rather than


6

another exists then, we argued, it will show up most clearly in groups

where the extreme of competition has acted to equalize all other

influences, such as motivation and training. I reaching the Olympic

and international standard every little thing counts and it is when two

men are equally pushing themselves to their maximum capacity that a

difference in physical structure may be decisive. The number of

players we studies is small, and we with it wee larger. But while

largeness of numbers is important in a random sample, the degree of

excellence is more important in a sample such as ours.

We believe, therefore, that physique is a factor in the sort of

success that may lead to inclusion in an Olympic team; or more

negatively, that lack of the proper physique may make it almost

impossible for players to reach that degree of success. But we do not

suppose that winning the International game has much to do with

physique, except perhaps in some rare cases where one single man is

altogether outstanding. By the time the final is reached even the

physiques are becoming matched one with another, as we shall see,

then the importance passes to the will to win, the letter refusal of the


7

great athlete to contemplate defeat or to give an inch of chance to his

adversary.

Finally in last the physical characteristics associated with

success in each event are summarized and we discuss possible reason

for our results and the implication of the result for football players

and coach.

Lastly, we beg the reader to regard this as only a preliminary

excursion into the field, our numbers in most events were

distressingly small and our conclusions are limited by the material at

our disposal. We well, however, that we have done sufficient to show

that a more ample study in the future would well repay the time and

effort.


8

PERSONALITY

Definition: Personality derive from the Greed word ‘Persona’ ‘Mask’

anyone involved with helping the players should take time to get

behind the mask and deal with the real person.

In Sport world the term personality has a wide significance.

Sport is concerned with an all round development of personality of

Football player therefore it is quite essential for a player to know

about the term of personality we are going to focus our attention on

the importance issue the nature of personality and its appraisal.

The Personality and physique of Football player may be

categories according to there modes approach. It is collection of so

many the world. Traits or characteristics which is know as

personality.

Some of the main points to note about personality are:-

The personality of each individual is unique.

The role of playing behaviour of ‘persona’ of the individual is

superficial and an unreliable indicator of personality.


9

We asses an individual’s personality from the way he or she

typically responds, i.e. a person who tends to display

narrowness and apprehension in a wide variety of situations

can be described as having an aseious personality. But we can

not safely conclude this about a young player who displays

anxiety during a first team debut we would need much more

evidence.


10

PHYSIQUE

Physique refers to the shape, the size, and the form of an

individual of course the three factors are intimately linked with each

other and are manifestation of the internal structure and tissue

components which in turn, are influenced by the environmental and

genetic factors. This section deals with the selected method of

classification of physique. A large number of methods for studying

human physique are available but only selected one’s are discussed

under this subheading the methods of Viola, Kretchmer, Sheldon,

Health and Carter have historical lineage so far as the development of

this science us concerned

Denote a persons or player well organization of the body.

Every personality is the product of heredity and environment.

Both contribute significantly towards development of Football

players personality and physique.


11

THE PHYSIQUE

According to Knussmann the constitution is relatively co start

and uniform structure of the fundamental somatic and psychic

properties of the individual. As regards the somatic characteristics, his

opinion is “that Physique is the individual’s bodily construction

which is being realized in the course of ontogenesis. II Eiben defines

physique as the morphological constitution of the adult person which

is formed by the manifestation of genetical endowment, and as a

result of adaptation processes to environmental effects. In opinion of

Sodhi & Sidhu (1984), Physique refers to the shape, the size, and the

form of an Individual of course, the three factors intimately linked

with each other and are a manifestation of the internal structure and

tissue components which, in turn, are influenced by the environmental

and genetical factors the physique, visible phenotype, of an individual

is the result of the interaction of environmental modification on his

invisible genotype, with the processes of growth and development the

characteristics of physique undergo a marked transformation.

However, at adulthood the changes are quite few and gradual.


12

The human physique differs in a thousand ways. It can be

analyzed by studying the size, shape and form of an individual. For

this purpose, a set of selected anthropometric measurements are taken

on an individual. The inter-group comparisons are made to

understand the physical peculiarities of a population Form such body

measurements, it is also possible to estimate the distribution of fat and

development of bone and muscle in one’s body. This is known to be

more important in the case of Football Player and sportsmen where

the physical fitness plays a vital role in the competitive performance.


13

FIELD OF STUDY

Clearly there are many aspects of science and football and

plenty of subject areas which have benefited from scientific

knowledge and know-how Theses include the natural and physical

sciences, the disciplines allied to medicine and physical sciences, the

disciplines allied to medicine and the social sciences.

An ergonomics model of the application of science to the game

itself is illustrated in figure 1.1 (Reilly, 1991). It shows how the role

of the scientist is to match the characteristics of individuals to the

demands of the game. This is a complex problem in team sports

where eventual success is determined by how the collection of

individuals forms an effective unit. There are implications for fitness

testing, training and selection. The study of the organization of the

entire group is also highly relevant.


14

Similarly, the Prediction of performance is more difficult by far in

soccer than individual sports. In competition, success may be

determined by choice of tactics of either team. There are also

elements of chance that determine the outcome of critical events and

tilt the balance of the contest. This makes even the most complex of

game theories hard to relate to the outcome of a particular match

never the less match analysis can be approached from a scientific

perspective.

The physical sciences provide insights into the nature and

appropriateness of artificial pitches. There have also been applications

to the design of shoes and evaluations of the need for protective

equipment. Principles of biomechanics are relevant in considering

prevention of soccer injuries. The physical sciences also embrace

agronomy, the cultivation of grasses and the maintenance of playing

conditions in cold and wet weather.

The widest field of application of sports science to soccer is

probably opponent in the behavioural disciplines. The many

opportunities for investigation include the study of crowds and their

control, the management of large groups and the organization of


15

personnel. The stresses on playing officials and on management of the

clubs.

PHYSICAL FITNESS

The process of evaluating physical fitness might be, firstly,

essential from the point of examining one’s motor development in

relation to age and secondly, to understand the training strategies to

be adapted in relation to his developmental status. The physical

fitness can of course, be divided in to general and specific physical

fitness (Sodhi and Sidhu, 1984). The criteria for developing

Jardsdicks in this regard are yet to develop in India as well as in many

other parts of the world. Although the Physical Fitness is known to be

trainable, but the influence of one’ physique,

AGILITY AND FLEXIBILITY

Agility refers to the capability to change the direction of the

body abruptly. The ability to turn quickly, dodge and side-step calls

for good motor co-ordination and is reflected in a standardized agility

run test. Dallas Tornado players were found to have average times on

the Illinois Agility run above the 99-95 percentile for the test norms


16

(Raven et. al., 1976). The test distinguished the soccer players as a

group from the normal population better than any field test used for

strength, power and flexibility. This is understandable, since soccer

players have to be capable of dodging and weaving past opponents.

Joint flexibility is an important safety factors in soccer testing

for inflexibility can be of benefit in screening for injury

predisposition. Factor analysis of a number of fitness tests an English

game players showed that flexibility in a range of movements in the

hip joint afforded protection against injury (Reilly and Stirling 1993)

Muscle tightness, particularly in the hamstring and adductor

groups, has been linked with increased risk of muscle injury in

swedish professionals (Ekstrand, 1982). Two thirds of the players had

flexibility values poorer than man players. This may be an adaptation,

but it could also reflect a lack of attention to flexibility practices in

training poorer range of motion has also been noted at the ankle joint

in Japanese (Haltori and Ohta, 1986) and English League (Reilly,

1979) Players, although the goalkeepers were exceptions among the

English professionals. The Japanese players were less flexible than a


17

reference group in inversion, aversion, plantar flexion and

doreflexion; this may reflect an adaptive response of soft tissue

around the ankle which improves stability at the joint.


18

TALENT SELECTION

In the recent years, the selection and development of talents in

sports has been gaining greater emphasis of course, it involves

integral approach of different sport science, is perhaps one of the

most crucial, in this regard. It is essential because, the physique, body

are of fundamental importance in developing the criteria of talent

selection and development in sports.

It may be concluded that Kin-anthropometry has now taken

upon an International status. The establishment of International

society for the advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) will play a

vital role for its future development. The new approaches of Prof.

W.B. Ross, Dr. J. Borns and others to somototype analysis, allometry,

dimensionality, body composition and iconometrographics will have

a major scientific impact for the future development of this science in

sports, physical education, anthropology, human biology and

medicine etc.


19

BODY COMPOSITION

Body composition refers mainly to the evaluation of three

principle tissue components of body, i.e., muscle, bone and fat the

section deals with the methods of evaluation the different

components. Hydrometry, densitometry, roentgenorammetry and

somatometry or anthropometry are the main methods of study in this

section.

It is well known that short-term training influences the dynamic

balance of muscle and fat in the body. The long term training and

influence even the development of asseous tissue in an individual.

Therefore, it becomes essential to study the athletes and sportsman

especially the high performance footballer. In weight category sports,

considering the two football player with identical body weight,

relative great amount of fat might lead one into a disadvantage over

the opponent with relatively greater amount of muscles and bone. The

assessment of body composition of such footballers is indispensable.

In a longitudinal investigation Parizkova and Eiselt (1977) studied

dynamic changes in body composition and body build in boys of

different physical activity regimens. They tried to understand the


20

influence of exercise on the human growth especially with regard to

body composition and body build.

ROLE OF PHYSIQUE IN FOOTBALL

The morphological characteristics of football player were of

interest for competitive sports demands the utmost from the body and

it is, there fore, reasonable to expect to find in football player a

demonstration of the relationship of structure and function Parnell in

an anthropometric study of football player concluded that an

individual’s choice of football skill might largely be due to

characteristics, probably inborn. Tanner examined the physique and

body composition of Olympic football player at Rome during 1960,

and inferred that the football players were both born and made; ‘The

basis structure’, he stated, “Must be present for the possibility of

being an football player to arise physique is a factor in the success

that may lead to inclusion in an Olympic team or more negatively that

lack of proper physique may make it almost impossible for football

player to reach that degree of success. But we do not suppose that

winning the Olympic match has much to do with physique, except


21

perhaps in come rare cases where one single man is altogether

outstanding. By the time the final is reached even the physique are

becoming matched one with another, as we shall see, then the

importance passes to the will to win, the utter refusal of the great

football player to contemplate defeat or given an inch of chance to his

adversary.”

Studies on physique may be useful in choosing a suitable

physical activity for an individual whose main objective is

competition.

According to carters and his associates (1982) the football

players who wish to achieve success in sports at a high level, can

compare their physique with of Olympic football player If the football

player is within the limits of the Olympians, then the appropriate

structure for high performance is achieved. Consideration can even be

given to whether changes in physique, such as lower body fat or

increased muscle mass, would help or hinder his performance. The

body weight is made up firstly of lean body mass consisting of

muscles, bones and internal organs, and secondary of fatty tissue. It is


22

useful to measure these two components separately to assess and

compare the fatness and leanness. For this purpose many methods are

available of these, the accurate method is by measuring the specific

gravity of the individual by immersing him under the water and

adapting the principles of Archimedes. This is however, a

cumbersome method and can not be employed on larger scale. The

other methods are indirect ones and involve measurement of skin fold

thickness.

Out of any measures of physique, the stature being of most

common interest, has been thoroughly Investigated. It has already

been mentioned that in some sports greater height is an advantage,

whilst in others, shorter stature is preferable. All these studies are

based on adult football players who in most cases are a product of

many years of training starting from childhood. Therefore, to select a

potential football player at your age, it is desirable to predict the adult

height from his stature during childhood so that he can be advised on

the sport for which he is likely to be more suited. Many scientists

have the sport for which he is likely to be more suited. Many


23

scientists have tried to study this problem and have found high

correlations between the stature at young age and that at adulthood.

Studies of body composition in certain sports indicated that he

football player who were very lean but heavy because of a well-

developed musculature were superior in performance in certain

competitive sport activities, such as football, weight lifting and the

short put. On the other hand, football player who have substantial

amount of adipose tissue have increased energy demands owing to the

inert weight of fat, thus rendering the work more difficult to perform

in endurance activities where the body has to move longer with

greater weight. It may be for this reason that the long distance runners

are found to be less endomorphic than other runners and their counter

parts at a lower level of competition.

From these few examples, it is evident that the physique has an

important role to play in the performance of various physical

activities.


24

ROLE OF PHYSIQUE IN

INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYER

In 1936 Gray carried out a study of 1179 football players in

relation to the field positions in which they played. They varied very

slightly in their age. The weight increased in successive position and

significantly so, except the guard versus the tackle, the latter being

only 1.1 Kg. heavier. These men were the heaviest of all groups

studied. Stature was also found to increase in successive position, but

not in the same order as weight, the main shift had been for the ends

who were lighter than the centres and guards, but taller than both; it

was noteworthy that they were taller than centres by only a trifling

margin of 3 mm. It weight and height together be taken as a rough

criterion of more physical power, the measurements gave the two

tackles a very special characterization of the least weight for their

height.

Sheldon and his associates (1954) have made many interesting

observations regarding the somatotype of college football players in

America. They have brought out the probable nature of the


25

somatotypes which are successful in the case of players playing at

various field positions.

In a study of junior high school athletes Shelley (1960) found

that those athletes who were outstanding in football were largely

mesomorphic or mid types, and that they were taller and heavier than

other athletes.

Wiley (1963) compared 12 year old men athletes and football

players and found no difference between players and found no

difference between the somatotype means, but the football players

were taller and heavier than the non-athletes.

Heath (1963) Somatotyped 66 university football players, using

her modification of Sheldon’s method when compared with means for

college students rated by Sheldon and other (1940), these football

players were approximately one half unit higher on the first

component, one and three quarter units higher on the second

components, and one and one quarter units lower on the third

component.


26

An extensive study on college football players including

somatotype assessment was carried out by Allen (1965). The mean

somatotype of 66 college football players studied by Health was

found to be 3.5, 5.5, 2 (Carter, 1970)

Carter (1968) worked on 55 college football players and found

Parnel’s M. 4 Phenotypes to be 4.5-5.2-2. He also noticed significant

differences between the back and the linemen.

Carter (1970) rated members of the 1964 San Diego state

football team and 20 university of Lowe football players according to

the Heath criteria. It appear from his results that preponderance of

endomesomorphs is a pre-requisite of success in football.


27

METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS

The following account is intended to give the reader a working

knowledge of some of the methods of measurements most commonly

used in Kinanthropometric investigations. It may be understood that

no two individuals might be alike in their measurable characteristics

the later tend to undergo change in varying degrees from birth to

death, in health, in disease and in Physical training. Individuals living

under different ethnic groups, and their off-springs exhibit interesting

differences in body size, shape and from. Therefore, it is essential to

have some means of giving quantitative expressions to the variations

which such traits exhibit. Anthropometry can situates that means. It is

the technique of expressing quantitatively the size, the shape and form

of an individual. Anthropometry means the measurement of men,

whether living or dead, and consists primarily in the measurement of

dimensions of the body.

The description of these terms is given below:-

Somatotyping:- The measurement of the body in the living and

in the cadaver.


28

Cephalometry:- Included in somatometry; the measurement of

the head and face in the living and in the cadaver and from x-

ray films.

Osteometry:- The measurement of the skeleton and its parts.

Craiometry:- Included in Ostemetry; the measurements of the

skull.

In Kinanthropometic investigations most of the research

investigations referred in literature deal with the living subjects

athletes, sportsmen, physical education majors and non-sportsmen. In

view of these facts the asteometric and craniometric measurements

have not been included in the text of this book.


29

SOMATOTYPING

The nation of classifying physique into some meaningful

system has considerable appeal and has been the stimulus for repeated

efforts in this direction, if for example, exercise, behavioural, disease

and functional characteristics of humans can be associated with

certain physiques, then knowledge and understanding of those

characteristics and their manipulation can be enhanced. In addition, if

a large number of observational or metric characteristics of the

physique can be reduced to relatively simple categories or to a simple

rating as in the somatotype, analysis of the data can then be

simplified. Body type classifications, however, do result in a loss of

precise data about type classifications, however, do result in a loss of

precise data about single metric characteristics. Body types are by

nature “Summaries” or generalizations of many characteristics and as

such can not be expected to answer specific questions about single

measurements. Too much is often expected of such systems. On the

other hand, a classification is only useful if it can should light on

problems and can connect one set of facts to another.


30

The term “Somatotype” Greek, Soma, Gen, somatos, “Body”

was used to designate the 79 varieties of the human physique

recognized under the system evolved by Sheldon, Steven and Tucker

(1940). The different somatotypes are determined by varying

expression of three bodily components of structure in an individual.

These are endomorphy mesomorphy and ectomorphy.

Heath Carter Somatotype Method

A new and improved somatotype method with universal

application to both sexes for all ages and which is reproducible was

innovated after requisite, validation. This method is known as “A

Modified Somatotype Method” and is designed by Barbara

Honeyman Heath, now known as Heath-Roll, and J.E. Lindsay Carter

(1967). The method seems suitable for description of Individual

variation in the human species. The method consist of Heath’s (1963)

modifications and adaptations of Parnell’s (1958) M. 4- deviation

technique. Their extension of the scale beyond score 7 is based on

sound practical examples reported by scientist seltzer (1964) studied

obese females and in that study the majority were rated seven in the


31

first component (endomorphy) using Sheldon’s criteria. In the

Olympic Football player studied by Tonner (1964) during Olympic

Games of 1960 at Rome, there were athletes from many countries

rated 7 unites the second component (mesomorphy) using Sheldon’s

criteria. But they were conspicuously more mesomorphic then the

examples of 7s in Atlas of Dran (Sheldon, 1954). Further Heath found

many males among the manus in the Admirability Island (Mead) who

could not be reasonably rated by Sheldon’s second component ratings

of ‘7’ as inadequate for description and differentiation of the Nilote

Series in which there was a high incidence of extremes in

ectomorphy. Certainly keeping all such examples in views a method

of studying physiques was required to describe all human variations.

Therefore the component scale was logically extended beyond

‘Seven’.

The new method retained the well-accepted terminology

somatotype, endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. The method

has been given extensive treatment for validation (Heath and Carter,

[1967]). Thanks to the extensive experience of Heath having rated.


32

Approximately 15000 ratings and suggesting requisite changes in the

system. The new method is anthropometric, easy to apply, quick and

inexpensive once anthropometric equipment is available in a

laboratory. So this method departs significantly from the basic

concepts of Sheldon Ian method. The method received wide acclaim

from different parts of the world. The application of this method has

been made very extensively particularly on the football players. One

of the reasons has been the studies of Olympic athletes during

Olympic Games of 1968 (de Garay et. al., 1974) the details of the

method as reported by Carter (1980) are given below:

A somatotype is a description of the present morphological

confirmation. It is expressed in a three numerals rating, consisting of

three sequential numerals,, always recorded in same order, each

numeral represents evaluation of one of the three primary components

of physique which describe individual variation in human

morphology and composition.

First Component (Endomorphy)


33

It refers to relative fatness in individual physique; it also refers

to relative leanness. That is, the first component ratings are

evaluations of degrees of fatness which lie on a continuum from the

lowest recorded values to the highest recorded values.

Second Component (Mesomorphy)

It refers to relative musculo-skeletal developments per unit of

height. The second component ratings are evaluations of musculo-

skeletal development which lie on a continuum from lowest to highest

degrees recorded. The second component can be thought of as lean

Body Mass relative to height. If the musculo-skeletal regions in the

body are in proportion to one’s height, then the subject will be

average in mesomorphy i.e. he scores 4 points. If the musculo-skeletal

tissues are greater in proportion to height, the component score will

be greater than 4, and vice-versa. The term lean body mass refers to

the body without fat component.

Third Component (Ectomorphy)

It refers to relative linearity of individual physiques. The third

component ratings are based largely but not entirely on height 3


34

weight ratios. Height /3 weight rations and third component ratings

are closely related, so that at the low ends of their distributions both

cannot relative shortness the several body segments. And the high

ends cannot elongation or linearity of the several body segments.

Ratings evaluate the form and degree of longitudinal distribution of

the first and second components.


35

* MUSCLES ACTIONS DURING SOCCER SKILLS

RUNNING

Running is an Integral part of soccer. Indeed soccer players

may cover approximately 10 KM. during a single game. The running

action may be divided into two stages, swing and support. Support

begins at the point when the foot makes contact with the ground (foot

strike) and ends at the point when the foot leaves contact with the

ground (toe-off). The swing phase begins at toe-off and ends at foot

strike.

At toe-off the swing leg is in a position of extension of the hip,

extension of the knee and planter flexion of the ankle. The gluteals

and hamstrings are still acting to extend the hip and the gastronomies

to planaterflex the ankle giving a good push off. The actions of psoas

and iliac as flex the hip, the hamstrings flex the knee and the anterior

tickles dorsiflex the ankle. The hip continues to flex and the ankle to

dorsiflex to bring the leg forwards in front of the support leg, the

adductors act to prevent the thigh from swinging outwards. The


36

quadriceps then begin to extend the knee in preparation for foot

strike.

When foot strike occurs the hip is in flexion, the knee is in

slight flexion and the ankle is normally dorsiflexed and slightly

inverted. At this point the weight of the body must be controlled as it

hits the ground. The gluteals contract to extend the hip, the quadriceps

and hamstrings contract to stabilize the knee joint and the adductors

to stabilize the hip. The anterior tiabials work eccentrically and the

gastronomies concentrically to control the foot as it strikes the

ground. The momentum of the body carries it forwards over the ankle

joint which acts as a rocker as the foot becomes flat to the ground and

then toe-off occurs.

As the speed of running increases longer strides are taken. In

this instance the swing phase involves greater knee flexion and his

extension (the heel almost touching the buttock) and greater hip

flexion in the later part of the phase.

When running with a ball much shorter strides are taken as the

player must be ready to change direction and speed. At the toe-off


37

phase the leg may not be as extended. Heel strike may not be as

pronounced; instead the foot may land in a more neutral position or

be planter flexed.

The muscles of the arms and trunk also play an important role

during running. They act to maintain balance and to counterbalance

the rotation of the body when the pelvis rotates.

KICKING A BALL

There are many different types of kick in Soccer, e.g. running

kick, volley and push pass (Pronk, 1991). Skilled players can also

impose spin on the ball and cause it to dip quickly in flight. In such

cases the kicking action is quite complex. For the purposes of this

text the kick is simplified into that of movement in one plane. This

action may also be divided into four phases; Phase one, priming the

thigh and leg during backswing; Phase two, rotation of the thigh and

leg laterally and flexion of the hip; Phase three, declaration of the

thigh and acceleration of the leg; and finally stage four, the follow

through.


38

During phase one the hip of the kicking leg is rapidly extended

by the action of the gluteals and the pelvis is rotated backwards. The

knee is flexed by the hamstrings and the anterior tibials dorsiflex the

ankle. These actions are limited by the hip flexors and adductors

which often become overstretched in many players. The harder the

subsequent kick the further the stretch on these muscles. During

phase two the psoas and iliacus contract and the hip flexes to more

the thigh and leg forwards and the pelvis rotates forwards. Phase

three involves the hamstrings acting to decelerate the thigh and the

quadriceps rapidly extend the knee joint. The position of the ankle

joint during ball strike is dependent upon the type of kick performed.

In addition, the adductors will contract to pull the leg towards the

body. This is especially relevant during a side kick or push pass.

Phase four begins after the ball has last contact with the foot, the leg

and thigh will follow through due to the momentum of the thigh, leg

and foot. This causes a stretch on the muscles opposing these actions

especially the hamstrings as they pass over two joints (De Prof. t. et.

al. 1998).


39

The muscles of the non-kicking leg act in a similar fashion to

their behaviour during the stance phase of running. However, they

act mainly to stabilize the body to provide a stable platform on which

the kicking leg may act. This leg is usually abducted and rotated.

Again the muscles of the arms and trunk work to maintain poise and

balance and to provide a counter balance to the kicking leg, thus

providing more control and speed.

JUMPING AND HEADING

Jumping to control the ball in the air is of major importance in

soccer. Jumping can occur from a standing position or from a run-up.

Take off from a standing jump in usually from both feet and from one

leg when using a run-up when performing a standing jump the player

will sink down into a position of flexion. The trunk, hips and knees

will flex and the ankle will dorsiflex under the action of body weight

and gravity but controlled by the agonists to there movements acting

eccentrically (erector, spinage, gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps and

plantar flexors). The elbows will flex and the shoulders will be

extended. In this position the body is almost spring- like; the prime


40

movers of the jumping action are on a stretch, storing potential energy

ready to be released at the appropriate moment. When the jump itself

begins the prime movers act to launch the body weight up in the air.

This is achieved by rapid and powerful contractions of the erector

spinage, gluteals, hamstrings, evan quadriceps and planter flexors to

produce extension of the trunk, hips, knees and planter flexion of the

ankles. The arms are also moved rapidly forwards and upwards by

flexion of the shoulders and extension of the elbows. When the spine

becomes extended during the jumping action a sever stretch may be

placed on the abdominal muscles and the hip flexors and injury to

these muscles may occur.

Landing from a jump is just as important as the jump itself, as

the weight of the body must be controlled as it hits the ground.

Basically it is a reverse of the jumping action. However, this time the

muscles of jumping act eccentrically to control joint movement and

decelerate the action there by increasing shock absorption and

decreasing the risk of injury.


41

The primary aim of most jumps in soccer is to head the ball,

but heading may also occur from a standing position. As a player

jumps the action of the erector spinier muscles. As a player attempts

to make contact with the ball they will aim their head at it. This may

involve a combination of movements. Flexion of the neck is the most

powerful action but this may be combined with rotation or lateral

flexion to direct the ball.

THROWING A FOOTBALL

Throwing are usually taken from a short run-up and a two-

footed stance with both feet level the erector spinage, gluteals and the

hamstrings contract to extend the spine and the hips. The dorsiflexors

act eccentrically to allow the ankles to move into a small degree of

planter flexion without losing balance. The ball is held in both hand

and the two arms are held up above the head. The shoulders are

moved into full flexion and the elbows also are now fully flexed. This

creates full stretch on the antagonist group and potential energy is

stored. As the throw begins these now become prime movers which

contract from a stretched position. The elbows become extended, the


42

shoulders become more extended. The contraction of the abdominals

and hips to flex. Dorsiflexion of the ankles is controlled by the

eccentric action of gastronomies and soleus.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH STUDY

The present is concerned with finding the relationship between

robusticity index and the soccer playing ability. Some variables are

selected in connection with this study. Viz, anthropometric measurement

and playing (performance) ability among college and in university level

soccer players.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study were:

(i) To find out the robusticity index of the college and university

level soccer players.

(II) To observe the soccer playing ability of the college and

university level players.

(iii) To find out the relationship between Robusticity Index and

Soccer playing ability and to find out the difference if any,

regarding robusticity index and soccerplaying ability among

different institutions.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


43

(I) This study will facilitate the soccer coaches and teachers for

selection of suitable players for the game.

(ii) This study may help to determine the anthropometric

peculiarities of the college level football players.

(iii) This study may through some Tight for betterment of the

standard of the country in soccer.

(iv) This study may help the coaches to locate the requirements

of a soccer player during selection of players.

(v) It may provide rich source of material for further

investigations.

1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

(I) The study is conducted on only the soccer players.

(II) Only college level subjects were selected for the study and

the age group of the subjects was ranged between 22 to 25

years.

(lII) Only male subjects were selected for the study.

(IV) The samples are selected from amongst the participants of

the college level or university level tournaments.

(V) Only selected anthropometric variables were considered for

the study.

(VI) Subjects of the study were only 45 in number of which three

were indisposed.

(VII) For avoiding complications and for want of variances

sophisticated instruments only few variables of

anthropometric variables.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

(I) The diet, other activities and daily habits of the soccer


44

players could not be controlled.

(II) Since the time and money at disposal was very short and

due to inadequate facilities the study could not be extended

and compared to other similar games.

(Ill) It would has been better if more samples could be

accommodated for the study.

1.7 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

(I) It is hypothesised that, there will be a significant relationship

between robusticity index and soccer playing ability.

(II) Medium robust (Normosthenic) players (Bengalee) are

better for the soccer performance.

1.8 DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS

(I) Anthropometric Measurement:

Anthropometric Measurements are dimensions of the

structure of the human body taken at specific sites to give

measures of length, breadth, girth, mass and percentage of

subcutaneous fatty tissue etc. by using the scientific

methods and technique.

(II) Physique:

The physique, visible phenotype, of an individual is

the result of the interaction of the environmental


45

modifications of his invisible genotype.

As regard the somatic characteristic Knussmann’s

(1968) opinion is that “Physique is the individual bodily

construction which is being realised in the course of on to

genesis”.

Eiben (1972) define “Physique as the morphological

constitution of the adult, which is formed by the

manifestation of genetically endowment and as a result of

adaptation processes of environmental effects”,

According to Sodhi and Sidhu, “the physique refer to

shake the size and form an individual”.

(Ill) ROBUSTICITY INDEX:

Robusticity index is the ratio of standing height with

the chest girth and weight.

The Formula is: -

RI. Height vertex in cm. -- (chest Girth in c.m. + Weight in k.g.)

1.9 Range - Variation

(According to Tschernorulzky)

Very strong Hypersthenic 10

Strong 11 - 15

Good Normosthenic 16 - 20

Medium 21 - 30

Very Weak Asthenia 31 - 35


46

Bad 36, <

(IV) Height vertex or stature:

It measures the vertical distance from vertex (v) to floor,

(vertex is the height point on the head when the head is in eye- cup

plane)

Instrument used: - Anthropo meter

(V) Chest Girth:

It measures circumference of the chest of the subject when

he is breathing normally.

Instrument used: Steel tape

(VI) Body Weight:

Weight should be taken by means of standard weighing

machine with fine accuracy. The subject should wear minimum

number of clothes and should not be weighted right after he has

taken meals.

Instrument used: - Weighing Machine

(VII) Kicking:

To drive a ball by hitting it with the foot in the play of soccer.

(VIII) Juggle:

To toss the ball in the air.

(IX) Dribble:


47

To impel a ball with a series of light taps with the foot while

maintaining possession. Soccer to move or advance the bN along

the ground with successive light kicks.

(X) Shooting:

To propel or drive a ball toward a goal by striking, punching

it with the foot.

(Xl) Soccer:

A game played between two teams of 11 players using an

inflated ball and a rectangular playing field having a goal at each

end with the object to drive the ball past the opposing goalkeeper

on to the goal for a score and to prevent the opposing team from

scoring. The ball is propelled mostly by kicking. While the ball is in

play only the goal keeper with in the penalty area is permitted to

catch the ball or to touch it with the hand. Players are not permitted

to hold, push or trip an opponent.

(Xli) Skill:

Skill can be defined from two view points , descriptive and

operational perspective.

Descriptive definitions are goal oriented and as certain the

accomplishment to specified tasks. The focus on a description of

how an individual behaves while attaining a specified goal.

Operational definitions deal with the mechanism and

qualities of Skilled Act.

(XllI) Sports Performance


48

Sports performance is a unity of execution and result of

sports action or corniex sequence of a sports actions measured or

evaluated according to agreed and socially determined norms.

(XIV) Strength:

Strength is the ability of the sports man to over come the

resistance or to work against it. It depend on contraction of the

muscle and process of CN.S.




CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of related literature is an essential work of a investigator to

formulate the research problem and to get an idea about the allied studies

which facilitates the proposed study. The objective of this study is the

relationship between Robusticity Index and Playing ability in Soccer.

Different investigators has tried to collect necessary information from

various books journaI. and research reports. The sports of soccer has not

been studied extensively by sports Scientists although reviews of the

various demands of the game has been documented( Reilly, 1979;

Kirkendall 1985; Ekblom — 1986; Reilly 1986).

The relevant literature Which the research scholar has come

across are mainly from Western Authors and that of Indian Authors are

few and far between. The related literatures which the investigator

presents has come across are relevant and found from various sources

are as follows:

Pal(1978) studied over one hundred physical education students

on relationship of physical fitness to selected Anthropometric

measurement are recommended that height was the most reliable.

Anthropometric measurement in predication of physical fitness of main

students. He also. recommended that the most valid combination of

Anthropometric measurements in predicting fitness consisted of height

and weight.

Sodhi (1980) studied on a cross sectional sample of 28 Basket ball

player of Districts and of State levels and 59 controls about 30


50

Anthropometric measurements on lack of the sample. He found that

Basket Ball player possessed typical characteristics of physique and body

composition which are helpful ri some way during the game. The

dominancy of many characteristics in case of State Level players over

those of the District Level once indicated further refinement such bodily

characteristics with respect to the level of competition.

Slaughter et. AL (1982) stated that a combination with height and

age improves the prediction of performance over age, height and body

alone by 11.9 % or the average, in accounting between 35 % and 50 % of

the variation in physical performance.

Morrow et. al. (1982) studied over 49 American world class

throwers and stated that comparisons between event participants indicate

that they differed significantly on the Anthropometric and strength

variables. Correlational Analysis revealed that upper body strengths

correlated r = .60 with performance discuss throwers , fat weight

correlated r = .80. Hammer performance and leg strength correlated r =

.72 with shot put performance. For Javelin throwers none of the

Anthropornetric strength or motor performance variables where

significantly related to event performance.

Saha (1980) studied randomly selected tribal and non-tribal school

students of Tripura aged 14 - 18 years and found that the mean

composite scores of Anthropnetric measurement and physal fitness

components of the tribal student was higher than that of non-tribal school

students , but non of the difference in the means where found statistically

significant at .05 level of confidence.

Kapoor( 1977) recommended that no single measurement efforts


51

the most accurate index to predict weight. In general chest width, chest

depth, shoulder width and height at the highest percentage of accuracy in

predicting weight but hip width had the least significance in weight

measurement.

Islegen and Akgun stated that to determine physical fitness for

soccer include aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, strength, speed, agility,

flexibility balance and coordination.

Bontrz Soccer test (1942) is an extension of the schaufele soccer

test and this was completed approximately two years ago the test was

used to determine general soccer abilities. A combination skill of dribbling,

passing and shooting the soccer ball is measured in this test.

Harold and Me. Gee(1973) reported the warner soccer test which

was administered on 319 high school boys to measure the general soccer

ability.

Thomson(1 977) stated that dribbling and Juggling can be used as

test for measuring soccer ability.

Sigerseth et. al. (1 950) compared the flexibility of footballers with

those from service course men and found that service course men to be

more flexible that the football player is in 13 of 21 measurements where

as footballers were significantly more flexible in only hip flexion.

Literature revealed that Heath and Elizabeth (1932 ) developed

slicker tests for classification of the boys into different grades for fifth and

sixth grade.

Bross(1934) focussed an sports skill at elementary and secondary

school levels by reporting a battery of six achievement test in Basketball.

These tests were slightly revised after three years and used as


52

achievement test in indoor basketball and soccer.

Elroy(1 938) used sixth soccer test on his School pupils. These

tests were committed by Staley and later on developed by Me. Curdy’s

committee several years ago. These tests proved to be very successful in

classifying the pupils according to their level of performance.

Bontrz and Jean (1942) in a thesis has an experiment in the

construction of a test for measuring ability in some of fundamental skills

used by fifth and sixth grade children in soccer.

Mc. Donald Soccer test (1951) was considered to serve as an

index of the game and developed an objective means of measuring

soccer ability.

Batly (1980) referred that shooting is an essential test for football.

Though he had not conducted but told this has too much necessity and

Saha 1986 conduct this test for his thesis and he had done a pilot study

for reliability and validity.




CHAPTER -III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the subjects, the criterion measures, the design, the

procedure for administering tests for the study and formula used for

statistical analysis are described.

After establishing the hypothesis in relation to the objectives the

next step is to develop the procedural method in the instructional model.

This indicates that specific operations based on the hypothesis that will

accomplish the desired objectives, must be planned and performed.

Hypothesis based information available should be used to direct the

procedure. Methodology is one by which programs are initiated and

carried out.

This chapter of methodology deals with the sampling procedure,

criterion measures, the design, tools and the procedure for data collection

have been described.

This is a study following under the category of experimental

research in the field of physical education. In this study, the investigator

made an attempt to evaluate relationship between robusticity index and

soccer performance of college level football players.

An attempt has been made to find out the motor performance and

kin anthropometric measures for robusticity index of the college/university

level footballer. Selected skill tests were also administered on these

footballers Which were duly analysed.


54

3.1 SUBJECT:

42 male college level soccer pLayers from three different

institutions (LN1PE,Gwalior, Jiawji University Gwalior and Atlahabad

University, Allahabad ) were selected as the subjects of the study,

The data were collected when they were attending the coaching

camp in connection with University Tournament.

The students were 20 to 25 years of age.

3.2 CRITERIAN MEASURES:

The following selected anthropometric and same selected skill

were taken as the criterion measures for this study

A. I) Height ii) Weight

iii) Chest circumference iv) Robusticity index

B. i) Dribbling ii) Shooting for accuracy

iii) Juggling iv) Playing ability in game situation

3.3 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE TESTS AND TESTERS

COMPETENCY:

The instruments used in this study were all standard

instrument of LN.I.P,E., (Deemed University) and there by the

reliability of the instruments used and also the testers competency

were establish.


55

The tests selected for this study were taken either from the

textbooks or from the published literature and there by the vaIiditi of the

tests are established.

3.4 TOOLS:

Tools is used for collecting data for the study were as follows:

i) Weighing Machine ii) Anthropometer for measuring height

iii) Measuring Steel Tape iv) Marking Materials

v) Footballs vi) Rope vii) Five plag posts

3.5 PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTERING TESTS

The tests were conducted in the playground of the L.N.I.P.E.

(Deemed University), Jiwaji University and Allahabad University

respectively. The following soccer skill tests and measurement was

administered:

1. Measurement of personal data.

2. Measurement of Anthropometric variables

3. Measurement of Soccer playing ability.

COLLECTION OF DATA:

Procedure for measuring Anthropometric variable:

a) Height vertex or stature: It measures the vertical distance from

vertex (v) to floor.


56

Instrument used: Anthropometer

Procedure: Subject took an erect standing position One stands on

he right side of the subject with Anthropometer in the medium

sagittat plan of the subject and allows moving cross bar to touch

the vertex (v) lightly. Note that the Anthropometer is in vertical

position.

b) Weight

Instrument Used: Weighting machine.

Procedure : Weight should be taken by means of standard

weighting machine with fine accuracy. The subject should put

minimum number of clothes and should not be weighed right after

he has taken meals. Proper adjustment should be made for the

clothes worm by the subject at the time of being weighed. It is

recommended that at the time of recording the weight of the

clothes should also be noted.

c) Chest Girth: It measures circumference of the chest of the subject

when he is breathing normally. The tape should be held

horizontally at the level of nipples passing over the lower scapular

angle. The arms of the subject may be raised before fixing the tape

around the chest but is no case they should be allowed to remain

horizontal. The arms should rest normally while taking the

measurement.

d) Robusticity Index Height Vertex in cm. — ( Chest Girth in c.m. +

weight in k.g.)


57

MEASUREMENT OF SOCCER PLAYING ABILITY

For a modified soccer playing ability comprising four tests

conducted. Out of this four, one test was adopted from Warner’s soccer

skill test and from Batty (1980) These two tests referred by Eric G. Batty

Coaching Modern Soccer - Attack”, though he had not conducted these

tests but he suggested that these are too much necessary for measuring

football ability and S.Saha conducted these test for his thesis and he had

done a pilot study for reliability and validity.

1. Dribbling for time

Purpose : To measure ability to control the ball with the feet.

Facilities and equipment Five objects, Soccer ball, stop-watch.

Procedure : the students dribbled the Soccer ball in and out among

the objects and is timed for the course of the trip. The distance between

the two successive objects was 15 (fifteen) ft. and from starting line to the

first object is also fifteen ft. On the signal ready “go” dribble the ball to the

right and left of that five objects around the end one and back to the same

manner and cross the starting jine. Three trials were timed and the best

one was recorded.

2. *Shooting for accuracy

Purpose: To measure accuracy.

Facilities and equipment: Football, Goal post and Cross bar, being divided

in to separate zones.


58

Procedure: The bait kept in the penalty spot. Three chances were given to

each subject and the space in between goat posts were divided in to sex

and earned score according to complicity. The points scored from three

chance were recorded by the experts.

3. Juggling for control and coordination:

Facilities and equipment: Smooth surface and soccer ball

Procedure : The subjects were standing inside the football ground.

For each subjects, the investigator engaged a scorer. The scorer was

instructed by the researcher that he can observe his subject and his

score/number of the ball juggling by the body parts. Than the subjects

began to juggle the ball with signal (start), and they stopped when ball fell

down on the ground. The number of juggling made by each subject was

the score recorded.

4. Playing ability in game situation:

To measure the overall performance in game situation, three

experts rating procedure were conducted by the researcher. The total no.

of subject were divided into two teams and a practice match is played

between this two teams. A group of experts (three experts in a group)

observed the practice match carefully and marking according to their

(subjects) ability.




CHAPTER-IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULT

Presentation of Data Analysis and Discussion of Findings:

The collected data according to the procedure discussed in the

chapter-Ill were presented in this chapter in tabular form. The raw score

were processed and group according to the purpose of the study. The

appropriate statistical analyses were made and computed scores were

presented in this chapter.

Presentation of Personal Data Group Wise:

The mean scores and standard deviation of age, height and weight of

three groups have been presented in table no. 1

Table No. - 1

Mean and S.D. of personal data of three different institute viz.

L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji University, Allahabad University.

Name of the

institution

Age (year) Height (cm.) Weight (kg.)

Mean ± SD. Mean ± S.D. Mean ± S.D.

Deemed University 23.78 ± 1.12 166.96 ± 6.45 60.43 ± 6.06

Jiwaji University 23.57 ± 0.94 168.96 ± 4.97 60.75 ± 4.81

Allahabad University 23.92 ± 0.83 166.57 ± 4.88 5628 ± 4,39


60

Table No. - 1, indicates the following information regarding the personal

data of three groups

(i) Age: - The mean age and standard deviation of the three groups

viz. L.N.I.P.E., Deemed University; Jiwaji University, and

Allahabad University were 23.78 ± 1.12; 23.57 ± 0.94 and

23.92 ± 0.83 years respectively. Each group seemed to be

close in age.

(ii) Height: - The mean height and standard deviation of thre groups viz.

L.N.I.P.E. Deemed University, Jiwaji University, and

Allahabad University were 166.96 ± 6.45; 168.96 ± 4.97 and

166.57 ± 4.88 cm. Respectively. The L,N.I.P.E., Deemed

University, Jiwaji University and Allahabad University

seemed to be relatively same so far as the height is

concerned. Where as Jiwaji University possesses slightly

greater height than the other two groups.

(iii) Weight: - The mean weight of three groups viz. L.N.I.P.E.

Deemed University, Jiwaji University, and Allahabad

University were 60.43 kg.; 60.75 kg.; and 56.28 kg. With a

variation of ± 6.06; ± 4.81; and ± 4.39 respectively. So far as

the weight is concerned L.N.I.P.E. Deemed University and

Jiwaji University Possesses identical result But Department

of Physical Education. Allahabad University was found

slightly lower weight in comparison to other groups.


61

Table No. 2

Mean and standard deviation of Robusticity Index three different

institutions.

Deemed University Jiwaji University Allahabad University

Robusticity

Index

Mean - 21.5

S.D. ± 9.34

Mean - 23.21

S.D. ± 7.4

Mean - 26.5

S.D. ± 6.67

Table No-2, shows the mean Robusticity Index (RI) LN.I.P.E

Gwalior, and Department of Physical Education Jiwaji University are 21.5

± 9.3; 23.21 ± 7.42 and 26.5 ± 6.67 respectively. Among this institution

Allahabad University shows a higher value of 26.5 as RI. in comparision

to other Institutions. Which manifests a low RI. On the other hand the R.l.

of Jiwaji University is higher than the L.N.I.P.E. Gwaiior which manifests a

lower R.I.

It may be noted that lower the RI. value, higher the Robusticity and

vice- versa.


62

Table No. -3

Robusticity Index and Range of variation of soccer player of three

different Institution.

S. No.

Deemed University Jiwaji University Allahabad University

R.I. Range R.I. Range R.I. Range

1 19 N 16.5 N 27 N

2 26 N 22 N 32 A

3 25.5 N 34 A 17 N

4 29.5 N 31 A 16 N

5 9 H* 24 N 24 N

6 20 N 29 N 27 N

7 23.5 N 30 N 31 A

8 20 N 29 N 32 A

9 20.5 N 9 H* 28 N

10 15 N 25 N 22 N

11 21 N 14.5 N 27 N

12 33.5 A 26 N 40 A

13 37.5 A 14 N 40 A

14 1 H* 21 N 18 N

Note: H - Hypersthenic, N - Normosthenic, A - Asthenic

Table No. -3, shows the R.l. and its range obtain from the formula

mentioned in chapter 1 and II of L,N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji

University and Allahabad University. It is found that in L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed

University) there are 2 Hypersthenic, 10 Normosthenic and 2 Asthenics. In

Department of Physical Education, Jiwaji University, there are I Hypersthenic,


63

11 Normosthenic and 2 Asthenics. n case of Allahabad University there IC

ormosthenic and 4 asthenic, Among three institutions. Allahabad. University is

devoid, of any Hypersthenic player. This is interesting to note that L.N.I.P.E:

(Deemed University) and Jiwaji University only . having 3 H.ypersthenic

Soccer prayer Only.

The distribution robtisticities characteristics of college [evel Soccer

player have graphically (F• 7 & 8).

Fig -6 Graphical repre ntatGn of Robusticity characteristic of L N I P E

(Deemed University) Soccer players.

Robusticity Characteristic of LN.I.P.E


64

Fig.- 7 Graphica1 representation of Robusticity characteristic of Jiwaji

University Soccer players.

Robusticity Characteristic of Jiwaji University

Flg. 8 Graphical representation of Robuticity characteristic Allahabad:

University Soccer players.

Robusticity Characteristic of Allahabad University


65

Table No. - 4

Distribution of subjects of different institutions on the basis of Range Variation

of Robusticity Index.

Name of Institution Range

Hypersthenic Normosthenic Asthenic

LN.LP.E. (Deemed University) 14.29 % 71.42 % 14.29%

Jiwaji University 7.14 % 78.57 % 14.29%

Allahabad University Nil 71.42 % 28.58 %

From table no.4, it is found that L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University)

possessed 14,29 %, 71.42 % and 14.29 %, Hypersthenic, Normosthenic, and

Asthenic Soccer player. In case of Jiwaji University such distribution is 7.14 %

78.57 % and 14.29%.

Incase of Allahabad University such distribution is niH, 71.42 % and

28.58 % respectively.

This finding also reveal that all three institutions more than 70% of the

player lie at the normosthenic range. Among the three institutions 14.27%

Soccer player of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) are Hypersthenic and on the

other hand 28.58% of Soccer player of Allahabad University are at asthenic

range which is double the value of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) and Jiwaji

University. -

It may be àoncluded that the soccer players of all the three Institutions

Were at Norrnosthenic range.


66

Table No. - 5

Inter-group difference in Rousticity Index.

Variables Value of

‘F’

Required value of ‘F’ to be

significant of 0.05 level & 0.01 level

of confidence

Remark

Robusticity 1.45 ‘F’

at 0.05 level =3.25

at 0.01 level = 5.25

No

Significant

Table no- 5 shows the inter -group comparison of mean difference and

the ‘F’ value obtain is 1.45 which is not significant (in respect to the significant

value 3.25 at 0.05 level and 5.25 at 0.01 level although there are differences in

mean in Robusticity Index among three groups. Since ‘F’ value is not

significant between the groups the mean could not be verified for ‘T’ test. The

ethnic stem of the subjects have got its own typical genetic feature so for as

there structure are concerned. It appeared that most of the subjects are

Bengalee whose average height and stature have got its own typical

characteristic and generally they are not Hypersthenic type.

It may be assumed that such factor have been reflected in all three

groups of different institutions.

To find out the significant reference, therefore, it may be concluded that

none of the institutes have any difference in Robusticity Index while

considered together.


67

Table No. -6

Mean and Standard Deviation of Soccer playing ability of three different

institutions.

Name of the Institution

Name of the

measurement

L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed

University)

Jiwaji

University

Allahabad

Univeristy

Playing ability Mean - 7.27

S.D.±1.49

Mean - 6.75

S.D.±0.71

Mean - 7.2

SD±O.88

Table No. - .6, shows the mean playing ability scores of L.N.IP.E. (Deemed

University) is 7.27 ± 1.49, Jiwaji University 6.75 ± 0.71 and Allahabad

University 7.21 ± 0.88. all together mean of Jiwaji University is lower in

comparison of L,N.I.P.E. (Deemed University) and Allahabad University.

Therefore it appears that the playing ability of college level player are

very closed. In order to find out the significant difference on Soccer playing

ability among three groups one way ANOVA was used to test the Hypothesis

at 0.05 level and 0.11 level of significance.


68

Table No. -7

Represented the calculation of F-Ratio, Inter group difference in playing

abilities

Variable Value of

‘F’

Required values of?’ to be

significant

of 005 level and 0.01 level of

confidence

Remarks

Soccer

playing

ability

0.96 ‘F

at 0.05 level = 19.45

at 0.01 level = 99.46

No

significant

It was observed from table no. -7 that no significant difference in means

was found among three groups in relation to Soccer Playing ability. The

computed ‘F1 value (0.96) was much more lesser that the table value (‘F’ at

0.05 level = 19.54 and at 0.01 level =99.46) required for significant.

Since the mean was scores of L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University), Jiwaji

University and Allahabad University, Institutions do not have significant

differences amongst themselves. It may be concluded that the ability of the

groups are more or less close.


69

Table No. -8

Coefficient of correlation between playing ability and RI. of

college level Soccer players.

Playing Ability

Robusticity

Index

L.N.I.P.E. (Deemed University)

Jiwaji University

Allahabad Univeristy

0.17 0.24 0.35

Table No. - 8, shows the coefficient of correlation between playing

ability and Robusticity Index of college level Soccer players. The result shows

that there is no significant relation between playing ability and Robusticity

Index of the same Institute. The value of ‘r’ while compared between playing

ability and Robusticity Index of the same group (L,N.I.P.E., Deemed

University) is positive but not significant. Similar relation was found in case of

Jiwaji University. In case of Allahabad University a negative non-significant

correlation was obtained. Perhaps this is an indication of the higher range

value of Robusticity Index of Allahabad University Soccer player who tends to

Asthenic in nature rather than Hypersthanic.

Since the mean value of playing ability were of closely differentiated

value of difference were negligible as referred table no. - 2. On the other hand

despite non-significant differences as obtained from the F value (1.45).

There is a difference in the range trend of Allahabad

University towards nonhypersthenic Robusticity. Such an

opposite mean value revealed a negative relationship between

a Robusticity Index and playing abil ity of Allahabad University.


70

Therefore, it may be concluded that there is no relation between Robusticity

index and playing ability of Soccer players comparison of mostly the racially

Bengalees.




CHAPTER - V

SUMMARY

The present study was taken to find out the relationship between

Robusticity Index and the Soccer playing ability. The 42 subjects were

selected from College and University level. Scholar tried to find out the index in

relation to their playing ability on the Soccer field. This study was considered

as the important relations and effects the final outcomes. All the subjects were

selected in age group of 22-25 years and from the following universities such

as L.N.I.P.E, Jiwaji and Allahabad University, further it was hypothesised that

there would be significant relationship between Robusticity and Soccer playing

ability. For finding the relationship few variables were selected under the

heading:

(1) Anthrapornatic measurement

(2) Skills (playing ability)

Further anthropomatic measurement for the following sites- Height,

Weight, Chest circumference, Robusticity Index and Playing ability was

divided in dribbling, shooting for accuracy, juggling and playing ability in game

situation.

Reliability measures were also taken into consideration for the selected

test validity and tests competency before moving ahead in the study. The data

was collected at three places at the universities the standard equipments

were used for collecting data. After collecting the data, the data was analysed

on the basis of their mean and standard deviation. This analysis derived

the result values for Robusticity Index and playing ability. The findings were


72

having negligible outcomes which were required to be significant. The values

revealed in negative relationship between selected variables and finally

deviated to other side from that of scholar hypothesised earlier in the study.

CONCLUSION

With the limitation of the study, the following conclusion was drawn which are

as follows:

The mean values of playing ability were closely differentiated and

referred as negligible for having significant relation therefore it may be

concluded that there is no significant relationship occurs between Robusticity

Index and Playing abilities of Soccer players.

RECOMMENDATION

On the basis of research study the following recommendation are

made for the future study

1. A more expensive study on Robusticity Index and Playing ability of

Soccer players may be undertaken to get more accurate outcomes.

2. A same study may be made for the other level of Soccer player, which

were not taken in present study.

3. The similar studies can also be taken on the female Soccer player to

develop the sports in country.

4. Studies may be conducted to find out more satisfactory conclusion’s by

taking any other important variables with the earlier too.


73

5. Studied may be conducted to know the more effective variables such

as Robusticity Index to have future performances.

6. In last the same Robusticity Index and the playing ability in other

games arid sports can also be conducted to have any significant role.




BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Barow, Mege H.M., R. “ Apracticat approach to measurement to physical

education” Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, 1979

Batty Eric 0., “Coaching Moder Soccer — Attack” Fakenham Press Limilted,

Fakenham, Nàrfalk, Great Britain, P117. 1980

Bucher Charles A., “Administration of Physical Education and Athletic

Programmes’ (London: The C. V. Mosby Company, 7th ed., 1979), p.32.

islegan and Akgun N., “Effect of Six Weeks Pre-Seasonal Training on Physical

Fitness among Soccer Players”, Science and Football, New York, (April 1987),

p-125.

Merriam - Webstar, “Webstars Sports Dictionary” (Publisher Springfield,

Massachusetts, U.S.A., 1976), p-243.

Singh H. “Sports Training General Theory and Method” NSNIS, Patiala, India,

1984), p-l5

Singh I. P. and Bhasin M.K., “Anthromitry” (Kamla - Roy Enterprises, Delhi,

1963), p.53.


75

Sodhi H.S. and Sidhu L.S.. “Physique and Selection of Sportman” (Punjab

Publishing House, Patiala, 1984), p-1

Journals & Periodicals

Morrow James R. et. al. ‘Anthropometric, Strength and Performance

Characteristics of American World Class Throwers’ (The Journal of Sports

Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol.-22 N-March, 1982).

Saia U.C., “Comparison of Selected Anthropometric Measurements and

Physical Fitness Variable of Tribal and Non-Tribal Students of Tripura’ (M.P.E.

Dissertation of Jiwaji University, 1980).

Slaughter M.H. et al “Relationship of Anthropometric Dimensions of Physical

Performance in Children’ (The Journal of Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol. -

22, No.-3, Sept, 1982), p-382.

Sodhi H.S., “A Study of Morphological and Body Composition of Indian

Basketball Playing” (The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

Vol.20, No. 4, 1980).

Miscellaneous

Kapoor Pratima, “Relationship of Body Weight to Skeletal Dimensons” Thesis

Abstracts (1965-80). L.N.I.P.E. Gwalior, 1984, p. 60-61

Pal Romesh, Cited by Ray D. “Comparative Study of Strength and Cardio

Respiratory Endurance Capacity between Tribles and Non-Tribles”. Thesis

Paper M.P.Ed. in Physical Education, Kalyani University, 1985, p-35.

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