BPK 303

KinanthropometryFall 2015

Instructor: Dr. Richard Ward

email: ward@sfu.ca

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Kinanthropometry The quantification of Body Size, Shape,

Proportion and Composition to describe or explain Function, Growth, Maturation and Performance.

Defined by William D. (Bill) Ross in the 1970’s to to bring together scientists who appeared to be working in quite disparate areas but whose studies had tremendous relevance to each other.

International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry

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(ISAK) website home page

www.isakonline.com

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AnthropometrySimple but expensive equipment

Anthropometer $1400

Harpenden Skinfold Caliper > $200

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AnthropometryInexpensive Alternatives

Woodworkers Tape with Pencil Holder $16

Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper$35

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Anthropometric Conventions I.S.A.K. - International Society for the

Advancement of Kinanthropometry I.B.P. - Internationl Biological Programme

Standardized Techniques

In House Standardization•Do not trust the name of the measurement•Check the original description

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Anthropometry

Standardized techniquesvalid

calibration

reliablemeasurement errorobjectivity

Which Variables to Measure?

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Comprehensive Do not reduce the number of measures

just to save time

Specific Tailor the data collection to the

hypothesis

Landmarking Reference to bone landmarks Skin moves relative to the bone so that the pose of the

subject is important

Horizontal linesNot crosses or dots

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Professional Approach

Informed Consent Training increases validity & confidence Honour subject’s personal space Take adequate measures to minimize error

Recorder Data Sheet Data Transmission Legible Recording

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Anthropometry

Fall 2015

BPK303

Anthropometric Measures Fall 2015

12Spring 2008

Data Sheet 1 Data Sheet 2 Data Sheet 3

Stretch Stature (cm) Bone Widths (cm) Projected Heights (cm) Weight (kg) Humerus Sitting Height Femur Ilio-Spinale Skinfolds (mm) Trochanterion Triceps Girths (cm) Tibiale Laterale Subscapular Head Biceps Neck Direct Lengths (cm) Forearm Arm (relaxed) Upper Arm (Ac – Rad) Iliac Crest Arm (flexed) Forearm (Rad – Sty) Supraspinale Forearm (max.) Hand (MidSty – Dac) Abdominal Wrist Tibial (Tib Med – Sphy) Front Thigh Chest Foot Medial Calf Waist Gluteal Breadths (cm) Thigh A.P. Chest Depth Calf Transverse Chest Ankle Biacromial Breadth Biiliocristal Breadth

Anthropometric Equipment

13Spring 2008

14Spring 2008

Anthropometry

Landmarking necessary for repeatability of measures

Only a few landmarks are required for the measures used in this course

Standard Landmarking & Measurement Position

Landmarks must be short horizontal lines

15Spring 2008

Stretch Stature (Height) Head held in Frankfort Plane Requires two people to measure Feet together Stretch justified as overcoming

diurnal variation Check for heel lifting (especially in

children)

16Spring 2008

Variability of Height

Height can vary up to 2.5cm a day or more

Compression of the intervertebral discs occurs

Lost height can be restored with fetal curls

17Spring 2008

Weight Fluctuation Calibrated scale Beam balances tend to hold calibration longer OMRON Scale and Body Composition Analyzer

18Spring 2008

Skinfolds

Parallel fold of double thickness of skin plus subcutaneous adipose tissue

Caliper applied perpendicular to the fold

Fold held firmly by left hand while full pressure is applied by caliper

2 second timing until reading Skinfolds can be measured at any

site where there is a loose junction between subcutaneous adipose tissue and the underlying fascia.

19Spring 2008

Skinfold Calipers

Slim Guide Caliper Pressure?

Spring Tension / Jaw Surface Area

Harpenden10 gm.mm-2

Lange35 gm.mm-2

Slim Guide11.4 gm.mm-2

Harpenden

Adipometer

Slim Guide

Fatometer

Lange

20Spring 2008

Skinfold Calipers

Harpenden Lange SlimGuide FatoMeter Adipometer

Precision greater than necessary.

Delicate

Stays calibrated for a long time

Expensive

> $200

GOLD STANDARD

Small jaw surfaces that pivot

Calibration wanders

Expensive

> $150

ABS Plastic

Robust

Stays calibrated for a long time

Inexpensive

$35

Plastic

Fragile

Parallel jaw surfaces

Weak Springs

Inexpemsive

< $20

Single piece of molded plastic

Uses elastic properties of plastic to exert constant tension

It Works!

< $10

Skinfold Descriptions

Technique

Subscapular Skinfold the caliper distance when applied one centimeter distally from the left thumb and index finger raising a fold beneath the inferior angle of the scapula in a direction running obliquely downwards at an angle determined by the natural lines of tension in the skin. The pick up can be made consistent by placing the little finger of the left hand on the angle of the scapula then placing the index finger just to the right of it and the thumb just below it. Site

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Girths

Circumference perpendicular to the long axis of the body segment

Tape should be touching but not indenting skin

Cross-handed technique

Compressive Clothing Effect

23Spring 2008

GIRTHSSlim Top

Bra Nude Sports BraSwim Suit

 

Chest (meso) 97.6 98.0 - 99.3 98.2

Chest (max) 97.5 98.9 95.6 96.8 97.5

  2 cm could be 10 – 15% point shift in percentile rating

 

 GIRTHSYoga Pants

UnderwearFitted Shorts

Compression Shorts

Swim Suit

Loose Shorts

Gluteal 103.4 104.2 102.1 101.5 102.0 105.6

  4 cm could be 20 – 30% point shift in percentile rating

 

Thigh 62.1 63.0 60.3 62.0 - -

  2.5 cm could be 15 - 20% point shift in percentile rating

24Spring 2008

Projected Heights Perpendicular

distance from floor to landmark

Tibiale Height usually measured standing although sometimes used seated for disabled populations.

Derived length = difference between two projected heights

25Spring 2008

Direct Lengths From landmark to landmark

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Bone Widths & Breadths Caliper type and placement specific to measurement Press firmly while measurement is made Vernier Scale

Validity & Reliability

27Spring 2008

UnreliableNot Valid

UnreliableValid?

ReliableNot Valid

ReliableValid

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Measurement Reliability

How do you quantify reliability? Is a correlation coefficient

adequate? Technical Error of Measurement?

29Spring 2008

Correlation Coefficient: Poor indicator of reliability

A high correlation between trials does not necessarily indicate reliability unless slope is 1 and intercept is 0.

Means of trials 1 and 2 would be different. Paired t-test with no sig. diff. between means with a high correlation would show high reliability. But this would be clumsy analysis.

r = > 0.9

Line of Identity

Trial 1

Trial

2

30Spring 2008

Technical Error of Measurement

I II d d2 7.5 8.0 +0.5 .25

15.0 15.5 +0.5 .25 12.5 12.5 0 0 13.0 12.9 -0.1 .01 32.0 35.0 +3.0 9 4.5 4.5 0 0

Sum d2 9.51 TEM 0.81mm

Measure of variability between two trials

TEMdiff

n

2

2

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% TEM

To compare the relative reliabilities of measures using different units such as height and weight, a %TEM is used.

%TEM is the absolute TEM divided by the mean of the measurements multiplied by 100.

A dimensionless score that can be compared across measurements.

Also for same measurement when size is an issue

32Spring 2008

% Technical Error of Measurement

1 0 0)/(% M eanTEMTEM

I II d d2

7.5 8 0.5 0.25

15 15.5 0.5 0.25

12.5 12.5 0 0

13 12.9 -0.1 0.01

32 35 3 9

4.5 4.5 0 0

Sum d2 9.51

TEM 0.89

Mean 14.41 %TEM 6.18

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Typical Skinfold %TEMs

Skinfold Male FemaleTriceps 3.0 4.0Subscapular 3.6 3.6Biceps 2.3 2.9Iliac Crest 6.2 8.3Supraspinale 3.4 4.0Abdominal 6.2 8.7Front Thigh 4.7 6.4Medial Calf 2.8 4.5