reformation time line

8/14/2019 Reformation Time Line

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AP European HistoryReformation Timeline

II. The Reformation Period (1516 - 1558)

1516Erasmus publishes his edition of Greek-Latin New Testament, Novum Instrumentum; this translation powerfully

demonstrated the corruption of the Latin Vulgate's text; Erasmus promotes the translation of the Bible into vernaculartongues for reading by the plowboy and the "simplest woman"Pope Julius II convenes the Lateran Council to undertake reforms in abuses of Church in RomeSir Thomas More writes Utopia

1517Tetzel hired by Albert of Mainz to sell indulgencesMartin Luther posts 95 theses in protest against saleable indulgences

1518

Luther appears before Cardinal Cajetan at Augsburg, but refuses to recant; in December, Frederick the Wise protectsLuther from being handed over to Rome.

The Spanish begin to carry out their conquest of Mexico

1519Luther questions papal infallibility in a debateZwingli begins New Testament sermons; Swiss reformation is bornCortes enters Aztec capital, TenochtitlanCharles V (of Spain) succeeds Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor

1520Papal bull "Exsurge Domine" gives Luther 60 days to recant or be excommunicated; writes 3 seminal documents: Tothe Christian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The Freedom of a Christian; burns papal bull andcanon lawSuleiman I (the Magnificent) becomes sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turks)

1521Luther is Excommunicated by the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem; at Diet of Worms in April, he refuses torecant writings, and edict (in May) condemns him as heretic and outlaw; he is "kidnapped" and hidden at WartburgCastle; begins translating the New Testament into German. Religious unrest in Wittenberg: private masses abolished,Karlstadt serves Communion in both elements, religious statues destroyed


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Pope titles Henry VIII "Defender of the Faith" for attacking Luther's views of the sacramentsLutheran books appear in England"Zwickau prophets," early Anabaptists, arrive in WittenbergPope Leo X dies, succeeded by Hadrian VI

The Turks capture BelgradeFirst Protestant communion is celebrated at WittenburgDiet of Worms; Luther refuses to recant; gets backing of German princes; begins German translation of Bible

William Tyndale begins teaching at Little Sodbury; disputes with local clergy and is arraigned on charges of heresy

1522Anabaptist movement begins in GermanyLuther introduces German liturgy in Wittenburg

1524Tyndale seeks patronage of Bishop Tunstall and is rebuffed; then, assisted by Monmouth, he travels to Germany andregisters at the University of Wittenburg

1524Peasant Wars breaks out in southern GermanyDiet of Nuremberg fails to enforce Edict of Worms condemning Luther

1525In Cologne, Tyndale prepares to print an English New Testament; but he is discovered and escapes with only a fewprinted portions. Anabaptist movement begins in Zrich, spreads to Germany; First Zrich disputation with thoseopposed to infant baptism; First believer's baptism in Zrich; Denck banished from Nuremberg for views on Lord'sSupper; First Anabaptist congregation of 35 converts established in Zollikon; First imprisonment of Anabaptists occursin Zrich; they escape

Luther marries Katherine von BoraCharles V defeats Francis I; Elector Frederick the Wise dies; France makes pact with Suleiman I

1526Tyndale completes the printing of New Testament (in Worms); (It is the first printing of the New Testament in Englishand the first English translation of the scriptures from the Biblical Greek); smuggled copies of his New Testaments aresoon being circulated throughout England.Cardinal Wolsey presides at a massive burning of "Lutheran" booksReformation spreads to Sweden and Denmark

1527


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The German and Spanish Imperial troops of Charles V sack RomeLuther pens "A Mighty Fortress"; writes against Zwingli's views on the Lord's SupperFirst Protestant university (Marburg) founded

1527-1530English agents seek to capture Tyndale on the Continent; he keeps moving and continues to translate and write

1528Reformation established in BernSwabian League authorizes military division of 400 horsemen to scout for Anabaptists.

Thomas Bilney, respected Cambridge preacher and "Lutheran sympathizer," is dragged from his pulpit and imprisoned

1529Tyndale publishes Obedience of a Christian Man; Sir Thomas More begins writing against Tyndale and Luther(Dialogue)Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce fromCatherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the "Reformation Parliament"

and begins to cut the ties with the Church of RomeDiet of Speyer-Luther's followers name Protestants (first use of the term)Luther and Zwingli attend Marburg Colloquy, but no agreement reached on the Lord's Supper

Tyrolean Anabaptists flea homeland for MoraviaDiet of Speyer restores death penalty for rebaptizing

Turks lay siege to Vienna

1530Tyndale's translation of the the first five books of the Old Testament appears in England (printed in Worms); he alsopublishes Practice of Prelates. Hoffman baptizes 300 Anabaptists in Emden and sends lay preachers to Netherlands

Luther, as outlaw, cannot attend the Diet of Augsburg, held in attempt to end religious division in the empire;Melanchthon presents Augsburg Confession, a statement of Lutheran beliefs.Protestants form Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V

1531Zwingli angles for French support for the Reformation by allowing Swiss mercenaries to be hiredDressed in battle armor, Zwingli joins the forces on October 11 and is killed in battle

1532English clergy submit to Henry VIIICalvin starts Protestant movement in France; publishes his first work-a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia.


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Diet of Regensburg and Peace of Nuremberg guarantee religious toleration in face of Turkish threat

1533Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury; (This effectively ends clerical celibacy among Anglicans, asCranmer is twice-married)

Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine is declared void; Anne Boleyn crowned Queen.Calvin and Nicolas Cop flee Paris. At about this time Calvin undergoes a "sudden conversion."Pizarro conquers PeruIvan "the Terrible" (age 3) ascends Russian throne

1534Tyndale's revised New Testament is printedPope Paul III, the father of three illegitimate children, comes to powerLuther completes translation of Bible into GermanAct of Supremacy Henry VIII establishes himself as Supreme Head of Church and Clergy of England

Ignatius Loyola founds Society of Jesus to spread Counter Reformation

1535Thomas More and Cardinal Fisher beheaded for opposing Henry VIIIAnabaptist uprising at Mnster put down, and Anabaptists executedCharles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves; Emperor forms Catholic Defense LeagueFrance makes pact with Suleiman I

1536Following a fifteen month imprisonment William Tyndale is strangled and burned at stake for heresy (6th October)

Luther agrees to Wittenberg Concord on the Lord's Supper, in an attempt to resolve differences with other reformers,but the Zwinglians do not accept itDenmark and Norway become Lutheran;Erasmus diesCalvin is persuaded by Farel to remain in Geneva; publishes the first edition of Institutes of the Christian ReligionHenry VIII dissolves 376 monasteries and nuneries

1538Calvin and Farel are banished from Geneva. Calvin goes to Strasbourg as pastor to the French-speaking congregation.Luther writes against the Jews in Against the Sabbatarians


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1539Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the bequest of the King Henry VIII commissions Myles Coverdale topublish a large pulpit Bible. It became the first English Bible authorized for public use, distributed to every church andchained to the pulpit. The Great Bible was approved by Henry VIII: "sent abroad among the people" to be read by alland "set forth with the king's most gracious license". This Bible - mostly comprised of Tyndale's translation - wasknown as the "Great Bible" due to its great size: a large pulpit folio measuring over 14 inches tall. It would seem thatWilliam Tyndale's last prayer had been granted three years after his martyrdom. The Six Articles, against Lutheranism.

Hugh Latimer, bishop of Winchester, resigns in protest. Henry VIII is still occasionally burning Lutherans and hangingRoman Catholics.Henry VIII marries and divorces Anne of Cleves, executes the now-unpopular Thomas Cromwell, and marries KatherineHoward.Cardinal Sadeleto writes letter to Geneva. Calvin is asked to respond on behalf of Geneva.Frankfurt Truce declared between Catholic and Protestant territories

1540Pope recognizes order of Jesuits; will make them the chief agents of Counter ReformationConferences at Hagenau and Worms fail to reconcile Protestants and Catholics

1541John Calvin establishes theocracy in GenevaJohn Knox establishes Calvinist Reformation in ScotlandHenry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of Irish ChurchAt Conference of Regensburg, Melanchthon and Bucer reach agreement with Catholics on most doctrines, but Lutherand Rome reject their workCalvin writes a treatise on free will against the Roman Catholic theologian Albert Pighius

1543

Luther writes On the Jews and Their LiesCopernicus writes that earth revolves around sunAlliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France

1544Ferdinand I and Suleiman I agree to truceCouncil of Trent, for reform of Catholic Church, opensCranmer instructed to write prayers and a litany (for the army) in English. He does this so well that he is asked tomake a prayer book in English, based on the service at Salisbury Cathedral

1545


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Henry VIII's last speech to Parliament; He says Papist, Lutheran, Anabaptist are names devised by the devil to sunderone man's heart from anotherLuther writes Against the Papacy at Rome, an Institution of the DevilPeace of Augsburg allows rulers to determine religion of their region

1546

Luther dies

1547Henry VIII dies

1553Edward VI dies; succeeded by Mary I ("Bloody Mary")Servetus, Spanish theologian and physician executed in Geneva as a heretic

1554

Mary I marries Philip (later Philip II of Spain); Catholicism restored in England; Elizabeth is imprisoned. During Mary'sreign, about 300 Protestants are burned, including 5 bishops, 100 priests, 60 women. John Rogers, Tyndale's closeassistant (alias "Thomas Matthew"), is the first to burn. Protestants are forced into exile or hiding. An attempt byCardinal Pole (Mary's archbishop of Canterbury) to restore monasticism fizzles when, among 1500 surviving monks,nuns, and friars, fewer than 100 are willing to return to celibacy.In the 1550's the Church in Switzerland was very sympathetic to the reformer refugees and was one of only a few safehavens for a desperate people. Many of them gathered in Geneva, led by Myles Coverdale and John Foxe as well as

Thomas Sampson and William Whittingham. Over 200 including 8 pastors and 2 bishops found refuge in John Knox'scongregation and there were many more English Protestants in exile elsewhere. There, with the protection of JohnCalvin, the Church of Geneva determined to produce a Bible that would educate their families while they continued in

exile.

1555Bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley are burned at the stake as Cranmer watches; Later John Hooper and JohnBradford are also burned

1556Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, is forced to recant but later repudiates; He is burned at the stake

1557

Publication of Geneva New Testament


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1558Mary I dies; succeeded by Elizabeth IDefeat of Spanish Armada

"Reformation Timeline." Master's Table. 9/20/2009. Web. 20 Sep 2009. .

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