Reformation and Religious Reformation and Religious Wars Wars

Start to RebellionStart to Rebellion

Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in North/ dominated religious life in North/ West Europe.West Europe.

Many people criticized practicesMany people criticized practices

Criticism-Church leaders just Criticism-Church leaders just wanted to gain wealth and wanted to gain wealth and political power.political power.

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the ReformationRenaissance -secularism and humanism-led people questioning Renaissance -secularism and humanism-led people questioning the church.the church.Printing press – JoAnn Gutenberg (1440) shaped spread ideas Printing press – JoAnn Gutenberg (1440) shaped spread ideas critical to Church.critical to Church.Monarchs challenged ChurchMonarchs challenged ChurchMany leaders viewed Pope as foreign ruler and challenged Many leaders viewed Pope as foreign ruler and challenged authority.authority.Princes and kings jealous of Church’s wealth.Princes and kings jealous of Church’s wealth.Merchants hated paying taxes to church.Merchants hated paying taxes to church.Church leaders worldly and corrupt.Church leaders worldly and corrupt.Selling of indulgences and other practices unacceptable.Selling of indulgences and other practices unacceptable.Some Monks couldn’t read the Bible.Some Monks couldn’t read the Bible.

Early ReformersEarly Reformers

John Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus John Wycliffe (England) and Jan Hus (Bohemia)-advocated Church reform. (Bohemia)-advocated Church reform. (burned at the stake)(burned at the stake)Denied that Pope had a right to worldly Denied that Pope had a right to worldly powerpowerBible had more authority than church Bible had more authority than church leadersleadersDesiderus Eramus/Thomas More- Desiderus Eramus/Thomas More- Humanists added to criticism Humanists added to criticism

Wycliffe BibleWycliffe Bible

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Monk-1517 took public stand against friar Monk-1517 took public stand against friar named Johann Tetzelnamed Johann Tetzel

Tetzel sold indulgences to pay for Tetzel sold indulgences to pay for rebuilding St. Peter’s Cathedral.rebuilding St. Peter’s Cathedral.

Indulgence- Indulgence- pardon-released sinner from pardon-released sinner from performing penalty that priest imposed for performing penalty that priest imposed for sins) sins)

People thought People thought “If I buy indulgence I can “If I buy indulgence I can buy my way to heaven.”buy my way to heaven.”

95 Thesis95 Thesis

Martin Luther Wrote 95 Thesis-Martin Luther Wrote 95 Thesis- Posted Posted 95 formal statements problems attacking 95 formal statements problems attacking the church on castle to door at Wittenberg. the church on castle to door at Wittenberg. Someone copied Luther’s words (invention Someone copied Luther’s words (invention of printing press) Ideas Spread all over of printing press) Ideas Spread all over Germany.Germany.Reformation-religious reform. Founding of Reformation-religious reform. Founding of Christian Churches that did not accept the Christian Churches that did not accept the Pope’s authority.Pope’s authority.

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings

People could win salvation only by faith in People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. “Good works” God’s gift of forgiveness. “Good works” needed for salvationneeded for salvation

Church teachings clearly based on words Church teachings clearly based on words of Bible. Pope and church traditions were of Bible. Pope and church traditions were false authorities.false authorities.

All people of faith were equal. People did All people of faith were equal. People did not need priests to interpret Bible for them.not need priests to interpret Bible for them.

Response to LutherResponse to Luther

Pope Leo X- decree threatening Pope Leo X- decree threatening Luther with excommunication. Luther Luther with excommunication. Luther Threw decree into fireThrew decree into fireLeo called Luther the “wild boar who has Leo called Luther the “wild boar who has invaded the Lord’s vineyard”invaded the Lord’s vineyard”

Leo excommunicated Luther.Leo excommunicated Luther.

Charles VCharles V

Charles V- Devout Catholic, Holy Roman Charles V- Devout Catholic, Holy Roman Emperor- opposed Luther’s teachings.Emperor- opposed Luther’s teachings.Controlled German states at the time.Controlled German states at the time.Summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial. Summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial. Luther refused to recant (take back Luther refused to recant (take back statements)statements)Edict of Worms- Luther outlawed and heretic. Edict of Worms- Luther outlawed and heretic. (no one to give Luther food or shelter), all (no one to give Luther food or shelter), all books burned! books burned!

Luther at Diet of WormsLuther at Diet of Worms

Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony- Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony- Sheltered Luther, translated Bible to Sheltered Luther, translated Bible to GermanGerman

Luther and Followers would separate Luther and Followers would separate religions and be called “Lutherans”religions and be called “Lutherans”

German Peasants RevoltGerman Peasants Revolt

Luther’s revolutionary ideas spread to Luther’s revolutionary ideas spread to societysocietyBands of angry peasants went countryside Bands of angry peasants went countryside burning, pillaging, and raiding burning, pillaging, and raiding monasteries.monasteries.Luther horrified- “show peasants no Luther horrified- “show peasants no mercy.” mercy.” Princes armies crushed rebellion (100,000 Princes armies crushed rebellion (100,000 killed) killed)

Germany at WarGermany at War

Northern German Princes supported Northern German Princes supported Lutheranism. (assert separation from Lutheranism. (assert separation from Charles V)Charles V)

1529- Princes who supported Luther 1529- Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against Pope – signed a protest against Pope – (Protestant)(Protestant) – “protests” Christians who – “protests” Christians who belonged to non-Catholic Churchesbelonged to non-Catholic Churches

Protestantism TodayProtestantism Today

Nearly 400 million worldwide, 65 million in USNearly 400 million worldwide, 65 million in US465 Protestant denominations, (Anglican, 465 Protestant denominations, (Anglican,

Baptist, Lutheran, Presbyterian)Baptist, Lutheran, Presbyterian)In US:In US:Roman Catholic 21%Roman Catholic 21%Protestant: 23%Protestant: 23%Non Christian- 14%Non Christian- 14%Unaffiliated Christian 14%Unaffiliated Christian 14%Independent Christian 28%Independent Christian 28%

Charles VCharles V

Charles V goes to War with Charles V goes to War with Protestant Princes-he defeated them Protestant Princes-he defeated them but they do not go back to Catholic but they do not go back to Catholic Church.Church.

Peace of Augsburg-Peace of Augsburg- Charles ordered Charles ordered all German princes to agree that each all German princes to agree that each ruler would decide the religion of his ruler would decide the religion of his state. Thirty Years War begins.state. Thirty Years War begins.

England-ProtestantEngland-Protestant

Henry VIII-King of England 1509 devout Henry VIII-King of England 1509 devout Catholic. “He needed a son to take Catholic. “He needed a son to take power” power”

Married to Catherine who did not want Married to Catherine who did not want more children, Henry wanted divorce.more children, Henry wanted divorce.

Pope would not let Henry get a divorce.Pope would not let Henry get a divorce.

Henry Asked Parliament to pass a set of Henry Asked Parliament to pass a set of laws to end Pope’s power.laws to end Pope’s power.

Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce- Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce- Married new wife Anne Boleyn.Married new wife Anne Boleyn.

Act of Supremacy-Act of Supremacy- Henry’s break with Henry’s break with the Pope. Henry is the head of England’s the Pope. Henry is the head of England’s Church (not the Pope)Church (not the Pope)

Henry’s wives- 6 wives! divorced, Henry’s wives- 6 wives! divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived!survived!

Henry VIII’s WivesHenry VIII’s Wives

Catherine of Aragon-divorcedAnne Boleyn-beheaded Jane Seymour-died

Henry VIII’s WivesHenry VIII’s Wives

Anne of Cleves-divorcedKatherine Howard-beheadedKatherine Parr-survived

England After Henry VIIIEngland After Henry VIII

After Henry’s death-3 children ruled After Henry’s death-3 children ruled EnglandEnglandEdward (9 years old.)- guided by adults, Edward (9 years old.)- guided by adults, devout Protestantsdevout ProtestantsMary-Catholic who returned English Mary-Catholic who returned English church to rule of Pope, many church to rule of Pope, many protestants executed “Bloody Mary”protestants executed “Bloody Mary”Elizabeth - restores Protestant churchElizabeth - restores Protestant church

ElizabethElizabethModerate approach trying to please Moderate approach trying to please Catholics and ProtestantsCatholics and Protestants

Elizabeth- Founds the Elizabeth- Founds the Anglican Church-Anglican Church-Only legal church of England. Priests were Only legal church of England. Priests were allowed to marry, they would deliver sermons allowed to marry, they would deliver sermons in English. Let Catholics wear rich robesin English. Let Catholics wear rich robes

Faced threats from Catholic Mary Queen of Faced threats from Catholic Mary Queen of Scots, and Phillip II Catholic King of Spain Scots, and Phillip II Catholic King of Spain (executed rebels) Armada defeated tried to (executed rebels) Armada defeated tried to invade England (storm)invade England (storm)

Calvin Continues the ReformationCalvin Continues the Reformation

Religious reform begun by Huldrych Religious reform begun by Huldrych Zwingli (Catholic Priest) Influenced Zwingli (Catholic Priest) Influenced by Luther and humanism.by Luther and humanism.

Openly attacked abuses of church.Openly attacked abuses of church.

Adopted in Zurich, and other cities.Adopted in Zurich, and other cities.

1531-War between Swiss protestants 1531-War between Swiss protestants and Catholics broke out. and Catholics broke out.

CalvinismCalvinismMen and Women sinful by nature.Men and Women sinful by nature.

God chooses very select few to be saved.God chooses very select few to be saved.

God knows since the beginning of time God knows since the beginning of time who will be saved who will be saved “predestination”“predestination”

Calvinism-Religion based on Calvin’s Calvinism-Religion based on Calvin’s teachings.teachings.

Ideal gov-Ideal gov-Theocracy- Theocracy- government government controlled by religious leaders.controlled by religious leaders.

Protestants in Geneva Switzerland asked Protestants in Geneva Switzerland asked Calvin to lead city. Calvin to lead city.

Rules in Switzerland:Rules in Switzerland:Attend religious class, no card games, do Attend religious class, no card games, do not wear bright colors, excommunicate not wear bright colors, excommunicate ban anyone who broke rules.ban anyone who broke rules.Knox put Calvin’s ideas into work in Knox put Calvin’s ideas into work in Scotland.Scotland.Followers of Knox-Presbyterians.Followers of Knox-Presbyterians. Calvinism- Becomes Scotland’s official Calvinism- Becomes Scotland’s official religion.religion.Swiss, Ditch, French reformers adopted Swiss, Ditch, French reformers adopted Calvism.Calvism.

FranceFrance

Calvin’s followers were called Calvin’s followers were called Huguenots.Huguenots.Hatred btwn Catholics and Huguenots led Hatred btwn Catholics and Huguenots led to violence.to violence.Paris- August 24, 1572 – Catholic feast of Paris- August 24, 1572 – Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew's Day.St. Bartholomew's Day.Catholic mobs hunted Protestants and Catholic mobs hunted Protestants and began murdering them, 6 months long, began murdering them, 6 months long, spread to other cities. 12,000 Huguenots spread to other cities. 12,000 Huguenots killed.killed.

AnaBaptistsAnaBaptists

Protestants taught Bible is source of all Protestants taught Bible is source of all religious truth-(new religious groups form)religious truth-(new religious groups form)

AnaBaptists- “baptize again” Church and AnaBaptists- “baptize again” Church and state should separate, refuse to fight in state should separate, refuse to fight in wars, if you were baptized as child you wars, if you were baptized as child you need to be baptized again.need to be baptized again.

Protestants and Catholics persecuted Protestants and Catholics persecuted them. (Quakers, Baptists, Amish of today)them. (Quakers, Baptists, Amish of today)

Dutch Persecution AnaBaptistsDutch Persecution AnaBaptists

WomenWomen

Noblewoman protected many Noblewoman protected many reformers.reformers.

Women wanted privileges within Women wanted privileges within Church but were bound to solely Church but were bound to solely housework.housework.Could not be ministers or hold office in theCould not be ministers or hold office in the

new churchnew church

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

Some remained true to Catholic church. Some remained true to Catholic church. (Catholic or Counter Reformation)(Catholic or Counter Reformation)

Ignatius of Loyala-Ignatius of Loyala-Started group Jesuits- Started group Jesuits- Society of JesusSociety of Jesus

Founded Schools, convert Founded Schools, convert

non Christians to Catholicism, non Christians to Catholicism,

stop Protestantismstop Protestantism

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

1545-1563 Council of Trent- Northern Italy1545-1563 Council of Trent- Northern Italy

Church officials gather to consult on Church officials gather to consult on reforms:reforms:

Council of Trent – Assembly of Council of Trent – Assembly of archbishops, bishops & other church archbishops, bishops & other church leaders defined Catholic doctrine & leaders defined Catholic doctrine & initiated a program to eliminate abuses in initiated a program to eliminate abuses in the churchthe church

Effects of the ReformationEffects of the ReformationProtestant churches flourished, new Protestant churches flourished, new denominations developed.denominations developed.Council of Trent-Catholic Church more unifiedCouncil of Trent-Catholic Church more unifiedCatholics/Protestants emphasized education in Catholics/Protestants emphasized education in their beliefs.their beliefs.Status of women in church (stayed same)Status of women in church (stayed same)Individual monarchs and states gained powerIndividual monarchs and states gained powerLed to Enlightenment-questioning churches Led to Enlightenment-questioning churches beliefs.beliefs.Overthrowing existing governmentsOverthrowing existing governments

The Witch CrazeThe Witch Craze• • Witchcraft existed before the sixteenth andWitchcraft existed before the sixteenth and

Seventeenth century; confined to local villageSeventeenth century; confined to local village

After the Inquisition, increased prosecutions andAfter the Inquisition, increased prosecutions and

executionsexecutions

110,000 people were prosecuted (48% were 110,000 people were prosecuted (48% were executed)executed)

Reasons for witchcraft prosecutionsReasons for witchcraft prosecutions

Religious uncertainty, Social conditions, Women Religious uncertainty, Social conditions, Women as primary victimsas primary victims