FYI’s

• Ch 13 ID quiz Thursday

• Pretending like yesterday just didn’t happen, cutting a day from Ch 13

• Unit 2 Test (Ch 12 & 13) next Wednesday (MC) & Thursday (FRQ)

• I’ll send the Ch 14 Study guide home for the long weekend

Today

• Finish England & Spain (FINALLY)

• SOAPPS – Speech to the Troops at

• Thirty Years war – notes

• Wars of Religion Timeline

CH 12: Religious Wars

ENGLAND AND SPAIN

Focus Question

• What were the causes/results of political and religious tensions between England & Spain?

Philip II ofSpain

1527-1598

Habsburgs

The House of Habsburg, often Anglicised as Hapsburg and sometimes referred to as the House of Austria, was one of the most important royal houses of Europe & is best known for being an origin of all the formally elected HRE’s between 1438 & 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian & Spanish Emipres and several other countries.

Originally from Switzerland, the dynasty first reigned in Austria, which they ruled for over six centuries. A series of dynastic marriages brought Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, and other territories into the inheritance. In the 16th

century, the family separated into the senior Habsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Austrian branches, who settled their mutual claims in the Onate Treaty.

Source: http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/House_of_Habsburg.html

Summary of Charles V

Spanish & Austrian Hapsburg Lands

Philip II of Spain • Born in 1527, brought up in a

large household of 191 – rarelyalone – father, Charles V rarelythere (away 1529-33, 1535-6,1539-41, 1543-57)

Brought up a very devout

Roman Catholic

Given a sense of duty and

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responsibility as Charles’ heir

dynastic concerns

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Philip's inheritance …Philip was King of Spain, but also

separately King of Aragon and Castile

Duke of Milan

King of Naples and Sicily

Ruler of Sardinia

Ruler of Franche-comte

Netherlands – multiple titles depending on

each province (17)

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• Philip’sdominions were huge and, essentially,

ungovernable as a unitary state.

Philip’s inheritance problemsPhilip’sdominions were huge and essentially ungovernable asa unified state.

The size of his empire, and the distances involved, made direct governance basically impossible and communication was extremely slow

State of the empire, 1556

• Multiple wars with

France and the Turks

left the treasury

strained

• 1557 – declared

bankruptcy

Revolt of the Netherlands

•Netherlands = one of the richest

parts of Spanish Empire

Spread of Calvinism,

Lutheranism, Anabaptism

Philip II crushed Calvinists and

sent Duke of Alva to execute a

reign of terror

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Revolt of the Netherlands

• William of Nassau, Prince of

Orange, led Union of Ultrecht

(Protestant) vs. southern

catholic union (Union of Arras)

in a 30 year struggle (1579-

1609)

Ended in a truce that recognized

the northern territories as

independent

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Philip II & “Bloody Mary” Tudor

Mary I of England(Bloody Mary, Mary Tudor)

very hostile to Protestants (executes great Protestant leaders, hundreds are burned at the stake and others flee to the Continent)

marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spain

Mary I of EnglandFrom The Most Evil Women in History

“300 burnt in about 3 ½ years – more than the Spanish Inquisition & the French Chambre Ardent in the same period”

Tudors

Mary Queen of Scots is a cousin of the Tudors

Politiques• intellectuals of the 1500’s criticized the

religious strife between Catholics and Protestants

• rulers who urged tolerance and moderation and became indifferent to religion became known as politiques

• Elizabeth I of England the most successful politique

Elizabeth I of England(r. 1558-1603)

Notable for various reasons:

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Cooperated with ParliamentChose good advisors, like WilliamSupported religious tolerance Supported arts and literature People genuinely loved her Executed Mary, Queen of Scots

Cecil

• Born:1533 to KingHenry VIII and

Anne Boleyn, his

second wife.

• Coronated: January15, 1559 atWestminster Abbey

Died: 1603•

Queen Elizabeth Tudor I

Captivity of Elizabeth

• After the Wyatt Rebellionin 1554,Elizabeth waslocked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence againsther.

• She was let go at thebequest of Mary’s husband, King Phillipof Spain.

• Gave Elizabeth ultimatecontrol of the Church of England.

"Supreme Governorof the Church in England"

Also included an oath of loyalty for clergy

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Act of Supremacy, 1558

The Oath of Loyalty

“the Queen's Highness is the only Supream Governor of this Realm, and of all other her Highness Dominions and Countries, as well in all Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Things or Causes, as Temporal; and that no foreign Prince, Person, Prelate State or Potentate, hath or ought to have any Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, Preheminence, or Authority Ecclesiastical or Spiritual, within this Realm;

The Act of

Supremacy:Act of Supremacy,

1558

The Oath of Loyalty

• Made England officially Protestant without completely alienating Catholics

• Heresy laws passed in the reign of Mary were repealed and the celebration of Communion in both kinds was confirmed.

• Major objectors – Puritans• Objected to “Catholic” things like

kneeling to receive communion,

making the sign of the cross in baptism

The Act of

Supremacy:Religious Settlement,

1559

The Oath of Loyalty

Pope Pius V excommunicates her for being a “heretic” – boils down to her

treatment of Catholics in England, also hoping there might be a Catholic uprising

The Act of

Supremacy:Elizabeth

Excommunicated,1570

• Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead

Sir William CecilSecretary of State

Advisors

William Cecil-Protestant, religiously tolerant, but valued loyalty to the crown over all else. Instrumental role in the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

• The handsome Robert Dudley

was appointed Master of the

Horse, a position that required

close contact with the Queen.

Cecil and Dudley disliked eachother

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They were both rivals for the Queen’s attention.

two rival factions developed in court around thetwo men

• Dudley was the queen's favorite courtier.They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyedflaunting the queen's favor.

Robert Dudley

• Many believed that Mary,Queen of Scots, a catholic, wasthe rightful Queen of England.

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• After Mary was forced out of Scotland to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 19 years

Mary, Queen of Scots

A threat to the stability of England

Executionof Mary

Sketch by a

Witness, 1587

She was executed in 1587 for being suspected of plotting against the queen

Mary Tudor Song

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCIMmpETaA

Elizabeth I and theSpanish Armada

The Troubles of Philip II:The Spanish Armada (1588)

Was sent to England for many reasons:••

To support war in the NetherlandsTo invade England because:

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England was supporting the DutchEnglish pirates causing troubleExecuted Mary, Queen of Scots

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English used trickSpanish forced toStorms destroyed

used to scatter Spanishcircle Britain to escapefleet as they retreated

• On her deathbed, Elizabeth passedthe crown onto James Stuart.

– He was the son of Mary, Queen ofScots, Elizabeth’s cousin

• Elizabeth felt comfortable in givingthe crown to James because he hadbeen raised by Protestant ministerwith whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

Succession

• England was oneof the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.

It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

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How She Left the Country

SOAPPS: Speech to the Troops at Tilbury

Focus Question

• What were the causes/results of political and religious tensions between England & Spain?