1

PROMACRefined products – Processes

and applications (WP3)

Project meeting – 25.04.2017Inga Marie Aasen

SINTEF Materials and Chemistry

Background

● Seaweed as a protein source for animal feed Evaluate the properties of seaweed and

seaweed protein as feed ingredients for monogastric animals and ruminants

Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products

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Background

● Protein from seaweed – some simple calculations The relevant brown algal species contain approximately 10 % dry weight (dw) and 10 % protein of dw when harvested in May-June

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Biomass costs Protein cost

[NOK/tonne ww] [€/tonne ww] [NOK/kg dw] [€/kg dw] [NOK/kg protein] [€/kg protein]

10 000 1 111 100 11 1000 111

1000 111 10 1,1 100 11

200 22 2 0,22 20 2,2

Protein costs as a function of biomass costs, exclusive processing:

Fish meal: 12-15 kr/kgSoy protein: 4-5 kr/kg

Aims

● Keeping in mind that one or more higher value products need to be produced to 'pay' for the protein, the objectives of the work are: ● To provide knowledge about the seaweed protein as a nutrient source

for animals ● Evaluation of nutrient value and any positive or negative effects of biomass

components in animal feeding experiments

● Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products and extracts to be used as food and feed ingredients● Explore the use of enzymes as processing tool and for increasing protein- and

polysaccharide digestibility, and● Design energy efficient processes for complete utilisation of the biomass

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Feedstock

● Three species:● Cultivated Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) and Alaria esculenta

(winged kelp) from SINTEF (Frøya / Hitra)● Wild Palmaria palmata (Dulce) from NIBIO (Bodø)

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Species Harvesting date Dry weight [%] Ash [% of dw] Protein [% of dw]Total aa Total N N*5.8

S. latissima June 2015 10.5±0.5 43.8±0.1 11.3±0.3 1.98±0.02 11.5S. latissima June 2016 12.3±1.2 46.9±0.6P. palmata May 2015 15.0±0.5 21.2±0.2 19.2 4.12±0.05 23.9P. palmata December 2015 20.8±1.7 10.5±0.1 11.6±0.2 2.95±0.03 17.1A. esculenta June 2015 18.3±1.0 17.3±1.0 11.7±0.2 2.45±0.06 14.2A. esculenta June 2016 23.5±0.1

Protein solubility and extraction yields

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH

N Tot aa

Extra

ctio

n yi

eld

[%]

Saccharina

Extraction yields at 1:1 addition of water(5-6 % dw)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH

Alaria Saccharina

Frac

tion

solu

ble

[% o

f tot

al]

N

Tot aa

Solubility

● A low fraction of the protein in the brown algae is soluble● Extraction yields depend on the volumes of water (acid/alkali) added● Efficient solid/liquid separation at high pH is only possible at high dilution

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2 4 6 8 10 12

Rel

ease

d liq

uid

[% o

f wet

wei

ght]

pH

A. esc. June-15

S. lat. June-15

S. lat. Oct-14

Liquid release as a function of pH

Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields

● Water addition should be minimised to reduce processing costs

● Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes may increase protein availability and facilitate extraction when using low water volumes

● Enzymes:Brown algae: Alginate lyase (from CEVA) and cellulase (commercial)Palmaria: Xylanases (commercial and from Matis)

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Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields

Extraction yields at 5-6 % dw(1:1 dilution of Saccharina and Palmaria from May -15, 1:2.6 dilution of Palmaria from Dec -15)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Control Xyl 1(com)

Xyl 2(com)

Xyl 1+ Alc

Xyl 2+ Alc

Extra

ctio

n yi

eld

[%]

Palmaria Dec -15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Control Xyl 3(Matis)

UmZ Xyl 3+ UmZ

Extra

ctio

n yi

eld

[%]

Palmaria May -15

0

10

20

30

40

50

Control Aly Aly+ Alc

Extra

ctio

n yi

eld

[%]

Saccharina

Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields

● Alginate lyase reduces viscosity and enablesa more efficient solid-liquid separation

● Xylanase completely degrades the biomassparticles (to a 'mousse')

● Need to verify that the enzymes increase theextraction yields at high(er) solid concentrations(our hypothesis)

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Saccharina after enzyme treatment

Palmaria after enzyme treatment

Production of fractions for animal feeding

● Saccharina and Palmaria, ~200 kg ww of each,Alaria ~15 kg ww

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MillingFrozen, wet biomass CentrifugationEnzyme

treatment

Liquid (soluble) phase

Insoluble fraction

S2

+ Water

Heating

DryingDrying

S1

Drying

S5

Milling

Protease treatment

S3Drying

Drying

S6

Protease treatment

Membrane filtration

Retentate

Palmaria and Saccharina production

● SINTEF Ocean's mobile pilot plant

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Mincer Heat exchanger Tricanter Polishing

centrifugeHydrolysis

tank

Saccharina processing

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13

Palmaria processing

0

2

4

6

8

10

In Extract Sludge

Con

tent

[kg]

Palmaria

N

Total aa

Ash

Palmaria and Saccharina production

● Material balances and yields

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Dry weight 39N 79Total aa 79Ash 13

'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%]

0

2

4

6

8

10

In Extract Sludge

Con

tent

[kg]

Saccharina

N

Total aa

Ash

Iodine [g/50]

Dry weight 45N 70Total aa 85Ash 18Iodine 15

'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%]

Palmaria and Saccharina production

● Composition of the products

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IodineSI: 6 g/kgS2: 2.9 g/kg

Summary

● Low fraction of soluble protein in brown algae● For animal feed, the most feasible processing alternative will be to

reduce the content of soluble compounds (salts, iodine …), not to extract the protein

● A trade-off between minimum loss and an efficient reduction of soluble compounds

● This strategy will not require use of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes

● Additional processing of the insoluble fraction is possible, eg. use of (cheap) proteases to increase the protein availabilityand digestibility

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Protein for animal feed - Economic feasibility

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Content and value of 1 t wet weightS. latissima– 100 kg dw in June, ~180 kg dw in

Sep-Oct– Value in June: ~7900 kr/tonne wet weight

(79 kr/kg dw)– The value relies on the higher-value

products0

50

100

150

200

June Sep - Oct

Qua

ntiti

y [k

g]

Biomass composition

Ash**

Others*

Protein

Cellulose

Fucoidan

Alginate

Mannitol

Laminaran

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

June Sep - OctVa

lue

[NO

K]

Theoretical biomass value

Ash**

Others*

Protein

Cellulose

Fucoidan

Alginate

Mannitol

Laminaran

Taking into account the realistic extraction yields:– Value in June: ~5200 kr/tonne wet weight

(52 kr/kg dw)

– Protein value: 120 kr/tonne wet weight(80 % recovery)

0

50

100

150

200

June Sep - Oct

Qua

ntiti

y [k

g]

Extractable compounds (yields)

Ash**

Others*

Protein

Cellulose

Fucoidan

Alginate

Mannitol

Laminaran

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

June Sep - Oct

Valu

e [N

OK]

Value extracted compounds

Ash**

Others*

Protein

Cellulose

Fucoidan

Alginate

Mannitol

Laminaran

Partners and people contributing to the results

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● SINTEF Materials and Chemistry● Ingrid Sandbakken● Inga Marie Aasen

● SINTEF Ocean● Raza Slizyte● Jorunn Skjermo● and others…

● NTNU● Master students with

Turid Rustad as supervisor

● NIBIO● Michael Roleda

● MATIS● Rosa Jonsdottir and others…

● CEVA● Helene Mairfang

Inga Marie Ingrid

Rasa Jorunn

HeleneMichael

Turid

Rosa