1
PROMACRefined products – Processes
and applications (WP3)
Project meeting – 25.04.2017Inga Marie Aasen
SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
Background
● Seaweed as a protein source for animal feed Evaluate the properties of seaweed and
seaweed protein as feed ingredients for monogastric animals and ruminants
Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products
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Background
● Protein from seaweed – some simple calculations The relevant brown algal species contain approximately 10 % dry weight (dw) and 10 % protein of dw when harvested in May-June
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Biomass costs Protein cost
[NOK/tonne ww] [€/tonne ww] [NOK/kg dw] [€/kg dw] [NOK/kg protein] [€/kg protein]
10 000 1 111 100 11 1000 111
1000 111 10 1,1 100 11
200 22 2 0,22 20 2,2
Protein costs as a function of biomass costs, exclusive processing:
Fish meal: 12-15 kr/kgSoy protein: 4-5 kr/kg
Aims
● Keeping in mind that one or more higher value products need to be produced to 'pay' for the protein, the objectives of the work are: ● To provide knowledge about the seaweed protein as a nutrient source
for animals ● Evaluation of nutrient value and any positive or negative effects of biomass
components in animal feeding experiments
● Develop fractionation processes for preparation of protein-rich products and extracts to be used as food and feed ingredients● Explore the use of enzymes as processing tool and for increasing protein- and
polysaccharide digestibility, and● Design energy efficient processes for complete utilisation of the biomass
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Feedstock
● Three species:● Cultivated Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) and Alaria esculenta
(winged kelp) from SINTEF (Frøya / Hitra)● Wild Palmaria palmata (Dulce) from NIBIO (Bodø)
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Species Harvesting date Dry weight [%] Ash [% of dw] Protein [% of dw]Total aa Total N N*5.8
S. latissima June 2015 10.5±0.5 43.8±0.1 11.3±0.3 1.98±0.02 11.5S. latissima June 2016 12.3±1.2 46.9±0.6P. palmata May 2015 15.0±0.5 21.2±0.2 19.2 4.12±0.05 23.9P. palmata December 2015 20.8±1.7 10.5±0.1 11.6±0.2 2.95±0.03 17.1A. esculenta June 2015 18.3±1.0 17.3±1.0 11.7±0.2 2.45±0.06 14.2A. esculenta June 2016 23.5±0.1
Protein solubility and extraction yields
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH
N Tot aa
Extra
ctio
n yi
eld
[%]
Saccharina
Extraction yields at 1:1 addition of water(5-6 % dw)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Acid Water NaOH Acid Water NaOH
Alaria Saccharina
Frac
tion
solu
ble
[% o
f tot
al]
N
Tot aa
Solubility
● A low fraction of the protein in the brown algae is soluble● Extraction yields depend on the volumes of water (acid/alkali) added● Efficient solid/liquid separation at high pH is only possible at high dilution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2 4 6 8 10 12
Rel
ease
d liq
uid
[% o
f wet
wei
ght]
pH
A. esc. June-15
S. lat. June-15
S. lat. Oct-14
Liquid release as a function of pH
Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields
● Water addition should be minimised to reduce processing costs
● Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes may increase protein availability and facilitate extraction when using low water volumes
● Enzymes:Brown algae: Alginate lyase (from CEVA) and cellulase (commercial)Palmaria: Xylanases (commercial and from Matis)
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Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields
Extraction yields at 5-6 % dw(1:1 dilution of Saccharina and Palmaria from May -15, 1:2.6 dilution of Palmaria from Dec -15)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control Xyl 1(com)
Xyl 2(com)
Xyl 1+ Alc
Xyl 2+ Alc
Extra
ctio
n yi
eld
[%]
Palmaria Dec -15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control Xyl 3(Matis)
UmZ Xyl 3+ UmZ
Extra
ctio
n yi
eld
[%]
Palmaria May -15
0
10
20
30
40
50
Control Aly Aly+ Alc
Extra
ctio
n yi
eld
[%]
Saccharina
Enzymes for increased protein extraction yields
● Alginate lyase reduces viscosity and enablesa more efficient solid-liquid separation
● Xylanase completely degrades the biomassparticles (to a 'mousse')
● Need to verify that the enzymes increase theextraction yields at high(er) solid concentrations(our hypothesis)
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Saccharina after enzyme treatment
Palmaria after enzyme treatment
Production of fractions for animal feeding
● Saccharina and Palmaria, ~200 kg ww of each,Alaria ~15 kg ww
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MillingFrozen, wet biomass CentrifugationEnzyme
treatment
Liquid (soluble) phase
Insoluble fraction
S2
+ Water
Heating
DryingDrying
S1
Drying
S5
Milling
Protease treatment
S3Drying
Drying
S6
Protease treatment
Membrane filtration
Retentate
Palmaria and Saccharina production
● SINTEF Ocean's mobile pilot plant
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Mincer Heat exchanger Tricanter Polishing
centrifugeHydrolysis
tank
Saccharina processing
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13
Palmaria processing
0
2
4
6
8
10
In Extract Sludge
Con
tent
[kg]
Palmaria
N
Total aa
Ash
Palmaria and Saccharina production
● Material balances and yields
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Dry weight 39N 79Total aa 79Ash 13
'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%]
0
2
4
6
8
10
In Extract Sludge
Con
tent
[kg]
Saccharina
N
Total aa
Ash
Iodine [g/50]
Dry weight 45N 70Total aa 85Ash 18Iodine 15
'Washed' biomass, fraction of recovered [%]
Palmaria and Saccharina production
● Composition of the products
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IodineSI: 6 g/kgS2: 2.9 g/kg
Summary
● Low fraction of soluble protein in brown algae● For animal feed, the most feasible processing alternative will be to
reduce the content of soluble compounds (salts, iodine …), not to extract the protein
● A trade-off between minimum loss and an efficient reduction of soluble compounds
● This strategy will not require use of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes
● Additional processing of the insoluble fraction is possible, eg. use of (cheap) proteases to increase the protein availabilityand digestibility
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Protein for animal feed - Economic feasibility
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Content and value of 1 t wet weightS. latissima– 100 kg dw in June, ~180 kg dw in
Sep-Oct– Value in June: ~7900 kr/tonne wet weight
(79 kr/kg dw)– The value relies on the higher-value
products0
50
100
150
200
June Sep - Oct
Qua
ntiti
y [k
g]
Biomass composition
Ash**
Others*
Protein
Cellulose
Fucoidan
Alginate
Mannitol
Laminaran
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
June Sep - OctVa
lue
[NO
K]
Theoretical biomass value
Ash**
Others*
Protein
Cellulose
Fucoidan
Alginate
Mannitol
Laminaran
Taking into account the realistic extraction yields:– Value in June: ~5200 kr/tonne wet weight
(52 kr/kg dw)
– Protein value: 120 kr/tonne wet weight(80 % recovery)
0
50
100
150
200
June Sep - Oct
Qua
ntiti
y [k
g]
Extractable compounds (yields)
Ash**
Others*
Protein
Cellulose
Fucoidan
Alginate
Mannitol
Laminaran
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
June Sep - Oct
Valu
e [N
OK]
Value extracted compounds
Ash**
Others*
Protein
Cellulose
Fucoidan
Alginate
Mannitol
Laminaran
Partners and people contributing to the results
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● SINTEF Materials and Chemistry● Ingrid Sandbakken● Inga Marie Aasen
● SINTEF Ocean● Raza Slizyte● Jorunn Skjermo● and others…
● NTNU● Master students with
Turid Rustad as supervisor
● NIBIO● Michael Roleda
● MATIS● Rosa Jonsdottir and others…
● CEVA● Helene Mairfang
Inga Marie Ingrid
Rasa Jorunn
HeleneMichael
Turid
Rosa