Prof. Karl LeoIAPPTU Dresden

Publication List: November 2017

References

[1] Li, T.-y., Meyer, T., Ma, Z., Benduhn, J., Koerner, C., Zeika, O., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Small Molecule Near-InfraredBoron Dipyrromethene Donors for Organic Tandem Solar Cells. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY139, 13636–13639 (2017).

[2] Tang, Z., Ma, Z., Sanchez-Diaz, A., Ullbrich, S., Liu, Y., Siegmund, B., Mischok, A., Leo, K., Campoy-Quiles, M., Li, W.& Vandewal, K. Polymer: Fullerene Bimolecular Crystals for Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Photodetectors. ADVANCEDMATERIALS 29 (2017).

[3] Mischok, A., Siegmund, B., Ghosh, D. S., Benduhn, J., Spoltore, D., Boehm, M., Froeb, H., Koerner, C., Leo, K. &Vandewal, K. Controlling Tamm Plasmons for Organic Narrowband Near-Infrared Photodetectors. ACS PHOTONICS 4,2228–2234 (2017).

[4] Erdenebileg, E., Scholz, L. E., Hofacker, A., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Very Small Inverted Hysteresis in Vacuum-DepositedMixed Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 5, 1606–1611 (2017).

[5] Slowik, I., Fischer, A., Froeb, H., Lenk, S., Reineke, S. & Leo, K. Novel organic light-emitting diode design for futurelasing applications. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 48, 132–137 (2017).

[6] Franke, M., Slowik, I., Mehner, P. J., Paschew, G., Voigt, A., Froeb, H., Leo, K. & Richter, A. Electrically Tunable DyeEmission via Microcavity Integrated PDMS Gel Actuator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 9, 29193–29202(2017).

[7] Lemke, F., Kropla, C., Mischok, A., Brueckner, R., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Nonlinearity-induced Laguerre-Gauss modes inorganic vertical cavity lasers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 111 (2017).

[8] Nehm, F., Pfeiffelmann, T., Dollinger, F., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Influence of aging climate and cathode adhesionon organic solar cell stability. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 168, 1–7 (2017).

[9] Nyman, M., Sandberg, O. J., Dahlstrom, S., Spoltore, D., Koerner, C., Zhang, Y., Barlow, S., Marder, S. R., Leo, K.,Vandewal, K. & Osterbacka, R. Doping-induced carrier profiles in organic semiconductors determined from capacitiveextraction-current transients. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 7 (2017).

[10] Schellhammer, K. S., Li, T.-Y., Zeika, O., Koerner, C., Leo, K., Ortmann, F. & Cuniberti, G. Tuning Near-Infrared Absorb-ing Donor Materials: A Study of Electronic, Optical, and Charge-Transport Properties of aza-BODIPYs. CHEMISTRYOF MATERIALS 29, 5525–5536 (2017).

[11] Dollinger, F., Nehm, F., Muller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Laminated aluminum thin-films as low-cost opaque moistureultra-barriers for flexible organic electronic devices. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 46, 242–246 (2017).

[12] Li, T.-y., Meyer, T., Meerheim, R., Hoeppner, M., Koerner, C., Vandewal, K., Zeika, O. & Leo, K. Aza-BODIPY dyeswith heterocyclic substituents and their derivatives bearing a cyanide co-ligand: NIR donor materials for vacuum-processedsolar cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A 5, 10696–10703 (2017).

[13] Siegmund, B., Mischok, A., Benduhn, J., Zeika, O., Ullbrich, S., Nehm, F., Boehm, M., Spoltore, D., Froeb, H., Koerner,C., Leo, K. & Vandewal, K. Organic narrowband near-infrared photodetectors based on intermolecular charge-transferabsorption. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 8 (2017).

[14] Holzmueller, F., Graessler, N., Sedighi, M., Mueller, E., Knupfer, M., Zeika, O., Vandewal, K., Koerner, C. & Leo, K.H-aggregated small molecular nanowires as near infrared absorbers for organic solar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS45, 198–202 (2017).

[15] Siegmund, B., Sajjad, M. T., Widmer, J., Ray, D., Koerner, C., Riede, M., Leo, K., Samuel, I. D. W. & Vandewal, K.Exciton Diffusion Length and Charge Extraction Yield in Organic Bilayer Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS 29(2017).

[16] Klinger, M. P., Fischer, A., Kaschura, F., Widmer, J., Kheradmand-Boroujeni, B., Ellinger, F. & Leo, K. Organic PowerElectronics: Transistor Operation in the kA/cm(2) Regime. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 7 (2017).

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[17] Li, T.-Y., Ma, Z., Qiao, Z., Korner, C., Vandewal, K., Zeika, O. & Leo, K. Aza-BODIPY Derivatives Containing BF(CN)and B(CN)(2) Moieties. CHEMPLUSCHEM 82, 190–194 (2017).

[18] Sawatzki, F. M., Hauke, A. A., Doan, D. H., Formanek, P., Kasemann, D., Koprucki, T. & Leo, K. On Razors Edge:Influence of the Source Insulator Edge on the Charge Transport of Vertical Organic Field Effect Transistors. MRSADVANCES 2, 1249–1257 (2017).

[19] Leo, K. Elementary Processes in Organic Photovoltaics Preface. In Leo, K (ed.) ELEMENTARY PROCESSES INORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS, vol. 272 of Advances in Polymer Science, V–VI (2017).

[20] Koerner, C., Ziehlke, H., Fitzner, R., Riede, M., Mishra, A., Baeuerle, P. & Leo, K. Dicyanovinylene-Substituted Oligoth-iophenes for Organic Solar Cells. In Leo, K (ed.) ELEMENTARY PROCESSES IN ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS, vol.272 of Advances in Polymer Science, 51–75 (2017).

[21] Jaegeler-Hoheisel, T., Benduhn, J., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Critical Dimensions in Small-Molecule Plasmonic Particle SolarCells. In Leo, K (ed.) ELEMENTARY PROCESSES IN ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS, vol. 272 of Advances in PolymerScience, 327–349 (2017).

[22] Li, F., Chen, Y., Ma, C., Buttner, U., Leo, K. & Wu, T. High-Performance Near-Infrared Phototransistor Based on n-TypeSmall-Molecular Organic Semiconductor. ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 3 (2017).

[23] Fang, L., Holzmueller, F., Matulaitis, T., Baasner, A., Hauenstein, C., Benduhn, J., Schwarze, M., Petrich, A., Piersimoni,F., Scholz, R., Zeika, O., Koerner, C., Neher, D., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Fluorine-containing low-energy-gap organic dyeswith low voltage losses for organic solar cells. SYNTHETIC METALS 222, 232–239 (2016).

[24] Lussem, B., Keum, C.-M., Kasemann, D., Naab, B., Bao, Z. & Leo, K. Doped Organic Transistors. CHEMICAL REVIEWS116, 13714–13751 (2016).

[25] Nehm, F., Dollinger, F., Klumbies, H., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K., Singh, A., Richter, C., Schroeder, U., Mikolajick,T., Hossbach, C., Albert, M. & Bartha, J. W. Atomic layer deposited TiOx/AlOx nanolaminates as moisture barriers fororganic devices. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 38, 84–88 (2016).

[26] de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S. & Leo, K. Influence of the applied charge on the electro-chemical degradation in greenphosphorescent organic light emitting diodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 38, 164–171 (2016).

[27] Slowik, I., Kronenberg, N. M., Franke, M., Fischer, A., Richter, A., Gather, M. C. & Leo, K. Elastomer based electricallytunable, optical microcavities. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 109 (2016).

[28] Lorenz-Rothe, M., Schellhammer, K. S., Jaegeler-Hoheisel, T., Meerheim, R., Kraner, S., Hein, M. P., Schuenemann, C.,Tietze, M. L., Hummert, M., Ortmann, F., Cuniberti, G., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. From Fluorine to FluoreneA Route toThermally Stable aza-BODIPYs for Organic Solar Cell Application. ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2 (2016).

[29] Kaschura, F., Fischer, A., Klinger, M. P., Doan, D. H., Koprucki, T., Glitzky, A., Kasemann, D., Widmer, J. & Leo,K. Operation mechanism of high performance organic permeable base transistors with an insulated and perforated baseelectrode. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 120 (2016).

[30] Park, Y., Bormann, L., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Efficient flexible organic photovoltaics using silvernanowires and polymer based transparent electrodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 36, 68–72 (2016).

[31] Park, Y., Berger, J., Tang, Z., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Lasagni, A. F., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Flexible, light trappingsubstrates for organic photovoltaics. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 109 (2016).

[32] Nehm, F., Dollinger, F., Fahlteich, J., Klumbies, H., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L. Importance of Interface Diffusionand Climate in Defect Dominated Moisture Ultrabarrier Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES8, 19807–19812 (2016).

[33] Leo, K. Organic photovoltaics. NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS 1 (2016).

[34] Mischok, A., Wagner, T., Brueckner, R., Sudzius, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Lasing and MacroscopicCoherence of Hybridized Modes in Coupled 2D Waveguide-VCSEL Resonators. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 4,1215–1221 (2016).

[35] Hou, J.-L., Fischer, A., Yang, S.-C., Benduhn, J., Widmer, J., Kasemann, D., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Plasmon-InducedSub-Bandgap Photodetection with Organic Schottky Diodes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 26, 5741–5747(2016).

[36] Wagner, T., Sudzius, M., Mischok, A., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Cross-coupled composite-cavity organic microresonators.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 109 (2016).

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[37] Krotkus, S., Kasemann, D., Lenk, S., Leo, K. & Reineke, S. Adjustable white-light emission from a photo-structuredmicro-OLED array. LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 5 (2016).

[38] Park, Y., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. PEDOT:PSS with embedded TiO2 nanoparticles as light trappingelectrode for organic photovoltaics. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108 (2016).

[39] Schwarze, M., Tress, W., Beyer, B., Gao, F., Scholz, R., Poelking, C., Ortstein, K., Guenther, A. A., Kasemann, D.,Andrienko, D. & Leo, K. Band structure engineering in organic semiconductors. SCIENCE 352, 1446–1449 (2016).

[40] Bormann, L., Nehm, F., Sonntag, L., Chen, F.-Y., Selzer, F., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Eychmueller, A. & Leo, K. Degradationof Flexible, ITO-Free Oligothiophene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 8, 14709–14716(2016).

[41] Tietze, M. L., Rose, B. D., Schwarze, M., Fischer, A., Runge, S., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Lussem, B., Leo, K. & Bredas, J.-L.Passivation of Molecular n-Doping: Exploring the Limits of Air Stability. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 26,3730–3737 (2016).

[42] Timmreck, R., Meyer, T., Gilot, J., Seifert, H., Mueller, T., Furlan, A., Wienk, M. M., Wynands, D., Hohl-Ebinger, J.,Warta, W., Janssen, R. A. J., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Reply to ‘Tandem organic solar cells revisited’. NATURE PHOTONICS10, 355 (2016).

[43] Park, Y., Nehm, F., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Optical display film as flexible and light trappingsubstrate for organic photovoltaics. OPTICS EXPRESS 24 (2016).

[44] Bormann, L., Nehm, F., Weiss, N., Nikolis, V. C., Selzer, F., Eychmueller, A., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Vandewal, K. & Leo,K. Degradation of Sexithiophene Cascade Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 6 (2016).

[45] Kukhta, N. A., Zeika, O., Widmer, J., Koerner, C., Meerheim, R., Petrich, A., Behrnd, N.-R., Leo, K. & Grazulevicius, J. V.New Electron Transport Materials for High Performance Organic Solar Cells: Synthesis and Properties of Symmetrical andAsymmetrical 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride Derivatives. ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2(2016).

[46] Selzer, F., Floresca, C., Kneppe, D., Bormann, L., Sachse, C., Weiss, N., Eychmueller, A., Amassian, A., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Electrical limit of silver nanowire electrodes: Direct measurement of the nanowire junctionresistance. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108 (2016).

[47] Meyer, J., Ohmann, R., Nickel, A., Toher, C., Gresser, R., Leo, K., Ryndyk, D. A., Moresco, F. & Cuniberti, G. Influenceof organic ligands on the line shape of the Kondo resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 93 (2016).

[48] Sayevich, V., Guhrenz, C., Sin, M., Dzhagan, V. M., Weiz, A., Kasemann, D., Brunner, E., Ruck, M., Zahn, D. R. T., Leo,K., Gaponik, N. & Eychmueller, A. Chloride and Indium-Chloride-Complex Inorganic Ligands for Efficient Stabilizationof Nanocrystals in Solution and Doping of Nanocrystal Solids. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 26, 2163–2175(2016).

[49] Hou, J.-L., Kasemann, D., Widmer, J., Guenther, A. A., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Reduced contact resistance in top-contactorganic field-effect transistors by interface contact doping. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108 (2016).

[50] Meerheim, R., Koerner, C., Oesen, B. & Leo, K. 10.4% Efficient triple organic solar cells containing near infrared absorbers.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108 (2016).

[51] Jahnel, M., Thomschke, M., Ullbrich, S., Fehse, K., An, J. D., Park, H., Leo, K., Im, C. & Kirchhoff, V. On/off-ratiodependence of bulk hetero junction photodiodes and its impact on electro-optical properties. MICROELECTRONICENGINEERING 152, 20–25 (2016).

[52] Moench, T., Friederich, P., Holzmueller, F., Rutkowski, B., Benduhn, J., Strunk, T., Koerner, C., Vandewal, K., Czyrska-Filemonowicz, A., Wenzel, W. & Leo, K. Influence of Meso and Nanoscale Structure on the Properties of Highly EfficientSmall Molecule Solar Cells. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 6 (2016).

[53] Guenther, A. A., Sawatzki, M., Formanek, P., Kasemann, D. & Leo, K. Contact Doping for Vertical Organic Field-EffectTransistors. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 26, 768–775 (2016).

[54] Tzschaschel, C., Sudzius, M., Mischok, A., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Net gain in small mode volume organic microcavities.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108 (2016).

[55] Di Pietro, R., Erdmann, T., Wang, N., Liu, X., Graefe, D., Lenz, J., Brandt, J., Kasemann, D., Leo, K., Al-Hussein,M., Gerasimov, K. L., Doblas, D., Ivanov, D. A., Voit, B., Neher, D. & Kiriy, A. The impact of molecular weight, airexposure and molecular doping on the charge transport properties and electronic defects in dithienyl-diketopyrrolopyrrole-thieno[3,2-b] thiophene copolymers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C 4, 10827–10838 (2016).

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[56] Bormann, L., Selzer, F., Weiss, N., Kneppe, D., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L. Doped hole transport layers processed fromsolution: Planarization and bridging the voids in noncontinuous silver nanowire electrodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS28, 163–171 (2016).

[57] Slowik, I., Zhang, Y., Mischok, A., Brueckner, R., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H., Kronenberg, N. M., Gather, M. C. & Leo, K.Fano-Like Interference in the Emission Spectra of a Multimode Organic Microcavity. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTEDTOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 22 (2016).

[58] Kraner, S., Scholz, R., Plasser, F., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Exciton size and binding energy limitations in one-dimensionalorganic materials. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 143 (2015).

[59] Klinger, M. P., Fischer, A., Kaschura, F., Scholz, R., Luessem, B., Kheradmand-Boroujeni, B., Ellinger, F., Kasemann,D. & Leo, K. Advanced Organic Permeable-Base Transistor with Superior Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS 27,7734–7739 (2015).

[60] Fuchs, C., Will, P.-A., Wieczorek, M., Gather, M. C., Hofmann, S., Reineke, S., Leo, K. & Scholz, R. Enhanced lightemission from top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by optimizing surface plasmon polariton losses. PHYSICALREVIEW B 92 (2015).

[61] Guenther, A. A., Hossbach, C., Sawatzki, M., Kasemann, D., Bartha, J. W. & Leo, K. Controlling threshold voltage andleakage currents in vertical organic field-effect transistors by inversion mode operation. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS107 (2015).

[62] Nehm, F., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Klumbies, H. & Leo, K. Note: Inhibiting bottleneck corrosion in electrical calcium testsfor ultra-barrier measurements. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 86 (2015).

[63] Jahnel, M., Beyer, B., Thomschke, M., Fehse, K., Krujatz, F. & Leo, K. Narrow Bandwidth Top-Emitting OLEDs Designedfor Rhodamine 6G Excitation in Biological Sensing Applications. ELECTRONICS 4, 982–994 (2015).

[64] Kraner, S., Widmer, J., Benduhn, J., Hieckmann, E., Jaegeler-Hoheisel, T., Ullbrich, S., Schuetze, D., Radke, K. S.,Cuniberti, G., Ortmann, F., Lorenz-Rothe, M., Meerheim, R., Spoltore, D., Vandewal, K., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Influenceof side groups on the performance of infrared absorbing aza-BODIPY organic solar cells. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDIA-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 212, 2747–2753 (2015).

[65] Holzmueller, F., Wilde, L., Woelzl, F., Koerner, C., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Co-evaporant induced crystallization of zincphthalocyanine:C-60 blends for solar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 27, 133–136 (2015).

[66] Moench, T., Sherkar, T. S., Koster, L. J. A., Friederich, P., Riede, M., Formanek, P., Koerner, C., Vandewal, K., Wenzel,W. & Leo, K. Experimental and theoretical study of phase separation in ZnPc:C-60 blends. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS27, 183–191 (2015).

[67] Luessem, B., Guenther, A., Fischer, A., Kasemann, D. & Leo, K. Vertical organic transistors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER 27 (2015).

[68] de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S., Hermenau, M., Tietze, M. L., Schwab, T., Hofmann, S., Gather, M. C. & Leo, K. Impact oftemperature on the efficiency of organic light emitting diodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 26, 158–163 (2015).

[69] Lee, J., Koh, T.-W., Cho, H., Hofmann, S., Reineke, S., Lee, J.-H., Lee, J.-I., Yoo, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Colortemperature tuning of white organic light-emitting diodes via spatial control of micro-cavity effects based on thin metalstrips. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 26, 334–339 (2015).

[70] Lenk, S., Schwab, T., Schubert, S., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K., Gather, M. C. & Reineke, S. White organic light-emitting diodes with 4 nm metal electrode. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 107 (2015).

[71] Nehm, F., Klumbies, H., Richter, C., Singh, A., Schroeder, U., Mikolajick, T., Moench, T., Hossbach, C., Albert, M.,Bartha, J. W., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L. Breakdown and Protection of ALD Moisture Barrier Thin Films. ACSAPPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 7, 22121–22127 (2015).

[72] Kraner, S., Scholz, R., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Design Proposals for Organic Materials Exhibiting a Low Exciton BindingEnergy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 119, 22820–22825 (2015).

[73] Jahnel, M., Thomschke, M., Fehse, K., Vogel, U., An, J. D., Park, H., Leo, K. & Im, C. Integration of near infrared andvisible organic photodiodes on a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible backplane. THIN SOLID FILMS592, 94–98 (2015).

[74] Timmreck, R., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Characterization of tandem organic solar cells comprising subcells of identical absorbermaterial. PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS 23, 1353–1356 (2015).

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[75] Loechner, F. J. F., Mischok, A., Brueckner, R., Lyssenko, V. G., Zakhidov, A. A., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Coexisting localizedand extended optical Bloch states in a periodic deep wire array microcavity. SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUC-TURES 85, 646–652 (2015).

[76] Eid, J., Usman, A., Gereige, I., Van Duren, J., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K. & Mohammed, O. F. Ultrafast pump-probereflectance spectroscopy: Why sodium makes Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 solar cells better. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS ANDSOLAR CELLS 140, 33–37 (2015).

[77] Scholz, S., Kondakov, D., Lussem, B. & Leo, K. Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-EmittingDevices. CHEMICAL REVIEWS 115, 8449–8503 (2015).

[78] Mueller-Meskamp, L., Schubert, S., Roch, T., Eckhardt, S., Lasagni, A.-F. & Leo, K. Transparent Conductive MetalThin-Film Electrodes Structured by Direct Laser Interference Patterning. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS17, 1215–1219 (2015).

[79] Menke, T., Ray, D., Kleemann, H., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Determining doping efficiency and mobility from conductivity andSeebeck data of n-doped C-60 layers. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS 252, 1877–1883(2015).

[80] Timmreck, R., Meyer, T., Gilot, J., Seifert, H., Mueller, T., Furlan, A., Wienk, M. M., Wynands, D., Hohl-Ebinger, J.,Warta, W., Janssen, R. A. J., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Characterization of tandem organic solar cells. NATURE PHOTONICS9, 478–479 (2015).

[81] Kaschura, F., Fischer, A., Kasemann, D., Leo, K. & Lussem, B. Controlling morphology: A vertical organic transistorwith a self-structured permeable base using the bottom electrode as seed layer. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 107(2015).

[82] Schubert, S., Schmidt, F., von Wenckstern, H., Grundmann, M., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L. Eclipse Pulsed LaserDeposition for Damage-Free Preparation of Transparent ZnO Electrodes on Top of Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCEDFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 25, 4321–4327 (2015).

[83] Leo, K. PEROVSKITE PHOTOVOLTAICS Signs of stability. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 10, 574–575 (2015).

[84] Fischer, J., Ray, D., Kleemann, H., Pahner, P., Schwarze, M., Koerner, C., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. Density of statesdetermination in organic donor-acceptor blend layers enabled by molecular doping. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS117 (2015).

[85] Mischok, A., Brueckner, R., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G., Leo, K. & Zakhidov, A. A. Control of Lasing from Bloch Statesin Microcavity Photonic Wires via Selective Excitation and Gain. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 3 (2015).

[86] Guenther, A. A., Widmer, J., Kasemann, D. & Leo, K. Hole mobility in thermally evaporated pentacene: Morphologicaland directional dependence. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 106 (2015).

[87] Lee, J., Koh, T.-W., Cho, H., Schwab, T., Lee, J.-H., Hofmann, S., Lee, J.-I., Yoo, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Transparentorganic light-emitting diodes with different bi-directional emission colors using color-conversion capping layers. JOURNALOF LUMINESCENCE 162, 180–184 (2015).

[88] Tietze, M. L., Pahner, P., Schmidt, K., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Doped Organic Semiconductors: Trap-Filling, ImpuritySaturation, and Reserve Regimes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 25, 2701–2707 (2015).

[89] Kraner, S., Koerner, C., Leo, K., Bittrich, E., Eichhorn, K. J., Karpov, Y., Kiriy, A., Stamm, M., Hinrichs, K. & Al-Hussein, M. Dielectric function of a poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) ladder polymer. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 91(2015).

[90] Kim, Y. H., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Ultratransparent Polymer/Semitransparent Silver Grid Hybrid Electrodesfor Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 5 (2015).

[91] Ortmann, F., Radke, K. S., Guenther, A., Kasemann, D., Leo, K. & Cuniberti, G. Materials Meets Concepts in Molecule-Based Electronics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 25, 1933–1954 (2015).

[92] Poelking, C., Tietze, M., Elschner, C., Olthof, S., Hertel, D., Baumeier, B., Wuerthner, F., Meerholz, K., Leo, K. &Andrienko, D. Impact of mesoscale order on open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells. NATURE MATERIALS 14,434–439 (2015).

[93] Liu, X., Kasemann, D. & Leo, K. Top-gate organic depletion and inversion transistors with doped channel and injectioncontact. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 106 (2015).

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[94] Froebel, M., Schwab, T., Kliem, M., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Get it white: color-tunable AC/DC OLEDs.LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 4 (2015).

[95] Curiel, D., Montoya, M. M., Hummert, M., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Doped-carbazolocarbazoles as hole transporting materialsin small molecule solar cells with different architectures. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 17, 28–32 (2015).

[96] Klumbies, H., Schmidt, P., Haehnel, M., Singh, A., Schroeder, U., Richter, C., Mikolajick, T., Hossbach, C., Albert, M.,Bartha, J. W., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L. Thickness dependent barrier performance of permeation barriers madefrom atomic layer deposited alumina for organic devices. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 17, 138–143 (2015).

[97] Fischer, J., Widmer, J., Kleemann, H., Tress, W., Koerner, C., Riede, M., Vandewal, K. & Leo, K. A charge carriertransport model for donor-acceptor blend layers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 117 (2015).

[98] Beyer, B. & Leo, K. Efficiency increase of organic solar cells with emissive light-in-coupling layers. JOURNAL OFMATERIALS CHEMISTRY C 3, 10830–10836 (2015).

[99] Hossbach, C., Nehm, F., Singh, A., Klumbies, H., Fischer, D., Richter, C., Schroeder, U., Albert, M., Mueller-Meskamp,L., Leo, K., Mikolajick, T. & Bartha, J. W. Integration of molecular-layer-deposited aluminum alkoxide interlayers intoinorganic nanolaminate barriers for encapsulation of organic electronics with improved stress resistance. JOURNAL OFVACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A 33 (2015).

[100] Weiss, N., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Selzer, F., Bormann, L., Eychmueller, A., Leo, K. & Gaponik, N. Humidity assistedannealing technique for transparent conductive silver nanowire networks. RSC ADVANCES 5, 19659–19665 (2015).

[101] Selzer, F., Weiss, N., Kneppe, D., Bormann, L., Sachse, C., Gaponik, N., Eychmueller, A., Leo, K. & Mueller-Meskamp, L.A spray-coating process for highly conductive silver nanowire networks as the transparent top-electrode for small moleculeorganic photovoltaics. NANOSCALE 7, 2777–2783 (2015).

[102] Selzer, F., Weiss, N., Bormann, L., Sachse, C., Gaponik, N., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Eychmueller, A. & Leo, K. Highlyconductive silver nanowire networks by organic matrix assisted low-temperature fusing. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15,3818–3824 (2014).

[103] Schubert, S., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Unusually High Optical Transmission in Ca:Ag Blend Films: High-Performance Top Electrodes for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 24, 6668–6676(2014).

[104] Krotkus, S., Ventsch, F., Kasemann, D., Zakhidov, A. A., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Photo-patterning ofHighly Efficient State-of-the-Art Phosphorescent OLEDs Using Orthogonal Hydrofluoroethers. ADVANCED OPTICALMATERIALS 2, 1043–1048 (2014).

[105] Woelzl, F., de Moraes, I. R., Luessem, B., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Performance and lifetime of vac-uum deposited organic light-emitting diodes: Influence of residual gases present during device fabrication. ORGANICELECTRONICS 15, 3251–3258 (2014).

[106] Fischer, J., Tress, W., Kleemann, H., Widmer, J., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Exploiting diffusion currents at Ohmic contactsfor trap characterization in organic semiconductors. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 2428–2432 (2014).

[107] Singh, A., Nehm, F., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Hossbach, C., Albert, M., Schroeder, U., Leo, K. & Mikolajick, T. OLEDcompatible water-based nanolaminate encapsulation systems using ozone based starting layer. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS15, 2587–2592 (2014).

[108] Murawski, C., Fuchs, C., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Alternative p-doped hole transport material for lowoperating voltage and high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 105 (2014).

[109] Meerheim, R., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Highly efficient organic multi-junction solar cells with a thiophene based donormaterial. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 105 (2014).

[110] Mischok, A., Brueckner, R., Sudzius, M., Reinhardt, C., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Photonic confinement inlaterally structured metal-organic microcavities. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 105 (2014).

[111] Polander, L. E., Pahner, P., Schwarze, M., Saalfrank, M., Koerner, C. & Leo, K. Hole-transport material variation in fullyvacuum deposited perovskite solar cells. APL MATERIALS 2 (2014).

[112] Mischok, A., Lyssenko, V. G., Brueckner, R., Loechner, F., Scholz, R., Zakhidov, A. A., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Zero- andpi-States in a Periodic Array of Deep Photonic Wires. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2, 746–750 (2014).

[113] Jaegeler-Hoheisel, T., Selzer, F., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Direct Electrical Evidence of Plasmonic Near-Field Enhancementin Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 118, 15128–15135 (2014).

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[114] Vandewal, K., Widmer, J., Heumueller, T., Brabec, C. J., McGehee, M. D., Leo, K., Riede, M. & Salleo, A. IncreasedOpen-Circuit Voltage of Organic Solar Cells by Reduced Donor-Acceptor Interface Area. ADVANCED MATERIALS 26,3839–3843 (2014).

[115] Fischer, A., Koprucki, T., Gaertner, K., Tietze, M. L., Brueckner, J., Luessem, B., Leo, K., Glitzky, A. & Scholz, R.Feel the Heat: Nonlinear Electrothermal Feedback in Organic LEDs. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 24,3367–3374 (2014).

[116] Meiss, J., Ziehlke, H., Schubert, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Coevaporated calcium-silver metal alloys as contact for highlytransparent organic solar cells. ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2, 77–85 (2014).

[117] Wang, Q., Ma, D., Leo, K., Ding, J., Wang, L., Qiao, Q., Jia, H. & Gnade, B. E. Using interlayer step-wise triplet transferto achieve an efficient white organic light-emitting diode with high color-stability. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 104(2014).

[118] Chang, H.-W., Kim, Y. H., Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Luessem, B., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Gather, M. C., Leo, K. & Wu, C.-C.Color-stable, ITO-free white organic light-emitting diodes with enhanced efficiency using solution-processed transparentelectrodes and optical outcoupling layers. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 1028–1034 (2014).

[119] Kim, Y. H., Lee, J., Kim, W. M., Fuchs, C., Hofmann, S., Chang, H.-W., Gather, M. C., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K.We Want Our Photons Back: Simple Nanostructures for White Organic Light-Emitting Diode Outcoupling. ADVANCEDFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 24, 2553–2559 (2014).

[120] Xie, G., Fehse, K., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. P-I-N-P top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with MoOx as the electricaland optical modification layers. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 211,1168–1174 (2014).

[121] Koerner, C., Hein, M. P., Kazukauskas, V., Sakavicius, A., Janonis, V., Fitzner, R., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Riede, M.Correlation between Temperature Activation of ChargeCarrier Generation Efficiency and Hole Mobility in SmallMoleculeDonor Materials. CHEMPHYSCHEM 15, 1049–1055 (2014).

[122] Hofmann, S., Hummert, M., Scholz, R., Luschtinetz, R., Murawski, C., Will, P.-A., Hintschich, S. I., Alex, J., Jankus, V.,Monkman, A. P., Luessem, B., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Engineering Blue Fluorescent Bulk Emitters for OLEDs: TripletHarvesting by Green Phosphors. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 26, 2414–2426 (2014).

[123] Schwab, T., Fuchs, C., Scholz, R., Zakhidov, A., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Coherent mode coupling in highly efficienttop-emitting OLEDs on periodically corrugated substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 22, 7524–7537 (2014).

[124] Radke, K. S., Scholz, R., Ortmann, F., Leo, K. & Cuniberti, G. Dynamic Effects on the Charge Transport in an OrganicNear-Infrared Absorber Material. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 118, 6537–6547 (2014).

[125] Siebert-Henze, E., Lyssenko, V. G., Fischer, J., Tietze, M., Brueckner, R., Schwarze, M., Vandewal, K., Ray, D., Riede,M. & Leo, K. Built-in voltage of organic bulk heterojuction p-i-n solar cells measured by electroabsorption spectroscopy.AIP ADVANCES 4 (2014).

[126] Nehm, F., Schubert, S., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Observation of feature ripening inversion effect at the percolationthreshold for the growth of thin silver films. THIN SOLID FILMS 556, 381–384 (2014).

[127] Nicht, S., Kleemann, H., Fischer, A., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Functionalized p-dopants as self-assembled monolayers forenhanced charge carrier injection in organic electronic devices. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 654–660 (2014).

[128] Froebel, M., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Optimizing the internal electric field distribution of alternating currentdriven organic light-emitting devices for a reduced operating voltage. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 104 (2014).

[129] Selzer, F., Falkenberg, C., Hamburger, M., Baumgarten, M., Muellen, K., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Improved organic p-i-ntype solar cells with n-doped fluorinated hexaazatrinaphthylene derivatives HATNA-F-6 and HATNA-F-12 as transparentelectron transport material. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 115 (2014).

[130] Luessem, B., Kleemann, H., Kasemann, D., Ventsch, F. & Leo, K. Organic Junction Field- Effect Transistor. ADVANCEDFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 24, 1011–1016 (2014).

[131] Murawski, C., Liehm, P., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Influence of Cavity Thickness and Emitter Orientation on the EfficiencyRoll-Off of Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 24, 1117–1124(2014).

[132] Menke, T., Ray, D., Kleemann, H., Hein, M. P., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Highly efficient p-dopants in amorphous hosts.ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 365–371 (2014).

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[133] Siebert-Henze, E., Lyssenko, V. G., Fischer, J., Tietze, M., Brueckner, R., Menke, T., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Electroabsorp-tion studies of organic p-i-n solar cells:Increase of the built-in voltage by higher doping concentration in the hole transportlayer. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 563–568 (2014).

[134] Hein, M. P., Zakhidov, A. A., Luessem, B., Jankowski, J., Tietze, M. L., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Molecular doping forcontrol of gate bias stress in organic thin film transistors. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 104 (2014).

[135] Brueckner, R., Lyssenko, V. G., Hofmann, S. & Leo, K. Lasing of Tamm states in highly efficient organic devices basedon small-molecule organic semiconductors. FARADAY DISCUSSIONS 174, 183–201 (2014).

[136] Graf, A., Liehm, P., Murawski, C., Hofmann, S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Correlating the transition dipole momentorientation of phosphorescent emitter molecules in OLEDs with basic material properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALSCHEMISTRY C 2, 10298–10304 (2014).

[137] Sachse, C., Weiss, N., Gaponik, N., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Eychmueller, A. & Leo, K. ITO-Free, Small-Molecule OrganicSolar Cells on Spray-Coated Copper-Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 4(2014).

[138] Klumbies, H., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Nehm, F. & Leo, K. Note: Influence of calcium corrosion on the performance of anadjacent permeation barrier. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 85 (2014).

[139] Klumbies, H., Karl, M., Hermenau, M., Roesch, R., Seeland, M., Hoppe, H., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Wateringress into and climate dependent lifetime of organic photovoltaic cells investigated by calcium corrosion tests. SOLARENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 120, 685–690 (2014).

[140] Lee, J.-H., Lee, J., Kim, Y. H., Yun, C., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Effect of trap states on the electrical doping of organicsemiconductors. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 15, 16–21 (2014).

[141] Widmer, J., Tietze, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Open-Circuit Voltage and Effective Gap of Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCEDFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 23, 5814–5821 (2013).

[142] Singh, A., Klumbies, H., Schroeder, U., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Geidel, M., Knaut, M., Hossbach, C., Albert, M., Leo, K.& Mikolajick, T. Barrier performance optimization of atomic layer deposited diffusion barriers for organic light emittingdiodes using x-ray reflectivity investigations. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 103 (2013).

[143] Schwab, T., Schubert, S., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Eliminating Micro-Cavity Effects in WhiteTop-Emitting OLEDs by Ultra-Thin Metallic Top Electrodes. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 1, 921–925 (2013).

[144] Kim, Y. H., Schubert, S., Timmreck, R., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Collecting the Electrons on n-Doped FullereneC-60 Transparent Conductors for All-Vacuum-Deposited Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED ENERGYMATERIALS 3, 1551–1556 (2013).

[145] Murawski, C., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Efficiency Roll-Off in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS25, 6801–6827 (2013).

[146] Widmer, J., Fischer, J., Tress, W., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Electric potential mapping by thickness variation: A new methodfor model-free mobility determination in organic semiconductor thin films. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 3460–3471(2013).

[147] Pahner, P., Kleemann, H., Burtone, L., Tietze, M. L., Fischer, J., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Pentacene Schottky diodesstudied by impedance spectroscopy: Doping properties and trap response. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 88 (2013).

[148] Scholz, R., Luschtinetz, R., Seifert, G., Jaegeler-Hoheisel, T., Koerner, C., Leo, K. & Rapacioli, M. Quantifying chargetransfer energies at donor-acceptor interfaces in small-molecule solar cells with constrained DFTB and spectroscopicmethods. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER 25 (2013).

[149] Lee, J., Cho, H., Koh, T.-W., Yun, C., Hofmann, S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, Y. H., Luessem, B., Lee, J.-I., Leo, K., Gather, M. C.& Yoo, S. Enhanced and balanced efficiency of white bidirectional organic light-emitting diodes. OPTICS EXPRESS 21,28040–28047 (2013).

[150] Kleemann, H., Guenther, A. A., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. High-Performance Vertical Organic Transistors. SMALL 9,3670–3677 (2013).

[151] Froebel, M., Perumal, A., Schwab, T., Fuchs, C., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. White light emission from alternating currentorganic light-emitting devices using high frequency color-mixing. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS ANDMATERIALS SCIENCE 210, 2439–2444 (2013).

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[152] Chang, H.-W., Lee, J., Koh, T.-W., Hofmann, S., Luessem, B., Yoo, S., Wu, C.-C., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Bi-directionalorganic light-emitting diodes with nanoparticle-enhanced light outcoupling. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 7, 1079–1087 (2013).

[153] Luessem, B., Tietze, M. L., Kleemann, H., Hossbach, C., Bartha, J. W., Zakhidov, A. & Leo, K. Doped organic transistorsoperating in the inversion and depletion regime. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS 4 (2013).

[154] Schubert, S., Kim, Y. H., Menke, T., Fischer, A., Timmreck, R., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Highly doped fullereneC60 thin films as transparent stand alone top electrode for organic solar cells. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS ANDSOLAR CELLS 118, 165–170 (2013).

[155] Moench, T., Guttmann, P., Murawski, J., Elschner, C., Riede, M., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Investigating local(photo-)current and structure of ZnPc:C-60 bulk-heterojunctions. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 2777–2788 (2013).

[156] Mischok, A., Lemke, F., Reinhardt, C., Brueckner, R., Zakhidov, A. A., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. &Leo, K. Dispersion tomography of an organic photonic-wire microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 103 (2013).

[157] Tietze, M. L., Woelzl, F., Menke, T., Fischer, A., Riede, M., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Self-passivation of molecular n-typedoping during air exposure using a highly efficient air-instable dopant. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONSAND MATERIALS SCIENCE 210, 2188–2198 (2013).

[158] Schwab, T., Schubert, S., Hofmann, S., Froebel, M., Fuchs, C., Thomschke, M., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K. & Gather,M. C. Highly Efficient Color Stable Inverted White Top-Emitting OLEDs with Ultra-Thin Wetting Layer Top Electrodes.ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 1, 707–713 (2013).

[159] Lee, J., Cho, H., Koh, T.-W., Hofmann, S., Kim, Y. H., Yun, C., Schwab, T., Reineke, S., Luessem, B., Lee, J.-I., Yoo,S., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Straight-forward control of the degree of micro-cavity effects in organic light-emitting diodesbased on a thin striped metal layer. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 2444–2450 (2013).

[160] Xie, G., Fehse, K., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Novel P-I-N-P top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with enhancedefficiency and stability. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 2331–2340 (2013).

[161] Tietze, M. L., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Quantification of deep hole-trap filling by molecular p-doping: Dependence on thehost material purity. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 2348–2352 (2013).

[162] Tietze, M. L., Tress, W., Pfuetzner, S., Schuenemann, C., Burtone, L., Riede, M., Leo, K., Vandewal, K., Olthof, S., Schulz,P. & Kahn, A. Correlation of open-circuit voltage and energy levels in zinc-phthalocyanine: C-60 bulk heterojunction solarcells with varied mixing ratio. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 88 (2013).

[163] Kim, Y. H., Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Gather, M. C., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Achieving High Efficiency and ImprovedStability in ITO-Free Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Conductive Polymer Electrodes. ADVANCEDFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 23, 3763–3769 (2013).

[164] Kim, Y. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, W. M., Seong, T.-Y., Lee, J., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Realizing the Potentialof ZnO with Alternative Non-Metallic Co-Dopants as Electrode Materials for Small Molecule Optoelectronic Devices.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 23, 3645–3652 (2013).

[165] Gaynor, W., Hofmann, S., Christoforo, M. G., Sachse, C., Mehra, S., Salleo, A., McGehee, M. D., Gather, M. C., Luessem,B., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Peumans, P. & Leo, K. Color in the Corners: ITO-Free White OLEDs with Angular ColorStability. ADVANCED MATERIALS 25, 4006–4013 (2013).

[166] Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Luessem, B., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Investigation of triplet harvesting and outcoupling efficiencyin highly efficient two-color hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONSAND MATERIALS SCIENCE 210, 1467–1475 (2013).

[167] Reineke, S., Thomschke, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspective. RE-VIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 85, 1245–1293 (2013).

[168] Fuchs, C., Schwab, T., Roch, T., Eckardt, S., Lasagni, A., Hofmann, S., Luessem, B., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K.,Gather, M. C. & Scholz, R. Quantitative allocation of Bragg scattering effects in highly efficient OLEDs fabricated onperiodically corrugated substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 21, 16319–16330 (2013).

[169] Tress, W., Corvers, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Investigation of Driving Forces for Charge Extraction in Organic Solar Cells:Transient Photocurrent Measurements on Solar Cells Showing S-Shaped Current-Voltage Characteristics. ADVANCEDENERGY MATERIALS 3, 873–880 (2013).

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[170] Mesta, M., Carvelli, M., de Vries, R. J., van Eersel, H., van der Holst, J. J. M., Schober, M., Furno, M., Luessem, B.,Leo, K., Loebl, P., Coehoorn, R. & Bobbert, P. A. Molecular-scale simulation of electroluminescence in a multilayer whiteorganic light-emitting diode. NATURE MATERIALS 12, 652–658 (2013).

[171] Yun, C., Xie, G., Murawski, C., Lee, J., Ventsch, F., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Understanding the influence of doping inefficient phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with an organic p-i-n homojunction. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS14, 1695–1703 (2013).

[172] Schuenemann, C., Petrich, A., Schulze, R., Wynands, D., Meiss, J., Hein, M. P., Jankowski, J., Elschner, C., Alex, J.,Hummert, M., Eichhorn, K.-J., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Diindenoperylene derivatives: A model to investigate the path frommolecular structure via morphology to solar cell performance. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 1704–1714 (2013).

[173] Min, J., Ameri, T., Gresser, R., Lorenz-Rothe, M., Baran, D., Troeger, A., Sgobba, V., Leo, K., Riede, M., Guldi, D. M.& Brabec, C. J. Two Similar Near-Infrared (IR) Absorbing Benzannulated Aza-BODIPY Dyes as Near-IR Sensitizers forTernary Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 5, 5609–5616 (2013).

[174] Schuenemann, C., Wynands, D., Eichhorn, K.-J., Stamm, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Evaluation and Control of theOrientation of Small Molecules for Strongly Absorbing Organic Thin Films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C117, 11600–11609 (2013).

[175] Tress, W., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Photoconductivity as loss mechanism in organic solar cells. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS 7, 401–405 (2013).

[176] Beyer, B., Griese, D., Schirrmann, C., Pfeifer, R., Kahmann, S., Hild, O. R. & Leo, K. Small molecule bulk heterojunctionorganic solar cells with coumarin-6 as donor material. THIN SOLID FILMS 536, 206–210 (2013).

[177] Chang, H.-W., Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Kim, Y. H., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Luessem, B., Wu, C.-C., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C.Nano-particle based scattering layers for optical efficiency enhancement of organic light-emitting diodes and organic solarcells. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 113 (2013).

[178] Beyer, B., Pfeifer, R., Zettler, J. K., Hild, O. R. & Leo, K. Graded Absorption Layers in Bulk Heterojunction OrganicSolar Cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 117, 9537–9542 (2013).

[179] Tress, W., Merten, A., Furno, M., Hein, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Correlation of Absorption Profile and Fill Factor inOrganic Solar Cells: The Role of Mobility Imbalance. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 3, 631–638 (2013).

[180] Tress, W., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Dominating recombination mechanisms in organic solar cells based on ZnPc and C-60.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 102 (2013).

[181] Schubert, S., Meiss, J., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Improvement of Transparent Metal Top Electrodes for OrganicSolar Cells by Introducing a High Surface Energy Seed Layer. ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 3, 438–443 (2013).

[182] Fischer, A., Pahner, P., Luessem, B., Leo, K., Scholz, R., Koprucki, T., Gaertner, K. & Glitzky, A. Self-Heating, Bistability,and Thermal Switching in Organic Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 110 (2013).

[183] Froebel, M., Perumal, A., Schwab, T., Gather, M. C., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Enhancing the efficiency of alternatingcurrent driven organic light-emitting devices by optimizing the operation frequency. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14,809–813 (2013).

[184] Klumbies, H., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Moench, T., Schubert, S. & Leo, K. The influence of laterally inhomogeneous corrosionon electrical and optical calcium moisture barrier characterization. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 84(2013).

[185] Burtone, L., Fischer, J., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Trap states in ZnPc:C60 small-molecule organic solar cells. PHYSICALREVIEW B 87 (2013).

[186] Elschner, C., Schrader, M., Fitzner, R., Levin, A. A., Baeuerle, P., Andrienko, D., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Molecular orderingand charge transport in a dicyanovinyl-substituted quaterthiophene thin film. RSC ADVANCES 3, 12117–12123 (2013).

[187] Seifert, R., de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S., Gather, M. C., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Chemical degradation mechanisms of highlyefficient blue phosphorescent emitters used for organic light emitting diodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 115–123(2013).

[188] Sachse, C., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Bormann, L., Kim, Y. H., Lehnert, F., Philipp, A., Beyer, B. & Leo, K. Transparent,dip-coated silver nanowire electrodes for small molecule organic solar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 143–148(2013).

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[189] Kleemann, H., Gutierrez, R., Avdoshenko, S., Cuniberti, G., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Reverse breakdown behavior inorganic pin-diodes comprising C60 and pentacene: Experiment and theory. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 14, 193–199(2013).

[190] Luessem, B., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Doping of organic semiconductors. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONSAND MATERIALS SCIENCE 210, 9–43 (2013).

[191] Liehm, P., Murawski, C., Furno, M., Luessem, B., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Comparing the emissive dipole orientation oftwo similar phosphorescent green emitter molecules in highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICSLETTERS 101 (2012).

[192] Hinrichs, K., Levichkova, M., Wynands, D., Walzer, K., Eichhorn, K. J., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Morphology andmolecular orientation of ethyl-substituted dicyanovinyl-sexithiophene films for photovoltaic applications. THIN SOLIDFILMS 525, 97–105 (2012).

[193] Yun, C., Lee, J., Lee, J., Luessem, B., Ventsch, F., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Influence of phosphorescent dopants inorganic light-emitting diodes with an organic homojunction. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 101 (2012).

[194] Schubert, S., Hermenau, M., Meiss, J., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Oxide Sandwiched Metal Thin-Film Electrodesfor Long-Term Stable Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 22, 4993–4999 (2012).

[195] Freitag, P., Zakhidov, A. A., Luessem, B., Zakhidov, A. A. & Leo, K. Lambertian white top-emitting organic light emittingdevice with carbon nanotube cathode. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 112 (2012).

[196] Menke, T., Wei, P., Ray, D., Kleemann, H., Naab, B. D., Bao, Z., Leo, K. & Riede, M. A comparison of two air-stablemolecular n-dopants for C-60. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 3319–3325 (2012).

[197] Auschill, S., de Moraes, I. R., Luessem, B., Gather, M. C. & Leo, K. A high performance liquid chromatography methodto determine phenanthroline derivatives used in OLEDs and OSCs. SYNTHETIC METALS 162, 1834–1838 (2012).

[198] Koerner, C., Ziehlke, H., Gresser, R., Fitzner, R., Reinold, E., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Temperature Activation ofthe Photoinduced Charge Carrier Generation Efficiency in Quaterthiophene:C-60 Mixed Films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICALCHEMISTRY C 116, 25097–25105 (2012).

[199] Fischer, A., Scholz, R., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. An all C-60 vertical transistor for high frequency and high current densityapplications. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 101 (2012).

[200] Kim, Y. H., Sachse, C., Zakhidov, A. A., Meiss, J., Zakhidov, A. A., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Combined alternativeelectrodes for semi-transparent and ITO-free small molecule organic solar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 2422–2428(2012).

[201] Fischer, A., Pahner, P., Loessem, B., Leo, K., Scholz, R., Koprucki, T., Fuhrmann, J., Gaertner, K. & Glitzky, A. Self-heating effects in organic semiconductor crossbar structures with small active area. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13,2461–2468 (2012).

[202] de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Chemical degradation processes of highly stable red phosphorescentorganic light emitting diodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 1900–1907 (2012).

[203] Furno, M., Rosenow, T. C., Gather, M. C., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Analysis of the external and internal quantum efficiencyof multi-emitter, white organic light emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 101 (2012).

[204] Mueller, T., Gresser, R., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Organic solar cells based on a novel infrared absorbing aza-bodipy dye.SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 99, 176–181 (2012).

[205] Koerner, C., Elschner, C., Miller, N. C., Fitzner, R., Selzer, F., Reinold, E., Baeuerle, P., Toney, M. F., McGehee, M. D.,Leo, K. & Riede, M. Probing the effect of substrate heating during deposition of DCV4T:C-60 blend layers for organicsolar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 623–631 (2012).

[206] Furno, M., Meerheim, R., Hofmann, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Efficiency and rate of spontaneous emission in organicelectroluminescent devices. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 85 (2012).

[207] Wei, P., Menke, T., Naab, B. D., Leo, K., Riede, M. & Bao, Z. 2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-3-iumIodide as a New Air-Stable n-Type Dopant for Vacuum-Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films. JOURNAL OFTHE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 134, 3999–4002 (2012).

[208] Perumal, A., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. High brightness alternating current electroluminescence with organic light emittingmaterial. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 100 (2012).

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[209] Reinhardt, C., Brueckner, R., Haase, J., Sudzius, M., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Modediscretization in an organic microcavity including a perforated silver layer. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 100 (2012).

[210] Zakhidov, A. A., Reineke, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Hydrofluoroethers as heat-transfer fluids for OLEDs: Operationalrange, stability, and efficiency improvement. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 356–360 (2012).

[211] Kleemann, H., Zakhidov, A. A., Anderson, M., Menke, T., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Direct structuring of C60 thin filmtransistors by photo-lithography under ambient conditions. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 506–513 (2012).

[212] Meiss, J., Menke, T., Leo, K., Uhrich, C., Gnehr, W.-M., Sonntag, S., Pfeiffer, M. & Riede, M. Highly efficient semitrans-parent tandem organic solar cells with complementary absorber materials (vol 99, 043301, 2011). APPLIED PHYSICSLETTERS 100 (2012).

[213] Menke, T., Ray, D., Meiss, J., Leo, K. & Riede, M. In-situ conductivity and Seebeck measurements of highly efficientn-dopants in fullerene C-60. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 100 (2012).

[214] Fischer, A., Siebeneicher, P., Kleemann, H., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Bidirectional operation of vertical organic triodes.JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 111 (2012).

[215] Mueller-Meskamp, L., Kim, Y. H., Roch, T., Hofmann, S., Scholz, R., Eckardt, S., Leo, K. & Lasagni, A. F. EfficiencyEnhancement of Organic Solar Cells by Fabricating Periodic Surface Textures using Direct Laser Interference Patterning.ADVANCED MATERIALS 24, 906+ (2012).

[216] Brueckner, R., Sudzius, M., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G., Kaliteevski, M. A., Iorsh, I., Abram, R. A.,Kavokin, A. V. & Leo, K. Parabolic polarization splitting of Tamm states in a metal-organic microcavity. APPLIEDPHYSICS LETTERS 100 (2012).

[217] Fitzner, R., Elschner, C., Weil, M., Uhrich, C., Koerner, C., Riede, M., Leo, K., Pfeiffer, M., Reinold, E., Mena-Osteritz, E.& Baeuerle, P. Interrelation between Crystal Packing and Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cell Performance. ADVANCEDMATERIALS 24, 675+ (2012).

[218] Weichsel, C., Reineke, S., Furno, M., Luesem, B. & Leo, K. Organic light-emitting diodes for lighting: High color qualityby controlling energy transfer processes in host-guest-systems. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 111 (2012).

[219] Hermenau, M., Schubert, S., Klumbies, H., Fahlteich, J., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K. & Riede, M. The effect of barrierperformance on the lifetime of small-molecule organic solar cells. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS97, 102–108 (2012). Conference on Global Organic Photovoltaics (GOPV), Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA, 2011.

[220] Meiss, J., Merten, A., Hein, M., Schuenemann, C., Schaefer, S., Tietze, M., Uhrich, C., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Riede,M. Fluorinated Zinc Phthalocyanine as Donor for Efficient Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNC-TIONAL MATERIALS 22, 405–414 (2012).

[221] Perumal, A., Froebel, M., Gorantla, S., Gemming, T., Luessem, B., Eckert, J. & Leo, K. Novel Approach for AlternatingCurrent (AC)-Driven Organic Light-Emitting Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 22, 210–217 (2012).

[222] Thomschke, M., Reineke, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Highly Efficient White Top-Emitting Organic Light-Emitting DiodesComprising Laminated Microlens Films. NANO LETTERS 12, 424–428 (2012).

[223] Kim, Y. H., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Zakhidov, A. A., Sachse, C., Meiss, J., Bikova, J., Cook, A., Zakhidov, A. A. & Leo, K.Semi-transparent small molecule organic solar cells with laminated free-standing carbon nanotube top electrodes. SOLARENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 96, 244–250 (2012).

[224] Kleemann, H., Schuenemann, C., Zakhidov, A. A., Riede, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Structural phase transition inpentacene caused by molecular doping and its effect on charge carrier mobility. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 13, 58–65(2012).

[225] Falkenberg, C., Leo, K. & Riede, M. K. Improved photocurrent by using n-doped 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexachloro-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene as optical spacer layer in p-i-n type organic solar cells. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 110(2011).

[226] Leo, K. ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES Efficient and flexible solution. NATURE PHOTONICS 5, 716–718(2011).

[227] Wrackmeyer, M. S., Hein, M., Petrich, A., Meiss, J., Hummert, M., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Dicyanovinyl substitutedoligothiophenes: Thermal stability, mobility measurements, and performance in photovoltaic devices. SOLAR ENERGYMATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 3171–3175 (2011).

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[228] Gohri, V., Hofmann, S., Reineke, S., Rosenow, T., Thomschke, M., Levichkova, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes employing a heterostructure of down-conversion layers. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS12, 2126–2130 (2011).

[229] Levichkova, M., Wynands, D., Levin, A. A., Walzer, K., Hildebrandt, D., Pfeiffer, M., Janonis, V., Pranaitis, M.,Kazukauskas, V., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Dicyanovinyl sexithiophene as donor material in organic planar heterojunctionsolar cells: Morphological, optical, and electrical properties. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 12, 2243–2252 (2011).

[230] Ziehlke, H., Burtone, L., Koerner, C., Fitzner, R., Reinold, E., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Increase of chargecarrier lifetime in dicyanovinyl-quinquethiophene: fullerene blends upon deposition on heated substrates. ORGANICELECTRONICS 12, 2258–2267 (2011).

[231] Meiss, J., Holzmueller, F., Gresser, R., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Near-infrared absorbing semitransparent organic solar cells.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 99 (2011).

[232] Hofmann, S., Thomschke, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes. OPTICS EXPRESS19, A1250–A1264 (2011).

[233] Tress, W., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Effect of concentration gradients in ZnPc:C(60) bulk heterojunction organic solar cells.SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 2981–2986 (2011).

[234] Schober, M., Anderson, M., Thomschke, M., Widmer, J., Furno, M., Scholz, R., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Quantitativedescription of charge-carrier transport in a white organic light-emitting diode. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84 (2011).

[235] Schwab, T., Thomschke, M., Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Leo, K. & Luessem, B. Efficiency enhancement of top-emittingorganic light-emitting diodes using conversion dyes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 110 (2011).

[236] Sebastian, P., Lindner, F., Walzer, K., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Investigation on the origin of the memory effect inmetal/organic semiconductor/metal structures. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 110 (2011).

[237] Elschner, C., Levin, A. A., Wilde, L., Grenzer, J., Schroer, C., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Determining the C60 moleculararrangement in thin films by means of X-ray diffraction. JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 44, 983–990(2011).

[238] Kasemann, D., Brueckner, R., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Organic light-emitting diodes under high currents explored by transientelectroluminescence on the nanosecond scale. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84 (2011).

[239] Gresser, R., Hartmann, H., Wrackmeyer, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Synthesis of thiophene-substituted aza-BODIPYs andtheir optical and electrochemical properties. TETRAHEDRON 67, 7148–7155 (2011).

[240] Kim, Y. H., Sachse, C., Hermenau, M., Fehse, K., Riede, M., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Improved efficiencyand lifetime in small molecule organic solar cells with optimized conductive polymer electrodes. APPLIED PHYSICSLETTERS 99 (2011).

[241] Schubert, S., Klumbies, H., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Electrical calcium test for moisture barrier evaluation fororganic devices. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 82 (2011).

[242] Machala, M. L., Mueller-Meskamp, L., Gang, S., Olthof, S. & Leo, K. On-substrate polymerization of solution-processed,transparent PEDOT: DDQ thin film electrodes with a hydrophobic polymer matrix. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 12,1518–1526 (2011).

[243] Riede, M., Uhrich, C., Widmer, J., Timmreck, R., Wynands, D., Schwartz, G., Gnehr, W.-M., Hildebrandt, D., Weiss, A.,Hwang, J., Sundarraj, S., Erk, P., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Efficient Organic Tandem Solar Cells based on Small Molecules.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 21, 3019–3028 (2011).

[244] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Thomschke, M., Furno, M., Kim, Y. H., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Highly efficient bi-directional organiclight-emitting diodes by strong micro-cavity effects. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 99 (2011).

[245] Ray, D., Furno, M., Siebert-Henze, E., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Quantitative estimation of electronic quality of zinc phthalo-cyanine thin films. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84 (2011).

[246] Ziehlke, H., Fitzner, R., Koerner, C., Gresser, R., Reinold, E., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Riede, M. K. Side Chain Variationson a Series of Dicyanovinyl-Terthiophenes: A Photoinduced Absorption Study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYA 115, 8437–8446 (2011).

[247] de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Role of oxygen-bonds in the degradation process of phosphorescentorganic light emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 99 (2011).

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[248] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Thomschke, M., Furno, M., Kim, Y. H., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Increased and balanced light emissionof transparent organic light-emitting diodes by enhanced microcavity effects. OPTICS LETTERS 36, 2931–2933 (2011).

[249] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Thomschke, M., Kim, Y. H., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Systematic investigation oftransparent organic light-emitting diodes depending on top metal electrode thickness. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 12,1383–1388 (2011).

[250] Meiss, J., Menke, T., Leo, K., Uhrich, C., Gnehr, W.-M., Sonntag, S., Pfeiffer, M. & Riede, M. Highly efficient semitrans-parent tandem organic solar cells with complementary absorber materials. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 99 (2011).

[251] Tress, W., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Influence of Hole-Transport Layers and Donor Materials on Open-Circuit Voltage andShape of I-V Curves of Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 21, 2140–2149 (2011).

[252] Brueckner, R., Sudzius, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Saturation of laser emission in a small mode volumeorganic microcavity. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 109 (2011).

[253] Meerheim, R., Olthof, S., Hermenau, M., Scholz, S., Petrich, A., Tessler, N., Solomeshch, O., Luessem, B., Riede, M. &Leo, K. Investigation of C(60)F(36) as low-volatility p-dopant in organic optoelectronic devices. JOURNAL OF APPLIEDPHYSICS 109 (2011).

[254] Hermenau, M., Riede, M., Leo, K., Gevorgyan, S. A., Krebs, F. C. & Norrman, K. Water and oxygen induced degradationof small molecule organic solar cells. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 1268–1277 (2011).

[255] Hermenau, M., Scholz, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Total charge amount as indicator for the degradation of small moleculeorganic solar cells. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 1278–1283 (2011).

[256] Gevorgyan, S. A. et al. An inter-laboratory stability study of roll-to-roll coated flexible polymer solar modules. SOLARENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 1398–1416 (2011).

[257] Lee, J., Hofmann, S., Furno, M., Thomschke, M., Kim, Y. H., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Influence of organic capping layerson the performance of transparent organic light-emitting diodes. OPTICS LETTERS 36, 1443–1445 (2011).

[258] Meiss, J., Hermenau, M., Tress, W., Schuenemann, C., Selzer, F., Hummert, M., Alex, J., Lackner, G., Leo, K. & Riede,M. Tetrapropyl-tetraphenyl-diindenoperylene derivative as a green absorber for high-voltage stable organic solar cells.PHYSICAL REVIEW B 83 (2011).

[259] Schuenemann, C., Elschner, C., Levin, A. A., Levichkova, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Zinc phthalocyanine - Influence ofsubstrate temperature, film thickness, and kind of substrate on the morphology. THIN SOLID FILMS 519, 3939–3945(2011).

[260] Kim, Y. H., Sachse, C., Machala, M. L., May, C., Mueller-Meskamp, L. & Leo, K. Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSSElectrode with Optimized Solvent and Thermal Post-Treatment for ITO-Free Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNC-TIONAL MATERIALS 21, 1076–1081 (2011).

[261] Fitzner, R., Reinold, E., Mishra, A., Mena-Osteritz, E., Ziehlke, H., Koerner, C., Leo, K., Riede, M., Weil, M., Tsaryova,O., Weiss, A., Uhrich, C., Pfeiffer, M. & Baeuerle, P. Dicyanovinyl-Substituted Oligothiophenes: Structure-PropertyRelationships and Application in Vacuum-Processed Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONALMATERIALS 21, 897–910 (2011).

[262] Becker, F., Brueckner, R., Langner, M., Hintschich, S. I., Sudzius, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Coherentquasimodes and supermodes in a planar microcavity. SUPERLATTICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 49, 193–202(2011). 10th International Conference on Physics of Light-Matter Coupling in Nanostructures, Cuernavaca, MEXICO,APR 12-16, 2010.

[263] Falkenberg, C., Olthof, S., Rieger, R., Baumgarten, M., Muellen, K., Leo, K. & Riede, M. The role of energy level matchingin organic solar cells-Hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile as transparent electron transport material. SOLAR ENERGYMATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 95, 927–932 (2011).

[264] Gresser, R., Hummert, M., Hartmann, H., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Synthesis and Characterization of Near-Infrared AbsorbingBenzannulated Aza-BODIPY Dyes. CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 17, 2939–2947 (2011).

[265] Pfuetzner, S., Mickel, C., Jankowski, J., Hein, M., Meiss, J., Schuenemann, C., Elschner, C., Levin, A. A., Rellinghaus, B.,Leo, K. & Riede, M. The influence of substrate heating on morphology and layer growth in C(60):ZnPc bulk heterojunctionsolar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 12, 435–441 (2011).

[266] Thomschke, M., Hofmann, S., Olthof, S., Anderson, M., Kleemann, H., Schober, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Improvementof voltage and charge balance in inverted top-emitting organic electroluminescent diodes comprising doped transport layersby thermal annealing. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 98 (2011).

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[267] Tress, W., Petrich, A., Hummert, M., Hein, M., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Imbalanced mobilities causing S-shaped IV curvesin planar heterojunction organic solar cells. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 98 (2011).

[268] de Moraes, I. R., Scholz, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Analysis of chemical degradation mechanism within sky bluephosphorescent organic light emitting diodes by laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ORGANICELECTRONICS 12, 341–347 (2011).

[269] Meiss, J., Hummert, M., Petrich, A., Pfuetzner, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Tetrabutyl-tetraphenyl-diindenoperylene deriva-tives as alternative green donor in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLARCELLS 95, 630–635 (2011).

[270] Brueckner, R., Sudzius, M., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Hybrid optical Tamm states in aplanar dielectric microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 83 (2011).

[271] Olthof, S., Meiss, J., Luessem, B., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of thin metal filmsemployed as top contacts in transparent organic solar cells. THIN SOLID FILMS 519, 1872–1875 (2011).

[272] Meyer, J., Wadewitz, A., Lokamani, Toher, C., Gresser, R., Leo, K., Riede, M., Moresco, F. & Cuniberti, G. Moleculesfor organic electronics studied one by one. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS 13, 14421–14426 (2011).

[273] Gresser, R., Hoyer, A., Hummert, M., Hartmann, H., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Homoleptic Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) andHg(II) complexes of bis-(phenyl)-diisoindol-aza-methene. DALTON TRANSACTIONS 40, 3476–3483 (2011).

[274] Hofmann, S., Thomschke, M., Freitag, P., Furno, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes:Influence of cavity design. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

[275] Meerheim, R., Furno, M., Hofmann, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organiclight-emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

[276] Rosenow, T. C., Furno, M., Reineke, S., Olthof, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Highly efficient white organic light-emittingdiodes based on fluorescent blue emitters. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 108 (2010).

[277] Kleemann, H., Gutierrez, R., Lindner, F., Avdoshenko, S., Manrique, P. D., Lussem, B., Cuniberti, G. & Leo, K. OrganicZener Diodes: Tunneling across the Gap in Organic Semiconductor Materials. NANO LETTERS 10, 4929–4934 (2010).

[278] Haase, J., Shinohara, S., Mundra, P., Risse, G., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H., Hentschel, M., Eychmueller, A. & Leo, K.Hemispherical resonators with embedded nanocrystal quantum rod emitters. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

[279] Wrackmeyer, M. S., Hummert, M., Hartmann, H., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Structure-property relationship of acceptor-substituted oligothiophenes. TETRAHEDRON 66, 8729–8733 (2010).

[280] Meiss, J., Hummert, M., Ziehlke, H., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Organic solar cells with very high fill factor and voltage usingtetrapropyl-tetraphenyl-diindenoperylene as green donor. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS4, 329–331 (2010).

[281] Kazukauskas, V., Arlauskas, A., Pranaitis, M., Lessmann, R., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Conductivity, charge carrier mobilityand ageing of ZnPc/C60 solar cells. OPTICAL MATERIALS 32, 1676–1680 (2010). 2nd International Conference onPhysics of Optical Materials and Devices, Herceg Novi, MONTENEGRO, AUG 27-30, 2009.

[282] Freitag, P., Reineke, S., Olthof, S., Furno, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. White top-emitting organic light-emitting diodeswith forward directed emission and high color quality. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 11, 1676–1682 (2010).

[283] Ray, D., Burtone, L., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Detection of trap charge in small molecular organic bulk heterojunction solarcells. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 82 (2010).

[284] Wynands, D., Levichkova, M., Leo, K., Uhrich, C., Schwartz, G., Hildebrandt, D., Pfeiffer, M. & Riede, M. Increase ininternal quantum efficiency in small molecular oligothiophene: C(60) mixed heterojunction solar cells by substrate heating.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

[285] Reineke, S., Rosenow, T. C., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Improved High-Brightness Efficiency of Phosphorescent Organic LEDsComprising Emitter Molecules with Small Permanent Dipole Moments. ADVANCED MATERIALS 22, 3189+ (2010).

[286] Timmreck, R., Olthof, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. K. Highly doped layers as efficient electron-hole recombination contactsfor tandem organic solar cells. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 108 (2010).

[287] Schober, M., Olthof, S., Furno, M., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Single carrier devices with electrical doped layers for thecharacterization of charge-carrier transport in organic thin-films. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

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[288] Seifert, R., Scholz, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Comparison of ultraviolet- and charge-induced degradation phenomena inblue fluorescent organic light emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 97 (2010).

[289] Wuensche, J., Reineke, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Measurement of triplet exciton diffusion in organic light-emitting diodes.PHYSICAL REVIEW B 81 (2010).

[290] Lessmann, R., Hong, Z., Scholz, S., Maennig, B., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Aging of flat heterojunction zinc phthalocya-nine/fullerene C(60) organic solar cells. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 11, 539–543 (2010).

[291] Eritt, M., May, C., Leo, K., Toerker, M. & Radehaus, C. OLED manufacturing for large area lighting applications. THINSOLID FILMS 518, 3042–3045 (2010). 6th International Symposium on Transparent Oxide Thin Films for Electronicsand Optics, Tokyo, JAPAN, APR 15-17, 2009.

[292] Seidler, N., Reineke, S., Walzer, K., Luessem, B., Tomkeviciene, A., Grazulevicius, J. V. & Leo, K. Influence of the holeblocking layer on blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices using 3,6-di(9-carbazolyl)-9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazoleas host material. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 96 (2010).

[293] Meiss, J., Furno, M., Pfuetzner, S., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Selective absorption enhancement in organic solar cells usinglight incoupling layers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 107 (2010).

[294] Schueppel, R., Timmreck, R., Allinger, N., Mueller, T., Furno, M., Uhrich, C., Leo, K. & Riede, M. Controlled currentmatching in small molecule organic tandem solar cells using doped spacer layers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS107 (2010).

[295] Gil, T. H., May, C., Scholz, S., Franke, S., Toerker, M., Lakner, H., Leo, K. & Keller, S. Origin of damages in OLED fromAl top electrode deposition by DC magnetron sputtering. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 11, 322–331 (2010).

[296] Kazukauskas, V., Arlauskas, A., Pranaitis, M., Lessmann, R., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Charge Carrier Mobility and Ageingof ZnPc/C60 Solar Cells. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS 522, 361–374 (2010).

[297] Wynands, D., Levichkova, M., Riede, M., Pfeiffer, M., Baeuerle, P., Rentenberger, R., Denner, P. & Leo, K. Correlationbetween morphology and performance of low bandgap oligothiophene:C60 mixed heterojunctions in organic solar cells.JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 107 (2010).

[298] Rathgeber, S., Leo, K. & Thurn-Albrecht, T. Organic Photovoltaics: from Single Molecules to Devices (SYOP) held duringthe PG Spring Meeting 2009 of the Condensed Matter Section Dresden, Germany, 22-27 March 2009 Preface. PHYSICASTATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 206, 2681–2682 (2009).

[299] Meiss, J., Leo, K., Riede, M. K., Uhrich, C., Gnehr, W.-M., Sonntag, S. & Pfeiffer, M. Efficient semitransparent small-molecule organic solar cells. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009).

[300] Olthof, S., Tress, W., Meerheim, R., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Photoelectron spectroscopy study of systematically varieddoping concentrations in an organic semiconductor layer using a molecular p-dopant. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS106 (2009).

[301] Becker, F., Langner, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G., Leo, K. & Adachi, C. Dependence of polarization splitting on modetuning in microcavities. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009).

[302] Siebert-Henze, E., Langner, M., Sudzius, M., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Polarization splittingof discrete states in square shaped organic photonic dots. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009).

[303] Scholz, S., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Chemical changes on the green emitter tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminum duringdevice aging of p-i-n-structured organic light emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009).

[304] Hong, Z. R., Lessmann, R., Maennig, B., Huang, Q., Harada, K., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Antenna effects and improvedefficiency in multiple heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on pentacene, zinc phthalocyanine, and C(60). JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 106 (2009).

[305] Meerheim, R., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Efficiency and Stability of p-i-n Type Organic Light Emitting Diodes for Displayand Lighting Applications. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 97, 1606–1626 (2009).

[306] Wynands, D., Maennig, B., Riede, M., Leo, K., Brier, E., Reinold, E. & Baeuerle, P. Organic thin film photovoltaiccells based on planar and mixed heterojunctions between fullerene and a low bandgap oligothiophene. JOURNAL OFAPPLIED PHYSICS 106 (2009).

[307] Langner, M., Sudzius, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Selective excitation of laser modes in an organic photonicdot microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 (2009).

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[308] Pfuetzner, S., Meiss, J., Petrich, A., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Thick C(60):ZnPc bulk heterojunction solar cells with improvedperformance by film deposition on heated substrates. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[309] Pfuetzner, S., Meiss, J., Petrich, A., Riede, M. & Leo, K. Improved bulk heterojunction organic solar cells employing C70fullerenes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[310] Olthof, S., Meerheim, R., Schober, M. & Leo, K. Energy level alignment at the interfaces in a multilayer organic light-emitting diode structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 79 (2009).

[311] Reineke, S., Lindner, F., Schwartz, G., Seidler, N., Walzer, K., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. White organic light-emitting diodeswith fluorescent tube efficiency. NATURE 459, 234–U116 (2009).

[312] Schwartz, G., Reineke, S., Rosenow, T. C., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Triplet Harvesting in Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 19, 1319–1333 (2009).

[313] Reineke, S., Schwartz, G., Walzer, K., Falke, M. & Leo, K. Highly phosphorescent organic mixed films: The effect ofaggregation on triplet-triplet annihilation. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[314] Meiss, J., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Optimizing the morphology of metal multilayer films for indium tin oxide (ITO)-freeinverted organic solar cells. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 105 (2009).

[315] Reineke, S., Schwartz, G., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Direct observation of host-guest triplet-triplet annihilation in phospho-rescent solid mixed films. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS 3, 67–69 (2009).

[316] Thomschke, M., Nitsche, R., Furno, M. & Leo, K. Optimized efficiency and angular emission characteristics of whitetop-emitting organic electroluminescent diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[317] Sudzius, M., Langner, M., Hintschich, S. I., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Multimode laser emission from laterallyconfined organic microcavities. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[318] Scholz, S., Meerheim, R., Luessem, B. & Leo, K. Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A predictivetool for the lifetime of organic light emitting devices. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[319] Khanduyeva, N., Senkovskyy, V., Beryozkina, T., Horecha, M., Stamm, M., Uhrich, C., Riede, M., Leo, K. & Kiriy,A. Surface Engineering Using Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation (KCTP): Preparation and Structuring ofPoly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Graft Copolymer Brushes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY131, 153–161 (2009).

[320] Meiss, J., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Towards efficient tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)-free inverted organic solar cells usingmetal cathodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 94 (2009).

[321] Gil, T. H., May, C., Lakner, H., Leo, K. & Keller, S. Al Top Cathode Deposition on OLED Using DC MagnetronSputtering. PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS 6, S808–S812 (2009). 11th International Conference on PlasmaSurface Engineering, Garmisch Partenkirchen, GERMANY, SEP 15-19, 2008.

[322] Lindner, F., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Organic heterostructure device with nonvolatile memory behavior using electricallydoped layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008).

[323] Niggemann, M., Riede, M., Gombert, A. & Leo, K. Light trapping in organic solar cells. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDIA-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 205, 2862–2874 (2008).

[324] Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., Zeika, O., Hartmann, H. & Leo, K. On the doping of zinc phthalocyanine with 2,2 ‘-difluoro-1,3,2-dioxaborines derived from halo-substituted quinizarines. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 112, 577–579(2008).

[325] Scholz, S., Huang, Q., Thomschke, M., Olthof, S., Sebastian, P., Walzer, K., Leo, K., Oswald, S., Corten, C. & Kuckling,D. Self-doping and partial oxidation of metal-on-organic interfaces for organic semiconductor devices studied by chemicalanalysis techniques. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008).

[326] Riede, M., Mueller, T., Tress, W., Schueppel, R. & Leo, K. Small-molecule solar cells - status and perspectives. NAN-OTECHNOLOGY 19 (2008).

[327] Schulze, K., Riede, M., Brier, E., Reinold, E., Bauerle, P. & Leo, K. Dicyanovinyl-quinquethiophenes with varying alkylchain lengths: Investigation of their performance in organic devices. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008).

[328] Holzhey, A., Uhrich, C., Brier, E., Reinhold, E., Baeuerle, P., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Exciton diffusion and energytransfer in organic solar cells based on dicyanovinyl-terthiophene. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008).

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[329] Scholz, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Analysis of Complete Organic Semiconductor Devices by Laser Desorption/IonizationTime-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 18, 2541–2547 (2008).

[330] Meiss, J., Allinger, N., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Improved light harvesting in tin-doped indum oxide, (ITO)-free invertedbulk-heterojunction organic solar cells using capping layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008).

[331] Levichkova, M., Assa, J., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Photo luminescence properties of vacuum-deposited organic molecule-oxide(MePTCDI-SiO2) mixed layers. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 128, 1384–1388 (2008).

[332] Fehse, K., Meerheim, R., Walzer, K., Leo, K., Loevenich, W. & Elschner, A. Lifetime of organic light emitting diodes onpolymer anodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008).

[333] Uhrich, C., Wynands, D., Olthof, S., Riede, M. K., Leo, K., Sonntag, S., Maennig, B. & Pfeiffer, M. Origin of open circuitvoltage in planar and bulk heterojunction organic thin-film photovoltaics depending on doped transport layers. JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008).

[334] Falkenberg, C., Uhrich, C., Olthof, S., Maennig, B., Riede, M. K. & Leo, K. Efficient p-i-n type organic solar cellsincorporating 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride as transparent electron transport material. JOURNAL OFAPPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008).

[335] Meerheim, R., Nitsche, R. & Leo, K. High-efficiency monochrome organic light emitting diodes employing enhancedmicrocavities. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008).

[336] Meerheim, R., Scholz, S., Olthof, S., Schwartz, G., Reineke, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Influence of charge balance andexciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. JOURNAL OF APPLIEDPHYSICS 104 (2008).

[337] Dienel, T., Proehl, H., Forker, R., Leo, K. & Fritz, T. Metal-induced photoluminescence quenching of organic molecularcrystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 112, 9056–9060 (2008).

[338] May, C., Tomita, Y., Toerker, M., Eritt, M., Loeffler, F., Amelung, J. & Leo, K. In-line deposition of organic light-emittingdevices for large area applications. THIN SOLID FILMS 516, 4609–4612 (2008). 6th International Conference on Coatingson Glass and Plasics, Dresden, GERMANY, JUN 18-22, 2006.

[339] Harada, K., Riede, M., Leo, K., Hild, O. R. & Elliott, C. M. Pentacene homojunctions: Electron and hole transportproperties and related photovoltaic responses. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 77 (2008).

[340] Reineke, S., Lindner, F., Huang, Q., Schwartz, G., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Measuring carrier mobility in conventional multi-layer organic light emitting devices by delayed exciton generation. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC SOLID STATEPHYSICS 245, 804–809 (2008). Physics School Meeting of the German-Physical-Society, Bad Honnef, GERMANY, SEP23-28, 2007.

[341] Schuette, B., Gothe, H., Hintschich, S. I., Sudzius, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Continuously tunable laseremission from a wedge-shaped organic microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008).

[342] Hintschich, S. I., Gothe, H., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. The effects of inhomogeneous broadening in an organicmicrocavity laser. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 40, 397–402 (2008). 7th International Conference onNumerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD ‘07), Univ Delaware, Newark, DE, SEP 24-27, 2007.

[343] Langner, M., Gehlhaar, R., Hintschich, S. I., Froeb, H., Wendrock, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Optical modes inwavelength-sized organic microcavity structures. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 40, 403–409 (2008). 7thInternational Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD ‘07), Univ Delaware, Newark, DE,SEP 24-27, 2007.

[344] Riede, M. K., Mueller, T., Maennig, B., Leo, K., Sylvester-Hvid, K. O., Zimmermann, B., Niggemann, M. & Gombert, A.Comment on “Roles of donor and acceptor nanodomains in 6% efficient thermally annealed polymer photovoltaics” [Appl.Phys. Lett. 90, 163511 (2007)]. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008).

[345] Rosenow, T. C., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Near-infrared organic light emitting diodes based on heavy metal phthalocyanines.JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 103 (2008).

[346] Schwartz, G., Reineke, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Reduced efficiency roll-off in high-efficiency hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008).

[347] Schueppel, R., Schmidt, K., Uhrich, C., Schulze, K., Wynands, D., Bredas, J. L., Brier, E., Reinold, E., Bu, H. B.,Baeuerle, P., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Optimizing organic photovoltaics using tailored heterojunctions: Aphotoinduced absorption study of oligothiophenes with low band gaps. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 77 (2008).

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[348] Scholz, S., Corten, C., Walzer, K., Kuckling, D. & Leo, K. Photochemical reactions in organic semiconductor thin films.ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 8, 709–717 (2007).

[349] Schwartz, G., Pfeiffer, M., Reineke, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Harvesting triplet excitons from fluorescent blue emitters inwhite organic light-emitting diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS 19, 3672+ (2007).

[350] Langner, M., Gehlhaar, R., Schriever, C., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Strong optical confinement and multimodeemission of organic photonic dots. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 91 (2007).

[351] Uhrich, C., Schueppel, R., Petrich, A., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Brier, E., Kilickiran, P. & Baeuerle, P. Organic thin-film photovoltaic cells based on oligothiophenes with reduced bandgap. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 17,2991–2999 (2007).

[352] Dienel, T., Forker, R., Leo, K. & Fritz, T. Optical differential reflectance spectroscopy of molecular thin films on a metal:Evidence for strong oscillator strength increase. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 111, 14593–14596 (2007).

[353] Fehse, K., Olthof, S., Walzer, K., Leo, K., Johnson, R. L., Glowatzki, H., Broeker, B. & Koch, N. Energy level alignment ofelectrically doped hole transport layers with transparent and conductive indium tin oxide and polymer anodes. JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 102 (2007).

[354] Reineke, S., Schwartz, G., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Reduced efficiency roll-off in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodesby suppression of triplet-triplet annihilation. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 91 (2007).

[355] Harada, K., Li, F., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Ionized impurity scattering in n-doped C-60 thin films. APPLIEDPHYSICS LETTERS 91 (2007).

[356] Schulze, K., Maennig, B., Leo, K., Tomita, Y., May, C., Huepkes, J., Brier, E., Reinold, E. & Baeuerle, P. Organic solarcells on indium tin oxide and aluminum doped zinc oxide anodes. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 91 (2007).

[357] Tomita, Y., May, C., Toerker, M., Amelung, J., Eritt, M., Loeffler, F., Luber, C., Leo, K., Walzer, K., Fehse, K. & Huang,Q. Highly efficient p-i-n-type organic light emitting diodes on ZnO : Al substrates. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 91(2007).

[358] Schneeweiss, P., Sudzius, M., Gehlhaar, R., Hoffmann, M., Lyssenko, V. G., Froeb, H. & Leo, K. Observation of Kastlerring stimulated emission from an organic microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 91 (2007).

[359] Schueppel, R., Uhrich, C., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Brier, E., Reinold, E. & Baeuerle, P. Enhanced photogeneration of tripletexcitons in an oligothiophene-fullerene blend. CHEMPHYSCHEM 8, 1497–1503 (2007).

[360] Fehse, K., Schwartz, G., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Combination of a polyaniline anode and doped charge transport layers forhigh-efficiency organic light emitting diodes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 101 (2007).

[361] Hong, Z. R., Maennig, B., Lessmann, R., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Simon, P. Improved efficiency of zinc phthalocyanine/C-60based photovoltaic cells via nanoscale interface modification. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 90 (2007).

[362] Staroske, W., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Single-step triplet-triplet annihilation: An intrinsic limit for the highbrightness efficiency of phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 98 (2007).

[363] Walzer, K., Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Highly efficient organic devices based on electrically doped transportlayers. CHEMICAL REVIEWS 107, 1233–1271 (2007).

[364] Hill, D., Leo, K., He, G. & Huang, Q. Analysis of spatial coherence of organic light-emitting devices through investigationof interference effects observed in top-emitting devices. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 90 (2007).

[365] Reineke, S., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Triplet-exciton quenching in organic phosphorescent light-emitting diodes with Ir-basedemitters. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 75 (2007).

[366] Fehse, K., Walzer, K., Leo, K., Loevenich, W. & Elschner, A. Highly conductive polymer anodes as replacements forinorganic materials in high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS 19, 441+ (2007).

[367] Gehlhaar, R., Swoboda, M., Sudzius, M., Hoffmann, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Dual-wavelength laseremission from an organic microcavity with terahertz beating. APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS 86, 413–417(2007).

[368] Huang, Q., Reineke, S., Walzer, K., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Quantum efficiency enhancement in top-emitting organiclight-emitting diodes as a result of enhanced intrinsic quantum yield. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006).

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[369] Neyts, K., Marescaux, M., Nieto, A. U., Elschner, A., Loevenich, W., Fehse, K., Huang, Q., Walzer, K. & Leo, K.Inhomogeneous luminance in organic light emitting diodes related to electrode resistivity. JOURNAL OF APPLIEDPHYSICS 100 (2006).

[370] Schulze, K., Uhrich, C., Schueppel, R., Leo, K., Pfeiffer, M., Brier, E., Reinold, E. & Baeuerle, P. Efficient vacuum-deposited organic solar cells based on a new low-bandgap oligothiophene and fullerene C-60. ADVANCED MATERIALS18, 2872+ (2006).

[371] Swoboda, M., Gehlhaar, R., Sudzius, M., Hoffmann, M., Froeb, H., Lyssenko, V. G. & Leo, K. Terahertz beating of laseremission from an organic microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006).

[372] Huang, Q., Walzer, K., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Hofmann, M. & Stuebinger, T. Performance improvement of top-emittingorganic light-emitting diodes by an organic capping layer: An experimental study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS100 (2006).

[373] Schwartz, G., Fehse, K., Pfeiffer, M., Walzer, K. & Leo, K. Highly efficient white organic light emitting diodes comprisingan interlayer to separate fluorescent and phosphorescent regions. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006).

[374] Meerheim, R., Walzer, K., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with dopedtransport layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006).

[375] Li, F., Pfeiffer, M., Werner, A., Harada, K., Leo, K., Hayashi, N., Seki, K., Liu, X. & Dang, X.-D. Acridine orange baseas a dopant for n doping of C-60 thin films. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 100 (2006).

[376] Engel, E., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Ultrafast relaxation and exciton-exciton annihilation in PTCDA thin films at highexcitation densities. CHEMICAL PHYSICS 325, 170–177 (2006).

[377] Engel, E., Schmidt, K., Beljonne, D., Bredas, J. L., Assa, J., Froeb, H., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Transient absorptionspectroscopy and quantum-chemical studies of matrix-isolated perylene derivatives. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006).

[378] Levichkova, M., Assa, J., Frob, H. & Leo, K. Blue luminescent isolated Alq(3) molecules in a solid-state matrix. APPLIEDPHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006).

[379] Walzer, K., Toccoli, T., Pallaoro, A., Iannotta, S., Wagner, C., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Comparison of organic thin filmsdeposited by supersonic molecular-beam epitaxy and organic molecular-beam epitaxy: The case of titanyl phthalocyanine.SURFACE SCIENCE 600, 2064–2069 (2006).

[380] Huang, Q., Walzer, K., Pfeiffer, M., Lyssenko, V., He, G. & Leo, K. Highly efficient top emitting organic light-emittingdiodes with organic outcoupling enhancement layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006).

[381] Gehlhaar, R., Swoboda, M., Sudzius, M., Hoffmann, M., Frob, H., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K. & Wendrock, H. Polarizationsplitting and terahertz oscillations from a single planar Fabry-Perot microcavity. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88(2006).

[382] Koschorreck, M., Gehlhaar, R., Lyssenko, V., Swoboda, M., Hoffmann, M. & Leo, K. Dynamics of a high-Q vertical-cavityorganic laser. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 87 (2005).

[383] Engel, E., Koschorreck, M., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Ultrafast relaxation in quasi-one-dimensional organic molecularcrystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 95 (2005).

[384] Drechsel, J., Mannig, B., Kozlowski, F., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Hoppe, H. Efficient organic solar cells based on a doublep-i-n architecture using doped wide-gap transport layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 86 (2005).

[385] Wellmann, P., Hofmann, M., Zeika, O., Werner, A., Birnstock, J., Meerheim, R., He, G., Walzer, K., Pfeiffer, M. &Leo, K. High-efficiency p-i-n organic light-emitting diodes with long lifetime. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FORINFORMATION DISPLAY 13, 393–397 (2005).

[386] Fanciulli, R., Weiner, A., Dignam, M., Meinhold, D. & Leo, K. Coherent control of Bloch oscillations by means of opticalpulse shaping. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 71 (2005).

[387] Proehl, H., Nitsche, R., Dienel, T., Leo, K. & Fritz, T. In situ differential reflectance spectroscopy of thin crystalline filmsof PTCDA on different substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 71 (2005).

[388] Engel, E., Koschorreck, M., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Excitonic intraband relaxation and polarization anisotropies inPTCDA on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 112, 299–302 (2005). 6th Inter-national Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (EXCON 04), Cracow, POLAND, JUL 06-09, 2004.

[389] Mannsfeld, S., Leo, K. & Fritz, T. Line-on-line coincidence: A new type of epitaxy found in organic-organic heterolayers.PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 94 (2005).

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[390] Gebeyehu, D., Walzer, K., He, G., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Brandt, J., Gerhard, A., Stossel, P. & Vestweber, H. Highly efficientdeep-blue organic light-emitting diodes with doped transport layers. SYNTHETIC METALS 148, 205–211 (2005).

[391] Harada, K., Werner, A., Pfeiffer, M., Bloom, C., Elliott, C. & Leo, K. Organic homojunction diodes with a high built-inpotential: Interpretation of the current-voltage characteristics by a generalized Einstein relation. PHYSICAL REVIEWLETTERS 94 (2005).

[392] Walzer, K., Toccoli, T., Pallaoro, A., Verucchi, R., Fritz, T., Leo, K., Boschetti, A. & Iannotta, S. Morphological andoptical properties of titanyl phthalocyanine films deposited by supersonic molecular beam epitaxy (SuMBE). SURFACESCIENCE 573, 346–358 (2004).

[393] Dienel, T., Proehl, H., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Novel near-infrared photo luminescence from platinum(II)-porphyrin (PtOEP)aggregates. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 110, 253–257 (2004). 325th Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar on OrganicMolecular Solids, Bad Honnef, GERMANY, MAY 17-19, 2004.

[394] Schuppel, R., Dienel, T., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Time-resolved luminescence quenching in thin films of perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 110, 309–314 (2004). 325th Wilhelm and Else HeraeusSeminar on Organic Molecular Solids, Bad Honnef, GERMANY, MAY 17-19, 2004.

[395] Gehlhaar, R., Schuppel, R., Koschorreck, M., Fritz, T., Frob, H., Hoffmann, M., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K., Connolly, L.,Wenus, J. & Lidzey, D. Time-resolved and cw photoluminescence from strongly coupled organic microcavities. JOURNALOF LUMINESCENCE 110, 354–358 (2004). 325th Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar on Organic Molecular Solids, BadHonnef, GERMANY, MAY 17-19, 2004.

[396] Reineker, P., Hoffmann, M. & Leo, K. Proceedings of the 325th Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Workshop on Organic MolecularSolids: Excited electronic states and optical properties - held in Bad Honnef, Germany - 17-19 May 2004 - Preface.JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 110, V (2004).

[397] Rosam, B., Leo, K., Yang, L. & Dignam, M. Terahertz generation by difference-frequency mixing of exciton Wannier-Starkladder states in biased semiconductor superlattices. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 85, 4612–4614 (2004).

[398] Li, F., Werner, A., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Liu, X. Leuco crystal violet as a dopant for n-doping of organic thin films offullerene C-60. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 108, 17076–17082 (2004).

[399] He, G., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Hofmann, M., Birnstock, J., Pudzich, R. & Salbeck, J. High-efficiency and low-voltagep-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS85, 3911–3913 (2004).

[400] Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Gebeyehu, D., Simon, P., Kozlowski, F., Werner, A., Li, F., Grundmann, S., Sonntag, S., Koch,M., Leo, K., Pfeiffer, M., Hoppe, H., Meissner, D., Sariciftci, N., Riedel, I., Dyakonov, V. & Parisi, J. Organic p-i-n solarcells. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 79, 1–14 (2004).

[401] Drechsel, J., Mannig, B., Gebeyehu, D., Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Hoppe, H. MIP-type organic solar cells incorporatingphthalocyanine/fullerene mixed layers and doped wide-gap transport layers. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 5, 175–186(2004).

[402] Gebeyehu, D., Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Leo, K. & Pfeiffer, M. Influence of doped-charge transport layers on the photo-voltaic performance of donor-acceptor blend p-i-n type organic solar cells. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOF ETHIOPIA 18, 101–109 (2004).

[403] He, G., Schneider, O., Qin, D., Zhou, X., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Very high-efficiency and low voltage phosphorescentorganic light-emitting diodes based on a p-i-n junction. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 95, 5773–5777 (2004).

[404] Yang, L., Rosam, B., Lachaine, J., Leo, K. & Dignam, M. Intraband polarization and terahertz emission in biasedsemiconductor superlattices with full excitonic basis. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 69 (2004).

[405] Gebeyehu, D., Pfeiffer, M., Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Werner, A. & Leo, K. Highly efficient p-i-n type organic photo-voltaic devices. THIN SOLID FILMS 451, 29–32 (2004). Symposium on Thin Film and Nono-Structured Materials forPhotovoltaics, Strasbourg, FRANCE, JUN, 2003.

[406] Drechsel, J., Mannig, B., Kozlowski, F., Gebeyehu, D., Werner, A., Koch, M., Leo, K. & Pfeiffer, M. High efficiencyorganic solar cells based on single or multiple PIN structures. THIN SOLID FILMS 451, 515–517 (2004). Symposium onThin Film and Nono-Structured Materials for Photovoltaics, Strasbourg, FRANCE, JUN, 2003.

[407] Lyssenko, V., Hvam, J., Meinhold, D., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Wave-function reconstruction in a graded semiconductorsuperlattice. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 78, 441–445 (2004).

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[408] Werner, A., Li, F., Harada, K., Pfeiffer, M., Fritz, L., Leo, K. & Machill, S. n-type doping of organic thin films usingcationic dyes. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 14, 255–260 (2004).

[409] Holfeld, C., Schafer, W. & Leo, K. Carrier dynamics and intraminiband coupling in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSI-CAL REVIEW B 68 (2003).

[410] Rosam, B., Leo, K., Gluck, M., Keck, F., Korsch, H., Zimmer, F. & Kohler, K. Lifetime of Wannier-Stark states insemiconductor superlattices under strong Zener tunneling to above-barrier bands. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 68 (2003).

[411] Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K., Zhou, X., Huang, J., Hofmann, M., Werner, A. & Blochwitz-Nimoth, J. Doped organic semiconduc-tors: Physics and application in light emitting diodes. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 4, 89–103 (2003).

[412] Gebeyehu, D., Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Leo, K. & Pfeiffer, M. Bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices based ondonor-acceptor organic small molecule blends. SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 79, 81–92 (2003).

[413] Werner, A., Li, F., Harada, K., Pfeiffer, M., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Pyronin B as a donor for n-type doping of organic thinfilms. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 82, 4495–4497 (2003).

[414] Zhou, X., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Pfeiffer, M., Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Wemer, A. & Leo, K. Inverted transparent multi-layered vacuum deposited organic light-emitting diodes with electrically doped carrier transport layers and coumarin dopedemissive layer. SYNTHETIC METALS 138, 193–196 (2003). Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society(E-MRS), STRASBOURG, FRANCE, JUN 18-21, 2002.

[415] Pfeiffer, M., Forrest, S., Zhou, X. & Leo, K. A low drive voltage, transparent, metal-free n-i-p electrophosphorescent lightemitting diode. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 4, 21–26 (2003).

[416] Zhou, X., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Pfeiffer, M., Maennig, B., Drechsel, J., Werner, A. & Leo, K. High-efficiency low-voltagestable inverted transparent electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes: combining electrically doped carrier trans-port layers and iridium-complex doped emissive layer. SYNTHETIC METALS 137, 1063–1064 (2003). International Con-ference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals (ICSM 2002), SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA, JUN 29-JUL05, 2002.

[417] Huang, J., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Influence of the thickness and doping of the emission layer onthe performance of organic light-emitting diodes with PiN structure. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 93, 838–844(2003).

[418] Holfeld, C., Rosam, B., Meinhold, D., Glutsch, S., Schafer, W., Zhang, J., Gluck, M., Korsch, H., Rossi, F., Kohler, K. &Leo, K. New results on high-field transport in semiconductor superlattices. In Long, AR and Davies, JH (ed.) PHYSICSOF SEMICONDUCTORS 2002, PROCEEDINGS, vol. 171 of INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES, 177–184 (2003). 3rd International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model, Oulu, FINLAND, JUN 02-07,2002.

[419] Leo, K. Introduction: Basics of high field transport. In HIGH-FIELD TRANSPORT IN SEMICONDUCTOR SUPER-LATTICES, vol. 187 of SPRINGER TRACTS IN MODERN PHYSICS, 1–8 (2003).

[420] Zhou, X., Qin, D., Pfeiffer, M., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Werner, A., Drechsel, J., Maennig, B., Leo, K., Bold, M., Erk,P. & Hartmann, H. High-efficiency electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double light-emitting layers.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 81, 4070–4072 (2002).

[421] Pfeiffer, M., Forrest, S., Leo, K. & Thompson, M. Electrophosphorescent p-i-n organic light-emitting devices for very-high-efficiency flat-panel displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS 14, 1633–1636 (2002).

[422] Zhou, X., Pfeiffer, M., Huang, J., Blochwitz-Nimoth, J., Qin, D., Werner, A., Drechsel, J., Maennig, B. & Leo, K. Low-voltage inverted transparent vacuum deposited organic light-emitting diodes using electrical doping. APPLIED PHYSICSLETTERS 81, 922–924 (2002).

[423] Knupfer, M., Schwieger, T., Fink, J., Leo, K. & Hoffmann, M. Excitons in quasi-one-dimensional organic crystals.PHYSICAL REVIEW B 66 (2002).

[424] Canzler, T., Hasche, T., Scholz, R. & Leo, K. Coherent phonon wavepackets in quasi-1D organic molecular crystals. PHYS-ICA B-CONDENSED MATTER 316, 48–54 (2002). 10th International Conference on Phonon Scattering in CondensedMatter, DARTMOUTH COLL, HANOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE, AUG 12-17, 2001.

[425] Meinhold, D., Leo, K., Fromer, N., Chemla, D., Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F. & Kohler, K. Zener tunneling in superlatticesin a magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 65 (2002).

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[426] Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M., Hofmann, M. & Leo, K. Non-polymeric OLEDs with a doped amorphous hole transport layerand operating voltages down to 3.2 V to achieve 100 cd/m(2). SYNTHETIC METALS 127, 169–173 (2002). E-MRS 2001Spring Meeting, STRASBOURG, FRANCE, JUN 05-08, 2001.

[427] Drechsel, J., Pfeiffer, M., Zhou, X., Nollau, A. & Leo, K. Organic Mip-diodes by p-doping of amorphous wide-gapsemiconductors: CV and impedance spectroscopy. SYNTHETIC METALS 127, 201–205 (2002). E-MRS 2001 SpringMeeting, STRASBOURG, FRANCE, JUN 05-08, 2001.

[428] Meinhold, D., Rosam, B., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Rossi, F., Zhang, J., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Polarization revival of aBloch-oscillating wave packet in conjunction with resonant Zener tunneling. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 65 (2002).

[429] Mannsfeld, S., Canzler, T., Fritz, T., Proehl, H., Leo, K., Stumpf, S., Goretzki, G. & Gloe, K. The structure of [4-(phenylazo)phenoxy]hexane-1-thiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(111). JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B106, 2255–2260 (2002).

[430] Huang, J., Pfeiffer, M., Werner, A., Blochwitz, J., Leo, K. & Liu, S. Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices usingpin structures. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 80, 139–141 (2002).

[431] Hoffmann, M., Hasche, T., Schmidt, K., Canzler, T., Agranovich, V. & Leo, K. Excitons in quasi-one-dimensional crys-talline perylene derivatives: Band structure and relaxation dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERNPHYSICS B 15, 3597–3600 (2001). 4th International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter (EX-CON2000), OSAKA CITY UNIV, OSAKA, JAPAN, AUG 22-25, 2000.

[432] Hasche, T., Canzler, T., Scholz, R. & Leo, K. Coherent phonons in quasi-one-dimensional organic crystals. JOURNALOF LUMINESCENCE 94, 673–676 (2001). 30th International Conference on Dynamical Proces Excited States of Solids,VILLEURBANNE, FRANCE, JUL 01-04, 2001.

[433] Maennig, B., Pfeiffer, M., Nollau, A., Zhou, X., Leo, K. & Simon, P. Controlled p-type doping of polycrystalline andamorphous organic layers: Self-consistent description of conductivity and field-effect mobility by a microscopic percolationmodel. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 64, art. no.–195208 (2001).

[434] Huang, J., Pfeiffer, M., Blochwitz, J., Werner, A., Salbeck, J., Liu, S. & Leo, K. Low operating voltage and highefficiency organic multilayer electroluminescent devices with p-type doped hole injection layer. JAPANESE JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS 40, 6630–6633 (2001).

[435] Agranovich, V., Basko, D., Schmidt, K., LaRocca, G., Bassani, F., Forrest, S., Leo, K. & Lidzey, D. Charged Frenkelexcitons in organic crystals. CHEMICAL PHYSICS 272, 159–169 (2001).

[436] Loser, F., Rosam, B., Meinhold, D., Lyssenko, V., Sudzius, M., Dignam, M., Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F., Rossi, F.,Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Nonlinear transport in superlattices: Bloch oscillations and Zener breakdown. PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES 11, 268–276 (2001). Rutherford Memorial Workshop onSemiconductor Nanostructures, QUEENSTOWN, NEW ZEALAND, FEB 05-09, 2001.

[437] Toerker, M., Fritz, T., Proehl, H., Sellam, F. & Leo, K. Tunneling spectroscopy study of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicdianhydride on Au(100). SURFACE SCIENCE 491, 255–264 (2001).

[438] Zhou, X., Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M., Nollau, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Enhanced hole injection into amorphous hole-transportlayers of organic light-emitting diodes using controlled p-type doping. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 11,310–314 (2001).

[439] Werner, A., Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M. & Leo, K. Field dependence of thermally stimulated currents in Alq(3). JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 90, 123–125 (2001).

[440] Canzler, T., Holfeld, C., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K., Whittaker, D. & Kohler, K. Fano resonances in semiconductorsuperlattices. PHYSICA E 10, 593–596 (2001). 9th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures(MSS9), FUKUOKA, JAPAN, JUL 12-16, 1999.

[441] Proehl, H., Toerker, M., Sellam, F., Fritz, T., Leo, K., Simpson, C. & Mullen, K. Comparison of ultraviolet photo-electron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements on highly ordered ultrathin films of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene on Au(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW B 63 (2001).

[442] Sellam, F., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Toerker, M., Mannsfeld, S., Proehl, H., Fritz, T., Leo, K., Simpson, C. & Mullen, K. LEEDand STM investigations of organic-organic heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. SURFACE SCIENCE 478,113–121 (2001).

[443] Hasche, T., Canzler, T., Scholz, R., Hoffmann, M., Schmidt, K., Frauenheim, T. & Leo, K. Coherent external and internalphonons in quasi-one-dimensional organic molecular crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 86, 4060–4063 (2001).

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[444] Agranovich, V., Schmidt, K. & Leo, K. Surface states in molecular chains with strong mixing of Frenkel and charge-transferexcitons (vol 325, pg 308, 2000). CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 336, 536 (2001).

[445] Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F., Rosam, B. & Leo, K. Zener tunneling effect of excitons in shallow superlattices. PHYSICALREVIEW B 63 (2001).

[446] Rosam, B., Meinhold, D., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F., Rossi, F., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Field-induceddelocalization and Zener breakdown in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 86, 1307–1310(2001).

[447] Zhou, X., Pfeiffer, M., Blochwitz, J., Werner, A., Nollau, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Very-low-operating-voltage organiclight-emitting diodes using a p-doped amorphous hole injection layer. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 78, 410–412(2001).

[448] Loser, F., Dignam, M., Kosevich, Y., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Self-induced Shapiro effect in semiconductor superlattices.PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 85, 4763–4766 (2000).

[449] Rosam, B., Meinhold, D., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K., Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F. & Kohler, K. Field-induceddelocalization and Zener breakdown in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH221, 463–466 (2000). 6th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics and Excitation Kinetics in Semiconductors (NOEKS2000), MARBURG, GERMANY, APR 10-13, 2000.

[450] Djurisic, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Modelling the optical constants of organic thin films: impact of the choice of objectivefunction. JOURNAL OF OPTICS A-PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS 2, 458–464 (2000).

[451] Djurisic, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Modeling the optical constants of organic thin films: application to 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 183, 123–132 (2000).

[452] Hoffmann, M., Schmidt, K., Fritz, T., Hasche, T., Agranovich, V. & Leo, K. The lowest energy Frenkel and charge-transferexcitons in quasi-one-dimensional structures: application to MePTCDI and PTCDA crystals. CHEMICAL PHYSICS 258,73–96 (2000).

[453] Agranovich, V., Schmidt, K. & Leo, K. Surface states in molecular chains with strong mixing of Frenkel and charge-transferexcitons. CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 325, 308–316 (2000).

[454] Pfeiffer, M., Beyer, A., Plonnigs, B., Nollau, A., Fritz, T., Leo, K., Schlettwein, D., Hiller, S. & Wohrle, D. Controlledp-doping of pigment layers by cosublimation: Basic mechanisms and implications for their use in organic photovoltaic cells.SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS 63, 83–99 (2000). ECOS 98 Seminar, NANCY, FRANCE, JUL,1998.

[455] Nollau, A., Hoffmann, M., Floreck, K., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. A simple measurement of the absolute internal quantumefficiency of thin organic films. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 87, 7802–7804 (2000).

[456] Nollau, A., Hoffmann, M., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Dissociation of excitons in organic dye layers of perylene derivatives. THINSOLID FILMS 368, 130–137 (2000).

[457] Loser, F., Kosevich, Y., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Dynamics of Bloch oscillations under the influence of scattering and coherentplasmon coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 61, 13373–13376 (2000).

[458] Nollau, A., Pfeiffer, M., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naph-thalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF). JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 87, 4340–4343 (2000).

[459] Loser, F., Sudzius, M., Rosam, B., Lyssenko, V., Kosevich, Y., Dignam, M., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Generation andmanipulation of Bloch wave packets. PHYSICA E 7, 285–288 (2000).

[460] Djurisic, A., Fritz, T., Leo, K. & Li, E. Improved method for determination of optical constants of organic thin films fromreflection and transmission measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 39, 1174–1182 (2000).

[461] Canzler, T., Holfeld, C., Lyssenko, V., Whittaker, D., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Influence of Fano coupling on Wannier-Starktransitions in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH 178, 39–44 (2000).6th International Conference on Optics of Excitons in Confined Systems (OECS-6), ASCONA, SWITZERLAND, AUG30-SEP 02, 1999.

[462] Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Sellam, F., Staub, R., Torker, M., Fritz, T., Kubel, C., Mullen, K. & Leo, K. Direct observa-tion of organic-organic heteroepitaxy: perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride on hexa-peri-benzocoronene on highly orderedpyrolytic graphite. SURFACE SCIENCE 445, 358–367 (2000).

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[463] Staub, R., Toerker, M., Fritz, T., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Sellam, F. & Leo, K. Scanning tunneling microscope investigationsof organic heterostructures prepared by a combination of self-assembly and molecular beam epitaxy. SURFACE SCIENCE445, 368–379 (2000).

[464] Toerker, M., Staub, R., Fritz, T., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Sellam, F. & Leo, K. Annealed decanethiol monolayers on Au(111)- intermediate phases between structures with high and low molecular surface density. SURFACE SCIENCE 445, 100–108(2000).

[465] Usami, N., Ota, K., Ohdaira, K., Shiraki, Y., Hasche, T., Lyssenko, V. & Leo, K. Microscopic probing of localized excitonsin quantum wells. In Ploog, K and Trankle, G and Weimann, G (ed.) COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 1999, no. 166in INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES, 99–102 (Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch; IFV KompetenzzentrumTEMA B; AIXTRON AG; DaimlerChrysler AG; EPICHEM Ltd; Freiberger Compound Mat GmbH; Infineon TechnologiesAG; RIBER GmbH; United Monolith Semiconductors GmbH; VTS CreaTec GmbH; Wafer Technol Ltd, 2000). 26thInternational Symposium on Compound Semiconducors, BERLIN, GERMANY, AUG 22-26, 1999.

[466] Grigor’ev, V., Dorofeev, O., Litvinenko, K., Lysenko, V., Onishchenko, S., Leo, K., Rosam, B. & Kohler, K. Influenceof above-barrier and edge states on absorption spectra of shallow GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices of finite length in strongelectric fields. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS 91, 791–800 (2000).

[467] Rosam, B., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Leo, K., Glutsch, S., Bechstedt, F. & Kohler, K. Field-induced delocalization andZener breakdown in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA B 272, 180–182 (1999). 11th International Conference onNonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors (HCIS 11), KYOTO, JAPAN, JUL 19-23, 1999.

[468] Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Fritz, T., Staub, R., Back, A., Armstrong, N. & Leo, K. Structure of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride grown on reconstructed and unreconstructed Au(100). SURFACE SCIENCE 437, 163–172 (1999).

[469] Djurisic, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Determination of optical constants of thin absorbing films from normal incidence reflectanceand transmittance measurements. OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 166, 35–42 (1999).

[470] Pfeiffer, M., Beyer, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptormolecules: A systematic seebeck and conductivity study (vol 73, pg 3202, 1998). APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 74,2093 (1999).

[471] Usami, N., Leo, K. & Shiraki, Y. Optical characterization of strain-induced structural modification in SiGe-based het-erostructures. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 85, 2363–2366 (1999).

[472] Valusis, G., Lyssenko, V., Sudzius, M., Loser, F., Hasche, T., Leo, K. & Kohler, K. Dynamics of Bloch oscillations:Influence of excitation conditions. PHYSICA SCRIPTA T79, 183–186 (1999). 18th Nordic Semiconductor Meeting,LINKOPING, SWEDEN, JUN 07-10, 1998.

[473] Kaiser, R., Friedrich, M., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Sellam, F., Kampen, T., Leo, K. & Zahn, D. Ultra-thin PTCDA layersstudied by optical spectroscopies. FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 363, 189–192 (1999).

[474] Dignam, M., Kohler, K., Leo, K., Litvinenko, K., Loser, F., Lyssenko, V., Sudzius, M. & Valusis, G. New features ofspatial-temporal dynamics of Bloch oscillations. In Asmontas, S and Dargys, A (ed.) ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA INSEMICONDUCTORS, vol. 297-2 of MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 11–16 (Lithuanian Govt; Lithuanian State Sci& Studies Fdn; European Commiss, 1999). 10th International Symposium on Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors(10-UFPS), VILNIUS, LITHUANIA, AUG 31-SEP 02, 1998.

[475] Litvinenko, K., Kohler, K., Leo, K., Loser, F. & Lyssenko, V. Nonharmonic Bloch oscillations in GaAs/AlGaAs su-perlattices. In Asmontas, S and Dargys, A (ed.) ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA IN SEMICONDUCTORS, vol. 297-2 ofMATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM, 17–20 (Lithuanian Govt; Lithuanian State Sci & Studies Fdn; European Commiss,1999). 10th International Symposium on Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors (10-UFPS), VILNIUS, LITHUANIA,AUG 31-SEP 02, 1998.

[476] Pfeiffer, M., Beyer, A., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptormolecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 73, 3202–3204 (1998).

[477] Staub, R., Toerker, M., Fritz, T., Schmitz-Hubsch, T., Sellam, F. & Leo, K. Flat lying pin-stripe phase of decanethiolself-assembled monolayers on Au(111). LANGMUIR 14, 6693–6698 (1998).

[478] Blochwitz, J., Pfeiffer, M., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanineas hole transport material. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 73, 729–731 (1998).

[479] Holfeld, C., Loser, F., Sudzius, M., Leo, K., Whittaker, D. & Kohler, K. Fano resonances in semiconductor superlattices.PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 81, 874–877 (1998).

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[480] Sudzius, M., Lyssenko, V., Valusis, G., Loser, F., Hasche, T., Dignam, M., Kohler, K. & Leo, K. Direct measurement ofthe spatial displacement of Bloch-oscillating electrons in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA E 2, 437–440 (1998). 8thInternational Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures, UNIV CA, SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA, JUL14-18, 1997.

[481] Sudzius, M., Lyssenko, V., Loser, F., Leo, K., Dignam, M. & Kohler, K. Optical control of Bloch-oscillation amplitudes:From harmonic spatial motion to breathing modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 57, R12693–R12696 (1998).

[482] Kachurin, G., Tyschenko, I., Rebohle, L., Skorupa, W., Yankov, R., Froeb, H., Boehme, T. & Leo, K. Short-wavelengthphotoluminescence of SiO2 layers implanted with high doses of Si+, Ge+, and Ar+ ions. SEMICONDUCTORS 32,392–396 (1998).

[483] Leo, K. Interband optical investigation of Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices. SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY 13, 249–263 (1998).

[484] Loser, F., Sudzius, M., Lyssenko, V., Hasche, T., Leo, K., Dignam, M. & Kohler, K. Bloch wave packets in semiconductorsuperlattices: Composition and spatial displacement. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 206, 315–324(1998). 5th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics and Excitation Kinetics in Semiconductors (NOEKS 5), GRAALMURITZ, GERMANY, SEP 01-05, 1997.

[485] Fritz, T., Hoffmann, M., Schmitz-Huebsch, T. & Leo, K. Heteroepitaxially Grown Overlayers of PTCDA on Au(111)Surfaces: Structural and Fluorescence Properties. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY SECTION A-MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS 314, 279–284 (1998).

[486] Rebohle, L., von Borany, J., Grotzschel, R., Markwitz, A., Schmidt, B., Tyschenko, I., Skorupa, W., Frob, H. & Leo, K.Strong blue and violet photo- and electroluminescence from Ge- and Si-implanted silicon dioxide. PHYSICA STATUSSOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH 165, 31–35 (1998).

[487] Zott, S., Teichert, B., Franz, T., Puech, K., Leo, K., Herberholz, R. & Schock, H. Influence of the CdS/ZnO layerdeposition on the recombination dynamics in CuInSe2 thin films. In Tomlinson, RD and Hill, AE and Pilkington, RD(ed.) TERNARY AND MULTINARY COMPOUNDS, vol. 152 of INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES,277–280 (1998). 11th International Conference on Ternary and Multinary Compounds (ICTMC-11), UNIV SALFORD,SALFORD, ENGLAND, SEP 08-12, 1997.

[488] Rebohle, L., vonBorany, J., Yankov, R., Skorupa, W., Tyschenko, I., Frob, H. & Leo, K. Strong blue and violet photo-luminescence and electroluminescence from germanium-implanted and silicon-implanted silicon-dioxide layers. APPLIEDPHYSICS LETTERS 71, 2809–2811 (1997).

[489] Lyssenko, V., Sudzius, M., Valusis, G., Loser, F., Hasche, T., Leo, K., Dignam, M. & Kohler, K. Direct measurementof the spatial displacement of Bloch-oscillating electrons in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDIB-BASIC RESEARCH 204, 61–63 (1997). 5th International Meeting on Optics of Excitons in Confined Systems (OECS5), GOTTINGEN, GERMANY, AUG 10-14, 1997.

[490] Lyssenko, V., Valusis, G., Loser, F., Hasche, T., Leo, K., Dignam, M. & Kohler, K. Direct measurement of the spatialdisplacement of Bloch-oscillating electrons in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 79, 301–304(1997).

[491] Zott, S., Leo, K., Ruckh, M. & Schock, H. Radiative recombination in CuInSe2 thin films. JOURNAL OF APPLIEDPHYSICS 82, 356–367 (1997).

[492] Puech, K., Frob, H. & Leo, K. Excimer dynamics in ultrathin organic films. JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 72-4,524–525 (1997). 1996 International Conference on luminescence and Optical Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter (ICL 96),PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC, AUG 18-23, 1996.

[493] Rebohle, L., Tyschenko, I., Frob, H., Leo, K., Yankov, R., vonBorany, J., Kachurin, G. & Skorupa, W. Blue and violetphotoluminescence from high-dose Si+- and Ge+-implanted silicon dioxide layers. MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING36, 107–110 (1997). 10th Biennial Conference on Insulating Films on Semiconductors (INFOS 97), STENUNGSUND,SWEDEN, JUN 10-14, 1997.

[494] Bohm, W., Fritz, T. & Leo, K. Charge transport in thin organic semiconducting films: Seebeck and field effect studies.PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLIED RESEARCH 160, 81–87 (1997).

[495] SchmitzHubsch, T., Fritz, T., Sellam, F., Staub, R. & Leo, K. Epitaxial growth of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride on Au(111): A STM and RHEED study. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 55, 7972–7976 (1997).

[496] Pfeiffer, M., Leo, K. & Karl, N. Fermi level determination in organic thin films by the Kelvin probe method. JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 80, 6880–6883 (1996).

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[497] Skorupa, W., Yankov, R., Rebohle, L., Frob, H., Bohme, T., Leo, K., Tyschenko, I. & Kachurin, G. A study of theblue photoluminescence emission from thermally-grown, Si+-implanted SiO2 films after short-time annealing. NUCLEARINSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALSAND ATOMS 120, 106–109 (1996). Symposium 1 on New Trends in Ion Beam Processing of Materials, at the E-MRS 96Spring Meeting, STRASBOURG, FRANCE, JUN 04-07, 1996.

[498] Puech, K., Zott, S., Leo, K., Ruckh, M. & Schock, H. Determination of minority carrier lifetimes in CuInSe2 thin films.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 69, 3375–3377 (1996).

[499] Puech, K., Frob, H., Hoffman, M. & Leo, K. Luminescence of ultrathin organic films: Transition from monomer to excimeremission. OPTICS LETTERS 21, 1606–1608 (1996).

[500] Zhang, X., Kolner, B. & Leo, K. Ultrafast electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics - Introduction. IEEE JOURNALOF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2, 433–434 (1996).

[501] Skorupa, W., Yankov, R., Tyschenko, I., Frob, H., Bohme, T. & Leo, K. Room-temperature, short-wavelength (400-500 nm) photoluminescence from silicon-implanted silicon dioxide films. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 68, 2410–2412(1996).

[502] Zott, S., Leo, K., Ruckh, M. & Schock, H. Photoluminescence of polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin films. APPLIED PHYSICSLETTERS 68, 1144–1146 (1996).

[503] Leo, K. Optical investigations of Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices. PHYSICA SCRIPTA T68, 78–83(1996). Nobel Symposium 99 on Heterostructures in Semiconductors, ARILD, SWEDEN, JUN 04-08, 1996.

[504] Leisching, P., Beck, W., Kurz, H., Kohler, K., Schafer, W. & Leo, K. Nonlinear optical studies of bloch oscillations. SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 40, 545–549 (1996). 7th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures(MSS-7), MADRID, SPAIN, JUL 10-14, 1995.

[505] Beck, W., Leisching, P., Kurz, H., Schafer, W., Leo, K. & Kohler, K. External-field-dependent enhancement of internalCoulomb interactions in time-resolved four-wave mixing. NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICAD-CONDENSED MATTER ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL PHYSICS FLUIDS PLASMAS BIOPHYSICS17, 1355–1358 (1995). IV International Conference on Optics of Excitons in Confined Systems, CORTONA, ITALY, AUG28-31, 1995.

[506] LEISCHING, P., BECK, W., KURZ, H., SCHAFER, W., LEO, K. & KOHLER, K. EXTERNAL FIELD-DEPENDENTENHANCEMENT OF INTERNAL COULOMB INTERACTIONS IN TIME-RESOLVED 4-WAVE-MIXING. PHYSICALREVIEW B 51, 7962–7965 (1995).

[507] LOSER, F., KLATT, D., PANTKE, K., LEO, K., BAKKER, H., SHAH, J. & KOHLER, K. NON-MARKOVIANPOLARIZATION DECAY IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM-WELLS STUDIED BY 3-BEAM 4-WAVE-MIXING.PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 188, 435–445 (1995). 4th International Workshop on NonlinearOptics and Excitation Kinetics in Semiconductors (NOEKS IV), GOSEN, GERMANY, NOV 06-10, 1994.

[508] AVERIN, S., KAMINSKII, E., ROSKOS, K., GELEN, K., KERSTING, R., PLETTNER, I., LEO, K., KOL, A., SPAN-GENBERG, B., KURTS, K. & HOLLRICHER, O. SUPERFAST MECHANISM OF VERTICAL DRIFT OF CURRENTCARRIERS IN MSM HETEROBARRIER STRUCTURES. ZHURNAL TEKHNICHESKOI FIZIKI 65, 81–90 (1995).

[509] LEISCHING, P., BOLIVAR, P., BECK, W., DHAIBI, Y., BRUGGEMANN, F., SCHWEDLER, R., KURZ, H., LEO, K.& KOHLER, K. BLOCH OSCILLATIONS OF EXCITONIC WAVE-PACKETS IN SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLAT-TICES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 50, 14389–14404 (1994).

[510] DEKORSY, T., LEISCHING, P., WASCHKE, C., KOHLER, K., LEO, K., ROSKOS, H. & KURZ, H. TERAHERTZBLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICES. SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECH-NOLOGY 9, 1959–1964 (1994).

[511] AVERIN, S., VONKAMIENSKI, E., ROSKOS, H., KERSTING, R., PLETTNER, J., GEELEN, H., KOHL, A., SPAN-GENBERG, B., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & HOLLRICHER, O. HETEROBARRIER PHOTODIODE MSM STRUCTURESWITH SUBPICOSECOND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION. KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA 21, 873–877 (1994).

[512] HUNSCHE, S., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & KOHLER, K. FEMTOSECOND INTERSUBBAND RELAXATION IN GAASQUANTUM-WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 50, 5791–5794 (1994).

[513] KERSTING, R., SCHWEDLER, R., KOHL, A., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. ULTRAFAST CARRIER DYNAMICS IN IN1-XGAXAS INP HETEROSTRUCTURES. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 26, S705–S718 (1994).

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[514] HUNSCHE, S., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & KOHLER, K. EXCITON ABSORPTION SATURATION BY PHASE-SPACEFILLING - INFLUENCE OF CARRIER TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 49, 16565–16568(1994).

[515] WASCHKE, C., ROSKOS, H., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & KOHLER, K. EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION OF THE BLOCHOSCILLATOR IN A SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICE. SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9,416–418 (1994). 8th International Conference on Hot Carriers in Semiconductors, OXFORD UNIV, OXFORD, ENGLAND,AUG 16-20, 1993.

[516] LEISCHING, P., BOLIVAR, P., SCHWEDLER, R., LEO, K., KURZ, H., KOHLER, K. & GANSER, P. INVESTIGA-TION OF BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN A GAAS/ALGAAS SUPERLATTICE BY SPECTRALLY RESOLVED 4-WAVE-MIXING. SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9, 419–421 (1994).

[517] MAHRT, R., LEMMER, U., GREINER, A., WADA, Y., BASSLER, H., GOBEL, E., KERSTING, R., LEO, K. & KURZ,H. TIME-RESOLVED LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS. JOURNAL OF LUMI-NESCENCE 60-1, 479–481 (1994). 1993 International Conference on Luminescence (ICL 93), UNIV CONNECTICUT,STORRS, CT, AUG 09-13, 1993.

[518] WASCHKE, C., LEISCHING, P., BOLIVAR, P., SCHWEDLER, R., BRUGGEMANN, F., ROSKOS, H., LEO, K.,KURZ, H. & KOHLER, K. DETECTION OF BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICE BYTIME-RESOLVED TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY AND DEGENERATE 4-WAVE-MIXING. SOLID-STATE ELEC-TRONICS 37, 1321–1326 (1994). 6th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures, GARMISCHPARTENKIR, GERMANY, AUG 23-27, 1993.

[519] BAKKER, H., LEO, K., SHAH, J. & KOHLER, K. TIME-RESOLVED STUDY OF DEPHASING MECHANISMSOF EXCITONS IN GAAS/ALXGA1-XAS QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 49, 8249–8257(1994).

[520] LUCOVSKY, G., BJORKMAN, C., YASUDA, T., EMMERICHS, U., MEYER, C., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. THERMALRELAXATION PHENOMENA IN THE FORMATION OF DEVICE-QUALITY SIO2/SI INTERFACES. JAPANESEJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS 32, 6196–6199 (1993). 6th (5th International) MicroProcess Conference (MPC 93), HIROSHIMA, JAPAN, JUL 22, 1993.

[521] KOHL, A., JUILLAGUET, S., FRAISSE, B., SCHWEDLER, R., ROYO, F., PEYRE, H., BRUGGEMAN, F., WOLTER,K., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & CAMASSEL, J. GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IN0.53GA0.47AS/INXGA1-XASSTRAINED-LAYER SUPERLATTICES. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERI-ALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 21, 244–248 (1993). SYMP ON MATERIALS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DE-VICES, OEICS ( OPTOELECTRONICS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ) AND PHOTONICS, STRASBOURG, FRANCE,MAY 04-07, 1993.

[522] ZETTLER, J., MIKKELSEN, H., TREPK, T., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & RICHTER, W. MODULATED ELLIPSOMETRYFOR CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPLE-QUANTUM WELLS AND SUPERLATTICES. THIN SOLID FILMS233, 112–116 (1993). 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONF ON SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY, MINIST RECH &ESPACE, PARIS, FRANCE, JAN 11-14, 1993.

[523] SCHWEDLER, R., BRUGGEMANN, F., OPITZ, B., KOHL, A., WOLTER, K., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. OBSERVATIONOF TYPE-I AND TYPE-II WANNIER-STARK-EFFECT IN INGAAS/INGAAS SUPERLATTICES. JOURNAL DEPHYSIQUE IV 3, 445–448 (1993). 3rd International Conference on Optics of Excitons in Confined Systems, UNIVMONTPELLIER II, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, AUG 30-SEP 02, 1993.

[524] CAMASSEL, J., JUILLAGUET, S., SCHWEDLER, R., WOLTER, K., BAUMANN, F., LEO, K. & LAURENTI, J. MOR-PHOLOGY OF INGAAS/INP QWS - FROM EXCITONIC SPECTROSCOPY TO HR-TEM ANALYSES. JOURNALDE PHYSIQUE IV 3, 99–106 (1993). 3rd International Conference on Optics of Excitons in Confined Systems, UNIVMONTPELLIER II, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, AUG 30-SEP 02, 1993.

[525] SCHWEDLER, R., BRUGGEMANN, F., KOHL, A., WOLTER, K., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. TYPE-I AND TYPE-IIWANNIER-STARK EFFECT IN INGAAS/INGAAS SUPERLATTICES. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCI-ENCE & PROCESSING 57, 199–201 (1993).

[526] ALBRECHT, W., KRUSE, T., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. DYNAMICS OF OPTICALLY-EXCITED QUASI-PARTICLES INYBA2CU3O7. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 57, 203–206 (1993).

[527] STEPHENS, D., HE, S., LUCOVSKY, G., MIKKELSEN, H., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. EFFECTS OF THIN-FILMDEPOSITION RATES, AND PROCESS-INDUCED INTERFACIAL LAYERS ON THE OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OFPLASMA-DEPOSITED SIO2/SI3N4 BRAGG REFLECTORS. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYA-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS 11, 893–899 (1993). 39TH NATIONAL SYMP OF THE AMERICAN VACUUMSOC, CHICAGO, IL, NOV 09-13, 1992.

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[528] BJORKMAN, C., SHEARON, C., MA, Y., YASUDA, T., LUCOVSKY, G., EMMERICHS, U., MEYER, C., LEO,K. & KURZ, H. 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION IN SI-SIO2 HETEROSTRUCTURES FORMED BY CHEMICAL,THERMAL, AND PLASMA-ASSISTED OXIDATION AND DEPOSITION PROCESSES. JOURNAL OF VACUUMSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS 11, 964–970 (1993). 39TH NATIONAL SYMP OFTHE AMERICAN VACUUM SOC, CHICAGO, IL, NOV 09-13, 1992.

[529] BJORKMAN, C., YASUDA, T., SHEARON, C., MA, Y., LUCOVSKY, G., EMMERICHS, U., MEYER, C., LEO, K.& KURZ, H. INFLUENCE OF SURFACE-ROUGHNESS ON THE ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES OF SI-SIO2 INTER-FACES AND ON 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION AT THESE INTERFACES. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY B 11, 1521–1527 (1993). 20TH ANNUAL CONF ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SEMI-CONDUCTOR INTERFACES, WILLIAMSBURG, VA, JAN 25-29, 1993.

[530] SCHWEDLER, R., GALLMANN, B., WOLTER, K., KOHL, A., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & BAUMANN, F. INTERFACEPROPERTIES OF STRAINED INGAAS/INP QUANTUM-WELLS GROWN BY LOW-PRESSURE, METALLOOR-GANIC VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALSFOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 20, 66–68 (1993). 1ST WORKSHOP ON EXPERT EVALUATION AND CON-TROL OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES : SOLID STATE MATERIALSFOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ( EXMATEC 92 ), ECULLY, FRANCE, MAY 19-22, 1992.

[531] HEESEL, H., HUNSCHE, S., MIKKELSEN, H., DEKORSY, T., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. DYNAMICS OF ELECTRIC-FIELD SCREENING IN A BULK GAAS MODULATOR. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 47, 16000–16003 (1993).

[532] KERSTING, R., LEMMER, U., MAHRT, R., LEO, K., KURZ, H., BASSLER, H. & GOBEL, E. FEMTOSECONDENERGY RELAXATION IN PI-CONJUGATED POLYMERS. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 70, 3820–3823 (1993).

[533] WASCHKE, C., ROSKOS, H., SCHWEDLER, R., LEO, K., KURZ, H. & KOHLER, K. COHERENT SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE EMISSION FROM BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICE. PHYSICAL REVIEWLETTERS 70, 3319–3322 (1993).

[534] ALBRECHT, W., KRUSE, T., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. OXYGEN DEPENDENCE OF THE FERMI-LEVEL ANDELECTRON-PHONON COUPLING-CONSTANT IN YBA2CU3OX FILMS. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCI-ENCE & PROCESSING 56, 463–465 (1993).

[535] KERSTING, R., PLETTNER, J., LEO, K., AVERIN, S. & KURZ, H. TIME-RESOLVED LUMINESCENCE STUDYOF ULTRAFAST CARRIER TRANSPORT IN GAAS METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL DEVICES. APPLIEDPHYSICS LETTERS 62, 732–734 (1993).

[536] SCHWEDLER, R., GALLMANN, B., WOLTER, K., KOHL, A., LEO, K., KURZ, H., JUILLAGUET, S., MASSONE, E.,CAMASSEL, J., LAURENTI, J. & BAUMANN, F. INTERFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAINED INGAAS/INPQUANTUM-WELLS AFTER A GROWTH INTERRUPTION SEQUENCE. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 63, 187–190 (1993). SYMP ON DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS ANALYSIS AND FAB-RICATION PROCESS CONTROL, AT THE 1992 SPRING CONF OF THE EUROPEAN MATERIALS RESEARCHSOC, STRASBOURG, FRANCE, JUN 02-05, 1992.

[537] LEO, K., FELDMANN, J., SHAH, J., VONPLESSEN, G., THOMAS, P., SCHMITTRINK, S. & CUNNINGHAM, J.OPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICES. SUPERLAT-TICES AND MICROSTRUCTURES 13, 55–60 (1993).

[538] ZETTLER, J., MIKKELSEN, H., LEO, K., KURZ, H., CARIUS, R. & FORSTER, A. MODULATED ELLIPSOMET-RIC MEASUREMENTS AND TRANSFER-MATRIX CALCULATION OF THE FIELD-DEPENDENT DIELECTRICFUNCTION OF A MULTIPLE QUANTUM-WELL. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 46, 15955–15962 (1992).

[539] LEO, K., BOLIVAR, P., BRUGGEMANN, F., SCHWEDLER, R. & KOHLER, K. OBSERVATION OF BLOCH OSCIL-LATIONS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR SUPERLATTICE. SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS 84, 943–946 (1992).

[540] KERSTING, R., KOHL, A., VOSS, T., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. ULTRAFAST CARRIER DYNAMICS IN STRAINEDIN1-XGAXAS/INP HETEROSTRUCTURES. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 55,596–598 (1992).

[541] SCHMITTRINK, S., BENNHARDT, D., HEUCKEROTH, V., THOMAS, P., HARING, P., MAIDORN, G., BAKKER,H., LEO, K., KIM, D., SHAH, J. & KOHLER, K. POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF HEAVY-HOLE AND LIGHT-HOLE QUANTUM BEATS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 46, 10460–10463 (1992).

[542] SCHOLZ, R., STAHL, A., ZHOU, X., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. SUBPICOSECOND HOT LUMINESCENCE IN III-V-COMPOUNDS. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 28, 2473–2485 (1992).

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[543] LEO, K., SHAH, J., DAMEN, T., SCHULZE, A., MEIER, T., SCHMITTRINK, S., THOMAS, P., GOBEL, E., CHUANG,S., LUO, M., SCHAFER, W., KOHLER, K. & GANSER, P. DISSIPATIVE DYNAMICS OF AN ELECTRONICWAVEPACKET IN A SEMICONDUCTOR DOUBLE WELL POTENTIAL. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELEC-TRONICS 28, 2498–2507 (1992).

[544] FELDMANN, J., LEO, K., SHAH, J., MILLER, D., CUNNINGHAM, J., MEIER, T., VONPLESSEN, G., SCHULZE,A., THOMAS, P. & SCHMITTRINK, S. OPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF BLOCH OSCILLATIONS IN A SEMICON-DUCTOR SUPERLATTICE. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 46, 7252–7255 (1992).

[545] SCHWEDLER, R., GALLMANN, B., WOLTER, K., KOHL, A., LEO, K., KURZ, H., JUILLAGUET, S., CAMASSEL,J., LAURENTI, J. & BAUMANN, F. INTERFACE PROPERTIES OF STRAINED INGAAS/INP QUANTUM-WELLSGROWN BY LP-MOVPE. MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 19, 891–894 (1992). 22ND EUROPEAN SOLIDSTATE DEVICE RESEARCH CONF ( ESSDERC 92 ), LOUVAIN, BELGIUM, SEP 14-17, 1992.

[546] SCHWEDLER, R., MIKKELSEN, H., KERSTING, R., LASCHET, D., KOHL, A., WOLTER, K., LEO, K. & KURZ, H.ELECTROOPTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INGAAS/INP MQW P-I-N MODULATOR STRUCTURES. MICRO-ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 19, 895–898 (1992). 22ND EUROPEAN SOLID STATE DEVICE RESEARCH CONF( ESSDERC 92 ), LOUVAIN, BELGIUM, SEP 14-17, 1992.

[547] KERSTING, R., SCHWEDLER, R., WOLTER, K., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. DYNAMICS OF CARRIER TRANSPORTAND CARRIER CAPTURE IN IN1-XGAXAS/INP HETEROSTRUCTURES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 46, 1639–1648(1992).

[548] SHAH, J., LEO, K., GOBEL, E., SCHMITTRINK, S., DAMEN, T., SCHAFER, W. & KOHLER, K. QUANTUM BEATSOF EXCITONS IN QUANTUM-WELLS. SURFACE SCIENCE 267, 304–309 (1992). 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFON MODULATED SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURES ( MSS-5 ), NARA, JAPAN, JUL 08-12, 1991.

[549] ROSKOS, H., NUSS, M., SHAH, J., LEO, K., MILLER, D., FOX, A., SCHMITTRINK, S. & KOHLER, K. COHER-ENT SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE EMISSION FROM CHARGE OSCILLATIONS IN A DOUBLE-WELL POTENTIAL.PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 68, 2216–2219 (1992).

[550] LEO, K., SHAH, J., GOBEL, E., GORDON, J. & SCHMITTRINK, S. COHERENT AND INCOHERENT TUNNELINGIN ASYMMETRIC DOUBLE QUANTUM-WELLS. SEMICONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7, B394–B400 (1992). 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON HOT CARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTORS ( HCIS-7 ), NARA,JAPAN, JUL 01-05, 1991.

[551] ZHOU, X., LEO, K. & KURZ, H. ULTRAFAST RELAXATION OF PHOTOEXCITED HOLES IN N-DOPED III-VCOMPOUNDS STUDIED BY FEMTOSECOND LUMINESCENCE. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 45, 3886–3889 (1992).

[552] LEO, K., SHAH, J., SCHMITTRINK, S. & KOHLER, K. SUBPICOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY OF EXCITONS INGAAS/ALGAAS HETEROSTRUCTURES. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES 411–414 (1992).

[553] LEO, K. DYNAMICS OF WAVEPACKETS IN GAAS/ALGAAS HETEROSTRUCTURES. In Rossler, U (ed.) FESTKO-RPERPROBLEME - ADVANCES IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS 32, vol. 32 of FESTKORPERPROBLEME-ADVANCESIN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, 97–112 (GERMAN PHYS SOC, SOLID STATE PHYS DIV, 1992). Plenary Lectures of the1992 Spring-Meeting of the Solid State Physics Division of the German Physical Society, REGENSBURG, GERMANY,MAR 16-20, 1992.

[554] LEO, K. & COLLET, J. INFLUENCE OF ELECTRON-HOLE SCATTERING ON THE PLASMA THERMALIZATIONIN DOPED GAAS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 44, 5535–5539 (1991).

[555] LEO, K., GOBEL, E., DAMEN, T., SHAH, J., SCHMITTRINK, S., SCHAFER, W., MULLER, J., KOHLER, K. &GANSER, P. SUBPICOSECOND 4-WAVE-MIXING IN GAAS/ALXGA1-XAS QUANTUM-WELLS. PHYSICAL RE-VIEW B 44, 5726–5737 (1991).

[556] LEO, K. TIME-RESOLVED 4-WAVE-MIXING OF EXCITON-TRANSITIONS IN GAAS/ALGAAS QUANTUM-WELLS - NOVEL EFFECTS IN THE LINESHAPE. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING53, 118–122 (1991).

[557] DAMEN, T., LEO, K., SHAH, J. & CUNNINGHAM, J. SPIN RELAXATION AND THERMALIZATION OF EXCITONSIN GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 58, 1902–1904 (1991).

[558] LEO, K., SHAH, J., GOBEL, E., DAMEN, T., SCHMITTRINK, S., SCHAFER, W. & KOHLER, K. COHERENT OSCIL-LATIONS OF A WAVE PACKET IN A SEMICONDUCTOR DOUBLE-QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURE. PHYSICALREVIEW LETTERS 66, 201–204 (1991).

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[559] LEO, K., DAMEN, T., SHAH, J. & KOHLER, K. QUANTUM BEATS OF FREE AND BOUND EXCITONS INGAAS/ALXGA1-XAS QUANTUM-WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 42, 11359–11361 (1990).

[560] LEO, K., SHAH, J., GORDON, J., DAMEN, T., MILLER, D., TU, C. & CUNNINGHAM, J. EFFECT OF COLLISIONSAND RELAXATION ON COHERENT RESONANT TUNNELING - HOLE TUNNELING IN GAAS/ALXGA1-XASDOUBLE-QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 42, 7065–7068 (1990).

[561] LEO, K., WEGENER, M., SHAH, J., CHEMLA, D., GOBEL, E., DAMEN, T., SCHMITTRINK, S. & SCHAFER,W. EFFECTS OF COHERENT POLARIZATION INTERACTIONS ON TIME-RESOLVED DEGENERATE 4-WAVE-MIXING. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 65, 1340–1343 (1990).

[562] LEO, K., DAMEN, T., SHAH, J., GOBEL, E. & KOHLER, K. QUANTUM BEATS OF LIGHT HOLE AND HEAVYHOLE EXCITONS IN QUANTUM-WELLS. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 57, 19–21 (1990).

[563] LEO, K., SHAH, J., GOBEL, E., DAMEN, T., KOHLER, K. & GANSER, P. TUNNELING IN SEMICONDUCTORHETEROSTRUCTURES STUDIED BY SUBPICOSECOND 4-WAVE MIXING. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 56,2031–2033 (1990).

[564] GOBEL, E., LEO, K., DAMEN, T., SHAH, J., SCHMITTRINK, S., SCHAFER, W., MULLER, J. & KOHLER, K.QUANTUM BEATS OF EXCITONS IN QUANTUM-WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 64, 1801–1804 (1990).

[565] COLLET, J., RUHLE, W., PUGNET, M., LEO, K. & MILLION, A. ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMA RELAXATIONIN CDTE. JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH 101, 773–777 (1990). 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON II-VICOMPOUNDS ( II-VI-89 ), TECH UNIV BERLIN, BERLIN, FED REP GER, SEP 17-22, 1989.

[566] LEO, K., SHAH, J., GOBEL, E., DAMEN, T., KOHLER, K. & GANSER, P. SUBPICOSECOND TRANSIENT 4-WAVE-MIXING EXPERIMENTS - A NOVEL METHOD TO STUDY RESONANT TUNNELING. SUPERLATTICES ANDMICROSTRUCTURES 7, 427–432 (1990).

[567] KALT, H., LEO, K., CINGOLANI, R. & PLOOG, K. FERMI-EDGE SINGULARITY IN HEAVILY DOPED GAASMULTIPLE QUANTUM WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 40, 12017–12019 (1989).

[568] COLLET, J., RUHLE, W., PUGNET, M., LEO, K. & MILLION, A. ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMA DYNAMICS INCDTE IN THE PICOSECOND REGIME. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 40, 12296–12303 (1989).

[569] LEO, K., RUHLE, W. & PLOOG, K. HOT CARRIER THERMALIZATION IN GAAS/ALAS SUPERLATTICES.SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 32, 1863–1867 (1989). 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONF ON HOT CARRIERS IN SEMI-CONDUCTORS, SCOTTSDALE, AZ, JUL 23-28, 1989.

[570] LEO, K., RUHLE, W., NORDBERG, P. & FUJII, T. FREE-CARRIER LIFETIME AND DEEP-LEVEL LUMINES-CENCE IN SEMI-INSULATING GAAS - THE INFLUENCE OF INDIUM DOPING AND GROWTH IN A MAGNETIC-FIELD. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 66, 1800–1804 (1989).

[571] RUHLE, W., LEO, K. & BAUSER, E. COOLING OF A HOT ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMA IN ALXGA1-XAS. PHYS-ICAL REVIEW B 40, 1756–1761 (1989).

[572] LEO, K., RUHLE, W. & PLOOG, K. ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMA THERMALIZATION IN GAAS/ALAS SUPER-LATTICES. SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS 71, 101–104 (1989).

[573] KOHL, M., HEITMANN, D., TARUCHA, S., LEO, K. & PLOOG, K. OPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EX-CITON TRANSFER BETWEEN GROWTH ISLANDS OF DIFFERENT WELL WIDTHS IN GAAS/ALXGA1-X ASQUANTUM WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 39, 7736–7743 (1989).

[574] POLLAND, H., LEO, K., ROTHER, K., PLOOG, K., FELDMANN, J., PETER, G., GOBEL, E., FUJIWARA, K.,NAKAYAMA, T. & OHTA, Y. TRAPPING OF CARRIERS IN SINGLE QUANTUM WELLS WITH DIFFERENTCONFIGURATIONS OF THE CONFINEMENT LAYERS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 38, 7635–7648 (1988).

[575] RUHLE, W. & LEO, K. CARRIER HEATING IN GAAS BY NONRADIATIVE RECOMBINATION. PHYSICA STATUSSOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 149, 215–220 (1988).

[576] LEO, K., RUHLE, W. & PLOOG, K. HOT-CARRIER ENERGY-LOSS RATES IN GAAS/ALXGA1-XAS QUANTUMWELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 38, 1947–1957 (1988).

[577] LEO, K., RUHLE, W., QUEISSER, H. & PLOOG, K. REDUCED DIMENSIONALITY OF HOT-CARRIER RELAX-ATION IN GAAS QUANTUM WELLS. PHYSICAL REVIEW B 37, 7121–7124 (1988).

[578] POLLAND, H., LEO, K., PLOOG, K., FELDMANN, J., PETER, G., GOBEL, E., FUJIWARA, K. & NAKAYAMA, T.HOT CARRIER TRAPPING IN GAAS/ALGAAS SINGLE QUANTUM WELLS WITH DIFFERENT CONFINEMENTSTRUCTURES. SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 31, 341–344 (1988).

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[579] LEO, K., RUHLE, W., QUEISSER, H. & PLOOG, K. HOT CARRIER COOLING IN GAAS QUANTUM WELLS.APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 45, 35–39 (1988).

[580] LEO, K. EXACT FORMULA FOR ENERGY-INDEPENDENT RECOMBINATION HEATING. PHYSICA STATUSSOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH 145, K31–K33 (1988).

[581] LEO, K., SCHINDLER, R., KNOBLOCH, J. & VOSS, B. TITANIUM GETTERING IN SILICON - INVESTIGATIONBY DEEP LEVEL TRANSIENT SPECTROSCOPY AND SECONDARY ION MASS-SPECTROSCOPY. JOURNALOF APPLIED PHYSICS 62, 3472–3474 (1987).

[582] HAEGEL, N., WINNACKER, A., LEO, K., RUHLE, W. & GISDAKIS, S. EFFECTS OF ANNEALING ON LIFE-TIME AND DEEP-LEVEL PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN SEMIINSULATING GALLIUM-ARSENIDE. JOURNAL OFAPPLIED PHYSICS 62, 2946–2950 (1987).

[583] LEO, K., RUHLE, W. & HAEGEL, N. SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF FREE-CARRIER LIFETIME AND DEEP-LEVEL LUMINESCENCE ACROSS A SEMIINSULATING GAAS WAFER. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 62,3055–3058 (1987).

[584] FELDMANN, J., PETER, G., GOBEL, E., LEO, K., POLLAND, H., PLOOG, K., FUJIWARA, K. & NAKAYAMA,T. CARRIER TRAPPING IN SINGLE QUANTUM-WELLS WITH DIFFERENT CONFINEMENT STRUCTURES.APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 51, 226–228 (1987).

[585] LEO, K. & RUHLE, W. INFLUENCE OF CARRIER LIFETIME ON THE COOLING OF A HOT ELECTRON-HOLEPLASMA IN GAAS. SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS 62, 659–662 (1987).

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