iapp atlanta chapter meeting 2013 february

1IAPP Atlanta Chapter

Cloud Assurance Basics

February 22, 2013

Phil AgcaoiliCISO, Cox CommunicationsFounding Member, Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)Co-Founder and Co-Author, CSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)Co-Founder Security, Trust, & Assurance Registry (STAR) and GRC Stack

2agenda

• Intro to cloud computing• Legal and privacy concerns to

consider• Latest developments of cloud

security and assurance standards

3

Intro to cloud computing

4What Is Cloud Computing?

• The “cloud” is a metaphor for the Internet– Leverages the connectivity of the Internet to optimize the utility of

computing

• It is not new!– Search is a cloud application (Google, Yahoo, Altavista)– Internet-based email services are cloud applications (Gmail, Yahoo!

Mail, Hotmail, AOL Mail)– Social networking sites are cloud applications (Facebook, MySpace,

Forums)– Similar to time-sharing and service bureau services from the mainframe

days, or ASP’s from the 90’s

• Accessible anywhere with Internet access– There are public, private, managed and hybrid clouds

5

© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID

...Everything is Cloud

The Consumer’s View of Cloud

6A

dopt

ion

Time1961

John McCarthy proposed 'computer time-sharing technology' to be sold through utility business model (like electricity) in a lecture at MIT

Mid 90’s

ASP (Application Service Provider) model with single tenant hosting of applications

Early 00’s

Software as a Service (SaaS) model with multi-tenant hosting of applications

Late 00’s

Cloud Computing with pay as you go model, leveraging virtualization for data center efficiencies and faster networks

Evolution Over The Years

7


The Technical View of Cloud

8


Application(SaaS)

Platform as a Service

Infrastructure

as a Service

EnablingTechnology

Platform as a Service

Execution Platforms at Scale(Developers)

Infrastructure

as a Service

Infrastructure at Scale(System Administrators)

EnablingTechnology

Cloud Service Delivery at Scale(Public / Private Cloud

Providers)

Application(SaaS)

Applications at Scale(End users)

NIST Cloud Deployment Models

9Cloud Model :: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

10Cloud Model :: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

11Cloud Model :: Software as a Service (SaaS)

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… and one other

Public Cloud

Private Cloud

Virtual Private

Cloud

Hybrid Cloud

Community Cloud

Public Cloud

Cloud infrastructure made available to the general public.

Private Cloud

Cloud infrastructure operated solely for an organization.

Virtual Private

Cloud

Cloud services that simulate the private cloud experience in public

cloud infrastructure

Hybrid Cloud

Cloud infrastructure composed of two or more clouds that interoperate

or federate through technology

Community Cloud

Cloud infrastructure shared by several organizations and supporting

a specific community

NIST Cloud Deployment Models

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Ownership

Control

Internal ResourcesAll cloud resources owned by or dedicated to enterprise

External ResourcesAll cloud resources owned by providers; used by many customers

Private Cloud

Cloud definition/governance controlled by enterprise

Public Cloud

Cloud definition/governance controlled by provider

Hybrid Cloud

Interoperability and portability among Public and/or Private Cloud systems

Enterprise Deployment ModelsDistinguishing Between Ownership and Control

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Amazon EC2 - IaaS

The lower down the stack the Cloud provider stops, the more security you are tactically responsible for implementing & managing yourself.

Salesforce - SaaS

Google AppEngine - PaaS

What This Means To Security

15

Legal and privacy concerns to consider

16Be Prepared for Change

• Cloud industry is immature and growing rapidly

• New players will rapidly emerge to fill new market niches

• Consolidation of the industry at some point is inevitable– You may not be as comfortable with new entity

• Google, Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Dell, HP, Cisco, CSC, and Verizon all active in this area

– Big players will create standards for security and governance

• Cloud computing is disruptive to existing business models and IT practices– Disruptive technologies attract players who may not be around

for the long term

17Types of Issues

• Location (where is your data; what law governs?)• Operational (including service levels and security)• Legislation/Regulatory (including privacy) • Third-party contractual limitations on use of cloud• Security• Investigative/Litigation (eDiscovery)• Risk allocation/risk mitigation/insurance

18Location Issues

• Where will your data be located?– The cloud may be the ultimate form of globalization

• What law governs?– You may or may not be able to control this by contract as the law

in some countries can trump contractual provisions– State law is becoming increasingly relevant– Complying with a patchwork of federal and state privacy laws

• Storing data in certain regions may not be acceptable to your customers, especially the government

19Operational Issues

• Vendor lock-in issues– Will you be bound to a certain application; platform; operating

system?– Some critics, such as Richard Stallman, have called it “a trap

aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that will cost them more and more over time”

• Can you transfer data and applications to and from the cloud?

20Operational Issues

• Backup/data restoration

• Disaster recovery

• Acceptable service levels

• What do you do if the Internet crashes?– How is that risk allocated by contract?

• Data retention issues– There many legal and tax reasons that company must retain

data longer than cloud vendor is prepared to do so

21Regulatory/Governance Issues

• The more of these issues you have, the slower you will move to cloud computing– Early growth in cloud computing will come from small and

medium sized businesses and give them a competitive advantage

– Portion of cost savings will have to be reinvested into increased scrutiny of security capabilities of cloud providers

• Some regions, such as the EU, have stringent rules concerning moving certain types of data across borders

• Cloud computing not regulated –yet

22Regulatory/Governance Issues

• Patriot Act/UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act• Stored Communications Act (part of ECPA)• National Security Letters (may not even know of investigation)• PCI (credit card information)• HIPAA (health-related information)• GLB (financial services industry)• FTC and state privacy laws• ITARS, EARS, other export or trade restrictions will impact

where data can be stored and who can store it• Video rental records• Fair Credit Reporting Act• Violence Against Women Act• Cable company customer records

23Contracts Will Be The KeyLegal Enforcement Mechanism

• Privileged user access– Who has access to data and their backgrounds

• Regulatory compliance– Vendor must be willing to undergo audits and security

certifications

• Data location– Can you control the physical location of your data?

• Security– Implementation is a technical matter; responsibility is a legal one

24Key Contractual Issues

• Data segregation– Use of encryption to protect data –a sometimes tricky issue

• Recovery– What happens to your data and apps in the event of a disaster?– You should have test procedures in place

• Long-term viability– What happens to data and apps if company goes out of

business?

• Investigative support– Will vendor investigate illegal or inappropriate activity?

• What happens in the event of a security breach?

25Security Issues

• Physical security– Physical location of data centers; protection of data centers

against disaster and intrusion

• Operational security– Who has access to facilities/applications/data?– Will you get a “private cloud” or a service delivered more on a

“utility” model?

• Programmatic security– Software controls that limit vendor and other access to data and

applications (firewalls; encryption; access and rights management)

– Encryption accidents can make data unusable

26Investigative/Litigation Issues

• Third party access– Subpoenas

• You may not even know about them if vendor gets the subpoena– Criminal/national security investigations– Search warrants; possible seizures

• eDiscovery– How are document holds enforced; metadata protected;

information searched for and retrieved?

• You must have clear understanding of what cloud provider will do in response to legal requests for information

27Intellectual Property Issues

• The big issue is trade secret protection– If third parties have access to trade secret information, that could

destroy the legal protection of trade secrets– This can be ameliorated by appropriate contractual non-

disclosure provisions

• Same concern for attorney-client privileged information

28Risk Allocation/Management

• No benchmarks today for service levels

• No cloud vendor can offer a 100% guarantee– The most trusted and reliable vendor can still fail– Should replicate data and application availability at multiple sites– Should you escrow data or application code?

• A premium will be charged based on the degree of accountability demanded

• Responsibility of customer to determine if it is comfortable with risk of putting service in the cloud

• Many publicly available cloud computing contracts limit liability of hosting provider to a level that is not in line with the potential risk

• Cloud computing contracts resemble typical software licenses, although potential risk is much higher

29Insurance

• Will business interruption insurance provide coverage if your business goes down because of problem at cloud vendor?

• Do Commercial General Liability (CGL) or other types of liability coverage handle claims that arise from privacy breaches or other events at the cloud level?

• Are you covered if your cloud vendor gets hacked?

30Checklist of Things to Consider

• Financial viability of cloud provider

• Plan for bankruptcy or unexpected termination of the relationship and orderly return of disposal of data/applications– Vendor will want right to dispose of your data if you don’t pay

• Contract should include agreement as to desired service level and ability to monitor it

• Negotiate restrictions on secondary uses of data and who at the vendor has access to sensitive data

• Understand cloud provider’s information security management systems


• Negotiate roles for response to eDiscovery requests

• Ensure that you have ability to audit on demand and regulatory and business needs require– Companies subject to information security standards such as ISO

27001, must pass to subs same obligation

• Make sure that cloud provider policies and processes for data retention and destruction are acceptable

• Provide for regular backup and recovery tests

• Consider data portability application lock-in concerns

• Understand roles and notification responsibilities in event of a breach


• Data encryption is very good for security, but potentially risky; make sure you understand it– Will you still be able to de-crypt data years later?

• Understand and negotiate where your data will be stored, what law controls and possible restrictions on cross-border transfers

• Third-party access issues

• Consider legal and practical liability for force majeure events– Must be part of disaster recovery and business continuity plan

• There is no substitute for careful due diligence

33

Latest developments in cloud security assuranceCSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)AICPA SOC ReportsCSA Open Certification Framework (OCF)

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www.cloudsecurityalliance.orgCopyright © 2011 Cloud Security Alliance www.cloudsecurityalliance.org

Our research includes fundamental projects needed to define and implement trust within the future of information technologyCSA continues to be aggressive in producing critical research, education and tools22 Active Work Groups and 10 in the pipeline

Copyright © 2012 Cloud Security Alliance

http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/


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GRC Stack GRC Stack

Family of 4 research Family of 4 research projectsprojects

Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)

Consensus Assessments Consensus Assessments Initiative (CAI)Initiative (CAI)

Cloud Audit Cloud Audit

Cloud Trust Protocol (CTP)Cloud Trust Protocol (CTP)

Control Requirements

Provider Assertions

Private, Community

& Public Clouds

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• Controls derived from guidance

• Mapped to familiar frameworks: ISO 27001, COBIT, PCI, HIPAA, FISMA, FedRAMP, etc.

• Rated as applicable to S-P-I• Customer vs. Provider role• Help bridge the “cloud gap”

for IT & IT auditors

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• Research tools and processes to perform shared assessments of cloud providers

• Integrated with Controls Matrix• Version 1 CAI Questionnaire

released Oct 2010, approximately 140 provider questions to identify presence of security controls or practices

• Use to assess cloud providers today, procurement negotiation, contract inclusion, quantify SLAs

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• CSA STAR (Security, Trust and Assurance Registry)

– Public Registry of Cloud Provider self assessments– Based on Consensus Assessments Initiative

Questionnaire• Provider may substitute documented Cloud Controls Matrix

compliance– Voluntary industry action promoting transparency– Free market competition to provide quality

assessments• Provider may elect to provide assessments from third

parties

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www.cloudsecurityalliance.orgCopyright © 2011 Cloud Security Alliance www.cloudsecurityalliance.orgCopyright © 2011 Cloud Security Alliance

The CSA Open Certification Framework is an industry initiative to allow global, accredited, trusted certification of cloud providers.

The CSA Open Certification Framework is a program for flexible, incremental and multi-layered cloud provider certification according to the Cloud Security Alliance’s industry leading security guidance and control objectives.

The program will integrate with popular third-party assessment and attestation statements developed within the public accounting community to avoid duplication of effort and cost.

~Jim Reavis & Daniele Catteddu; CSA~

Security Assurance - A Better WayCSA Open Certification Framework (OCF)



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CSA STAR (Security, Trust and Assurance Registry)

Public Registry of Cloud Provider self assessments

Based on Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ)Provider may substitute documented Cloud Controls Matrix compliance

Voluntary industry action promoting transparency

Free market competition to provide quality assessmentsProvider may elect to provide assessments from third parties

Available since October 2011

Security Assurance - A Better WayCSA Open Certification Framework (OCF)OCF Level 1: CSA STAR Registry



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The open certification framework is structured on 3 LEVELs of TRUST, each one of them providing an incremental level of visibility and transparency into the operations of the Cloud Service Provider and a higher level of assurance to the Cloud consumer.

OCF: The structure



43

Service Organization Control Reports (SOC)

44AICPA SAS No. 70, Service Organizations

•A standard for reporting on a service organization’s controls affecting user entities' financial statements.

•Only for use by service organization management, existing user entities, and their auditors.

•Replaced by SSAE 16 SOC 1 in 2011

45SAS No. 70, Service Organizations

Misuse:•“SAS 70 Certified” or “SAS 70 Compliant”

•Controls related to subject matter other than internal control over financial reporting

•Made report public

46Other Service Organization Control Reports (SOC)

Marketplace demand for detailed report on controls on subject matter other than internal control over financial reporting include:

Security Availability Processing integrity Confidentiality Privacy

47How the AICPA Addressed Issues

48Service Organization Control (SOC) Reports

49SOC Report Logos

For CPAs who provide the services that result in a SOC 1, SOC 2 or SOC 3 report

For service organizations that had a SOC 1, SOC 2 or SOC 3 engagement within the past year

50New Standards and Names

Trust Services Principles and Criteria

51SOC 1 Report (restricted use)

• Report on controls at a service organization relevant to a user entity’s internal control over financial reporting

52SOC 2 Report (use determined by auditor)

• Report on controls at a service organization relevant to security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality or privacy

53SOC 2 Reports – Type 1 and Type 2

• Both report on management’s description of a service organization’s system, and… Type 1 also reports on suitability of design of

controls Type 2 also reports on suitability of design

and operating effectiveness of controls

54

Security Assurance - A Better WayAICPA SOC 2 Type 2 with the CSA CCM

•The SOC 2 Type 2 Attestation Standard (AT-101) allows for inclusion of other standards

•Use SOC 2 Report as the Assurance wrapper for any or all of the following:–Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)–ISO27001–PCI-DSS–HITECH–NIST/FedRamp

•One core set of audit work serves as the basis for multiple reports

Recommendation:The Cloud Security Alliance has determined that for most cloud providers, a SOC 2 Type 2 attestation examination conducted in accordance with AICPA standard AT Section 101 (AT 101) utilizing the CSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) as additional suitable criteria is likely to meet the assurance and reporting needs of the majority of users of cloud services.

*This conclusion is supported by the AICPA Technical Practice Aid titled “TIS Section 9530: Service Organization Controls Reports” published in November 2011.

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Global, not-for-profit organisationOver 40,000 individual members, more than 160 corporate members, over 60 chaptersBuilding best practices and a trusted cloud ecosystemAgile philosophy, rapid development of applied research

GRC: Balance compliance with risk managementReference models: build using existing standardsIdentity: a key foundation of a functioning cloud economyChampion interoperabilityEnable innovationAdvocacy of prudent public policy

“To promote the use of best practices for providing security assurance within Cloud Computing, and provide education on the uses of Cloud Computing to help secure all other forms of computing.”

About the Cloud Security Alliance



56Questions & Answers

Thank you. Phil [email protected] @hacksec

www.cloudsecurityalliance.org

http://www.aicpa.org

Promoting Privacy

mailto:[email protected]
