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Author index

Abo-el-Ene, N. 51 Adzaku, F. 51 Agostini, E. 45 Alexander, F. 27, 30

Baker, S. 85 Balk, W. 141-143, 145 Basmajian, J. 25, 30, 45 Beck, J. 132 Berendt, J. 16 van den Berg, J. 69, 77-78 Biggs, N. 108 Bishop, B. 23 Blanton, P. 108 Bouhuys, A. 12, 23, 52,72 Brodnitz, F. 10, 37 Bunch,M. 60,85,101 Burkland, L. 17

Campbell, E. 23, 39, 45, 50 Capra, F. 153 Cardus, N. 139, 142 Chopra, D. 153 Cleveland, R. 15, 74, 93 Clynes,M. 17,152-153,155 Clitchley, N. 17

Damste, P. 75, 85, 132 Diamond,J. 150-151,153-154 von Diirckheim, K. 25, 149 Duron, L. 27

Faaborg-Andersen, K. 12, 72 Ferrier, W. 144 Fry, D. 93

Garcia, M. 70 Gattey, C. 119, 139, 144-146 Gould, W. 25 Govinda, A. 147-148 Greene, H. 137-138, 140

Henderson, W. 70 Henson, R. 17 Hirano, M. 2, 72,75-76,78 Hoffman, E. 85 Hollien, H. 77 Husson, R. 69

Issihiki, N. 80

Jung-Caillol, M. 27

Keyes, L. 153 Kimura, J. 17 Kirchner, J. 12, 69, 72, 80

LaBorde, G. 20 Ladefoged, P. 15, 72 Landeau, M. 69 Large, J. 75-77 Leandersen, R. 12, 72, 75 LeCouver, M. 52, 80 Lindquist-Gauffin, J. 109 Luchsinger, R. 69

MacCurtain, F. 85 McKinlay, S. 21 McLeish, J. 17 Massion, J. 27 Mead,J. 23

190

Moses, P. 9-10, 13 Mountcastle, J. 27

Nadoleczny, M. 76 Negus, V. 69, 108 Newsom-Davis, J. 23, 45

Paget, R. 83 Perkins, W. 107 Powell, R. 27 Proctor, D. 12, 23, 31, 52 Punt, N. 69

Ristad, E. 3, 18, 21-22 Rousey, C. 9 Rubin, H. 52-53, 80 Rudhyar, D. 155 Russel, A. 12 Russel, G. 83, 108

Schilling, T. 76 Scotto di Carlo, N. 114 Sears, T. 23, 45, 53-55 Seashore, H. 16, 75 Shipp, R. 75

Shuter, R. 17 Smith, G. 17

Author index

SOderstrom, E. 125, 142-144, 146 Sonninen, A. 69, 73, 75, 83 Steiner, R. 19, 151 Stockhausen, K. 5, 150 Sundberg,J. 15-16, 75,93,95,97,109

Taylor, A. 39 Titze, I. 81

Vennard,W. 3, 12,52,69-70,72, 75,77-78,80,95,105-106,109

Vrettos, X. 36

Wilder, C. 55 Winckel, F. 15, 55, 70--71, 73, 75-76, 93,

95,97, 101,146,148 Wing, H. 17 Wise, C. 113 Wyke,B. 12,23,27,31,36, 72 Wyke,M. 17

Zemlin, W. 73 Zuili, H. 69

Subject index Note: Specific names of muscles have been included under Muscles. Page numbers in Italic indicate illustration.

Abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing 37 Acoustics

environment, psychology 9 in singing 15-6 vocrutract 14-15,83,93-99

see also Vocru tract Adam's apple, anatomy 57 Age, effect on cartilage 57, 60 Airflow, coordinating with onset of sound

52, 70 Alcohol, effect on voice 131 Alexander technique, posture 27, 30 Allergies, management 125-126 Anabolic steroids, effect on voice 132 Articulation 111-112

anatomicru aspects 114-121 facial expression 119

muscles 118 fixed structures 114 lips 117-119 mandible (lower jaw) 114-117 mechanism 113 moveable structures 114-121 related to singing 121-122 tongue 119-122 vowels and consonants 112-113

Artistry 143-146 dedication 144 emotionru involvement 145 individuruity 144-145 love of singing 143-144 magnetism 145-146 performance that transcends the ordinary

146 personruity 145

Arytenoid cartilages 57, 60-61, 64

action of inter- and crico-arytenoid muscles 63

anatomy 60-61 Attack 54

breathy sound 71 coordinating air flow with onset of

sound 71 glottal p1osive 70

Auditory feedback 72

Balance, and body posture 4, 24-27, 53 Breathing

apparatus, anatomy 28, 32-51 diaphragmatic (abdominal) 37 mechanism 30-31

diaphragmatic movements 38 intercostal muscles 37, 39, 43, 45 naturru movement, nervous pathways

36 quiet 31 see also Diaphragm, Expiration,

Inspiration, Subglottic pressure pattern of movement and bruance 37-

38 physiology, psychological factors 13,

23 summary 53-55

Breathy sound 63 Bronchoscopy 133

Cartilages, laryngeal, see Arytenoid cartilages: Larynx, cartilages

Communication aspects, psychology 9-11 schematic diagram 8

Consonants, sounds, classification 112-113

192

Contraceptive pill, effect on voice 132 Conus elasticus 64, 66 Coordination 138-140 Covered tone 10 1 Cricoid cartilage 57, 58-61, 65 Crico-Thyroid articulation 57, 60

Damping 78, 94-95 Dedication to singing 144 Diaphragm

inferior surface 40 left half 38 pelvic, role in expiration 50 role in inspiration 37 respiratory movements 38 superior surface 40

Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing 37 Diet 124 Diphthongs 112 Discrimination of sound 9 Drugs, effects on laryngeal muscles 130-

131 alcohol 131 tranquilizers 131

Dynamic singing 146-149

Emotion 7, 9, 10, 69, 81, 143, 148 and performance 105, 145, 147 pure 153-154 relation to voice 14-15

Environmental factors, psychology 9, 10 Epiglottis, structure and function 60-61,

65--66 Expiration 47-51

abdominal muscles 47-50 External auditory meatus, in posture 25

alignment 26

Facial expression 119 lips 117 muscles 103, 118

Facial nerve damage 133-134 Fitness 124 Focus and intensity

dangers in forcing tone 106 definition 105 sensing tone in the head 106-107

Formants, vocal tract 15, 95-97 optimum frequencies 97 spectrum 98

Fricative 113

Glottal plosive 70

Head and neck 32-33, 59 midline section 59 position in singing 25 skeleton 58

Health problems 123-127 Hoarseness 125-130

allergies 125-126

Subject index

from neglect 129 psychogenic origin 130 respiratory diseases 126-127 vocal misuse 127-128

Hormones, effect on voice 132 Hyaline cartilage, effects of age 60 Hyoid bone 58-59, 68

structure and function 61, 63

Individuality 144-145 Inspiration 31

diaphragm, role, 37 intercostal muscles, role 37-38, 41 levatores costarum muscles 44, 45 mechanism 35 neck muscles 46, 47 rib movement 33-34 serratus posterior and inferior muscles

45,46 Intensity and focus 105-107 Intubation dangers 132

Jaw, lower, effect on vocal quality 104, 112, 114, 115, 117

Laryngitis 126-127 Larynx (laryngeal) 3, 31, 51-52, 56

anatomy 57-69 cartilages 58, 60, 61 folds 64, 66, 67 function 11-13, 69-72

physiological factors 11-13 lowering, and vowel quality 1 0 1 lubrication 66 movement 64 muscles 62-63, 65

see also Muscles opening 64, 70 prominence 57, 61 strap muscles, dissection 68 variations and voice classification 79

Life energy 150-152, 155

Subject index

Lips in articulation 117-121

effect on facial expression 119 muscles 118

Magnetism of singers 145-146 Mandible (lower jaw) in articulation 114--

115 muscles 114--117

Mastication, muscles 116 Mechanoreceptors 27, 51, 72

response in posture 36 Mucous membrane, vocal tract 66, 69, 72 Muscular fatigue 129 Muscles

abdominal, in expiration 47-50 see also specific names

arytenoid 62-64 constrictors 88, 89, 90, 92 crico-arytenoid, lateral 62-65

arytenoid cartilages 62, 63 and pitch 63, 65 posterior, function 62--63

crico-thyroid 65 effect on vocal folds 65 and pitch 63, 65

intercostal 37-45 anterior view 42 postenor view 43 role in expiration 39 role in inspiration 39

intrinsic, larynx, function 63 larynx 62--63, 65 levator veli palatini 91 levatores costarum role 45

in inspiration 45 posterior surface 44

lips 117-118 longitudinal of pharynx 89, 90 mandible 116 masseter 116 medial pterygoid 116 neck, anatomical diagram 46

role in inspiration 46-47 omo-hyoid 68, 69 palato-glossus 91 palato-pharyngeus 9/ pharynx 86--91 pterygoid 116 rectus abdominis in respiration 47

anatomical diagram 48 salpingo-pharyngeus 90

scalenes 46 serratus posterior and inferior role in

inspiration 45, 46 sternocleidomastoid 46, 68 sterno-hyoid 46, 68 sterno-thyroid 46, 68 strap, relation to larynx 46, 68 stylo-hyoid, pharynx 89, 90 subcostal, schematic diagram 50 temporalis 116 tensor veli palatini 91 thyro-hyoid 46, 68 tongue 119-121

extrinsic 120 intrinsic 121

193

transversus abdominis in respiration 4 7-49 anatomical diagram 49

transversus thoracis (sternocostalis) 50--51 anatomical diagram 51

vocalis (internal thyro-arytenoid) 63, 66 function 67-70 and pitch 73-74 and registration 79

Musical testing 17 Myo-elastic-aerodynamic theory of

phonation 69-70

Nasal cavity, left lateral wall 108 Neglect of voice 127-130

see also Vocal folds, misuse: Vocal folds, pathological

Neurological factors of phonation 72 Nodules on vocal folds 127-128

post-operative care 133 surgical removal 133

Nose in singing 109

Obesity and diet 124 Oblique muscles, external and internal, in

respiration 47-50 anatomical diagram 48--49

Palate positions in vowel sounds 101 Perception 7-8, 10, 11, 16-18

psychology 17-18, 20, 22 teaching the listener 17 'third area of investigation' 17

Performance, dynamic 146-149 Personality 7-8

relation to voice 7

194

Pharynx anatomy and physiology 84-93 communication with nose and mouth 85 laryngeal (inferior) 86 muscles

constrictors 88, 89 longitudinal 89-90 soft palate 89

nasal 85 oral (middle) 86 relaxed 103 sagittal section 84 skeleton 87 tensed 103 and vocal quality 102

Phonation 57-81 anatomy of vibratory muscles 57-69 control systems 72 electromyographic studies 72 function of vocal folds in singing 69-70 mechanism. myoelastic-aerodynamic

theory 69-70 physiological factors 72-73

Phonatory mechanism, anatomy 57-69 Phoneme 72 Physical 1, 8, 16, 19, 21, 24-25, 30, 75,

102, 105-107, 123-125, 135, 137, 147-148, 150-153 characteristics and vocal quality 12, 83 environment, psychology 9, 10

Physiological factors 8, 11-15, 72-80 breathing 13, 23 genetic endowment 8-9, 83, 102

Piriform fossae 65 Pitch

changes,psychology 73 concept 74

muscles involved 73 'perfect' 73 and tone-colour 73 and vocal folds 73 see also Range

muscles involved in 65 and vocal tract shape 96-97, 99

Pleural cavities, anatomical diagram 36 Posture in singing 24-30

Alexander technique 27, 30 alignment of skeleton 25, 26 balanced 25 casual 24 muscular and skeletal relationship 27, 28 poor habits 24, 27, 29

skeletal factors 25 Practice 136-137

Subject index

Premenstrual factors, effect on vocal folds 132

Psychological aspects 7-22 acoustic factors 9-10, 16 communication 9-11

schematic diagram 8 genetic endowment 12, 102 perception 10, 16-18 physical environment 10 physiological factors 8, 11-14 self-image 7, 10 social environment 9 teaching studio 18-21

Quantum influences 153

Range 74-75 classification of voices 74 normal 74

Recurrent laryngeal nerve, and dangers of thyroid surgery 134

Registers adjustment of vocal folds 78 damping 73,94 description 76-77 heavy, characteristics 78-79 heavy/light 77 light, characteristics 77 terminology 76-77 tone, 'cover' (darken) 79 transition 78-79 vowel sounds, modified 79

Rehearsal time 136-137 Resonance 13-15, 20, 71, 113, 117, 119,

124 misconceptions 107-109 and vowel formation 99-102

Resonation 13, 69, 107, 109, 113 definition 82-83 mechanism, anatomy 85-93

Resonators 93 Helmholtz 95 Sinuses as 108-109

Respiration see Breathing Respiratory diseases, management 126-

127 Rhythm 151 Rib cage, and posture in singing 26, 29 Ribs, movement 32-37

schematic representation 33-34

Subject index

Self image, psychology 7, 10 Singerofthefuture 154-155 Singing 1, 138-149

and versatility 138-139 life energy in 151 relating function to artistry 5

Sinuses in singing 108-109 Skeleton

anterior view 32 posture 26

alignment 25-30 posterior view 32 walking 33

Smoke filled atmospheres, effect avoidance 128

Smoking, contraindications 131 Social environment, psychology 9 Soft palate anatomy and physiology 89-91

muscles 91 Sound 11-17, 146, 152-153

and healing 153 environmental modifications, reception

and perception 16 quantum 153 vocal, creation 12

Spectrum 98 Spontaneity 140-143 Steroids, effect on voice 132 Studio environment 18-21 Subglottic pressure

and inspiration 51-53 measurement in singing 52-53 schematic illustration 52 tension in vocal folds 53, 80

Surgical procedures, pertinent to singers 132-134

Talent, musical testing 17 Teacher, singer's confidence in 18-19 Temporomandibular joint 115 Tension 19,30-31,113-114,140,143,152

on mandible and muscles 117-119 relation to voice 11 vocal folds 53, 63, 70--71, 75, 79-80 and vocal quality 13-15, 52, 81, 102-

105 vocal tract 97-99

Throat clearing 13, 126, 136 Thyroid

cartilage, anatomy 57-62 changes with age 57, 60

surgery dangers 133-134

195

Thyroidectomy 132 Tone 54-55, 80--81, 83, 102-103, 111,

142-143, 147, 151 colour and pitch 73, 79 coordination of onset 54 definition 82 intensity and direction 105 sensing in the head 106-107

Tongue 104 in articulation 122

muscles 119-121 extrinsic 119, 120 intrinsic 120, 121

positions in vowel sounds 99-101 rigidity and vocal quality 104

Tonsillectomy 133 Tranquilizers, effect on laryngeal muscles

131 Tremolo 75

Uvula 91

Vegetarian diet 124 Vertebral column, dissection 28 Vestibular folds, anatomy 66, 69 Vibration 152 Vibrato

effect of rock and discotheque music 75 physiological mechanism 76 pulsations per second 75

Vibratory mechanism, anatomy 13 Vocal folds

action of muscles on 63, 64, 65 anatomy 66, 67, 69 attack 70-72 false, definition 66 function in singing 69-70 length and shape, and range 74-75 phonation, neurological factors 72 phonation, physiological factors 72-

73 pitch 73-74 range 74-75 registers 76-80 subglottic pressure 80 true, definition 66 vibrato 75-76 vocal intensity 80

misuse 127-130 muscular fatigue 129 smoke filled atmospheres 128

movement 63-65

196

pathological 69 inflammation 125-127 laryngitis 129-130 muscular fatigue 129 nodules 127, 128

removal 127-128 special medical attitudes 132

examination 133 tension 79

and subglottic pressure 80 intensity 80 ligament, anatomy 66

and pitch 65, 78 problems, prevention and care 123-

137 drugs 130 general health 123-124 hoarseness 125-130 nutrition 124 obesity 124 relation with doctors 134-135 smoking 131 surgical procedures 132-134 voice care 135-137 women 132

quality 102 factors affecting 102-105 physical characteristics 101 terminology 11

Subject index

sound, see Sound, vocal tract, acoustics formants 95-97

for common vowel sounds 99 muscle action 85 resonance, misconceptions 107-109

sound spectrum 98 Vocal tract 15, 53-54, 69, 72-86, 93-97,

100-104, 106, 109, 112, 126, 131 Voice

acoustic factors 15, 16 care 135-137

avoidance of bad atmospheres 136 practice 136 rehearsal time 136-137 throat clearing 126, 136

classification 7 4 and laryngeal variation 75

neglect and misuse 107, 127, 130 see also Vocal folds misuse: Vocal

folds, pathological psychological aspects, schematic

diagram 10 qualities, terminology 11

see also Vocal quality Vowel formation 92-102, 112

x-ray tracings 100 formants, range, English 99

German, French and Italian 101-102 tongue, lips, and palate positions 113

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