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A device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage. Resistors are used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to transform a current signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical behavior of a resistor obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or other variables.

Resistor

Variable Resistor

Variable resistors, or rheostats, have a resistance that may be varied across a certain range, usually by means of a mechanical device that alters the position of one terminal of the resistor along a strip of resistant material. The length of the intervening material determines the resistance. Mechanical variable resistors are also called potentiometers, and are used in the volume knobs of audio equipment and in many other devices.

Potentiometer

a device with three terminals, two of which are connected to a resistance wire and the third to a brush moving along the wire, so that a variable potential can be tapped off: used in electronic circuits, esp as a volume control Sometimes shortened to potPotentiometer.

Trimmer Pot

Manually adjustable, variable, electrical resistor. It has a resistance element that is attached to the circuit by three contacts, or terminals. The ends of the resistance element are attached to two input voltage conductors of the circuit, and the third contact, attached to the output of the circuit, is usually a movable terminal that slides across the resistance element, effectively dividing it into two resistors.

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Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Trimmer Capacitor

Trimmer capacitors are used mainly to effect the alignment of resonant oscillatory circuits. As a rule, the capacitance of a trimmer capacitor is set during the circuit test process. After such setting, the movable parts of the trimmer capacitor are locked in place and remain in their fixed positions while the device is operating. A trimmer capacitor is generally a simplified parallel-plate variable capacitor with one stator plate and one rotor plate.

A capacitor whose capacitance can be varied continuously by moving one set of metal plates with respect to another. The physics principle being the capacitance varies with both the surface area of the plates and how far they are from each other.

An electrolytic, tantalum or Aluminum, capacitor in which the dielectric film is formed adjacent to only one metal electrode; the impedance to the flow of current is then greater in one direction than in the other.

An electrical device consisting of two conducting plates separated by an electrical insulator (the dielectric), designed to hold an electric charge. Charge builds up when a voltage is applied across the plates, creating an electric field between them. Current can flow through a capacitor only as the voltage across it is changing, not when it is constant. Capacitors are used in power supplies, amplifiers, signal processors, oscillators, and logic gates.

Fixed Inductor

Variable Inductor

Transformer

An inductor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An inductor is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically, an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic field. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced that opposes the change in current that created it.

A variable inductor can be constructed by making one of the terminals of the device a sliding spring contact that can move along the surface of the coil, increasing or decreasing the number of turns of the coil included in the circuit. An alternative construction method is to use a moveable magnetic core, which can be slid in or out of the coil. Moving the core farther into the coil increases the permeability, increasing the inductance.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding.

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DRAWING

An electrical device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode, through which current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to cathode) than in the reverse direction. Diodes have many uses, including conversion of AC power to DC power, and the decoding of audio-frequency signals from radio signals.

Diode

## V

SchokkeyDiode

A Schottky diode is a special type of diode with a very low forward-voltage drop. When current flows through a diode there is a small voltage drop across the diode terminals. A normal silicon diode has a voltage drop between 0.6–1.7 volts, while a Schottky diode voltage drop is between approximately 0.15–0.45 volts. This lower voltage drop can provide higher switching speed and better system efficiency.

Zener Diode

Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value.

Tunnel Diode

A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode which is capable of very fast operation, well into the microwave frequency region, by using quantum mechanical effects.

Diac

Diode for alternating current', is a diode that conducts current only after its breakdown voltage has been reached momentarily. When this occurs, diode enters the region of negative dynamic resistance, leading to a decrease in the voltage drop across the diode and, usually, a sharp increase in current through the diode. The diode remains "in conduction" until the current through it drops below a value characteristic for the device, called the holding current.

Triac

From Triode for Alternating Current, is a electronic component which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. It is approximately equivalent to two complementary unilateral thyristors joined in antiparallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together.

VaractorDiode

a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode which has a variable capacitance that is a function of the voltage impressed on its terminals.

Pin Diode

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, lightly doped 'near' intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. It is typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.The wide intrinsic region makes the PIN diode an inferior rectifier (one typical function of a diode), but it makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast switches, photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications.

Light EmittingDiode

Photodiode

ACACDiode Bridge

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.

A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier.

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DRAWING

A transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode is an electronic component used to protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected wires. It is also commonly referred to as a transorb. A transient voltage suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional.

Transorb

GunnDiode

A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode used in high-frequency electronics. In the Gunn diode, three regions exist: two of them are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of lightly doped material in between. When a voltage is applied to the device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer.

SiliconControlledRectifier

A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid state device that controls current. In the normal "off" state, the device restricts current to the leakage current. When the gate-to-cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns "on" and conducts current.

Optoisolator

Optical isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output". The main purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side.

NPN Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. The doping region determines NPN or PNP PNP Transistor

DarlingtonNPN/PNP Transistor

JFET N/PField Effect Transistor

the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure consisting of two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one, giving a much higher current gain (written β, hfe, or hFE) than each transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector.

The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of field effect transistor. It can be used as an electronically-controlled switch or as a voltage-controlled resistance. Electric charge flows through a semiconducting channel between "source" and "drain" terminals. By applying a bias voltage to a "gate" terminal, the channel is "pinched", so that the electric current is impeded or switched off completely.

A K

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E

C

B

E

C

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CB

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B

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DG

S

DG

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MOSFETN/P

Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In MOSFETs, a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain. channel can be of n-type or p-type (see article on semiconductor devices), and is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET (also nMOS, pMOS).

S

D

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S

DG1

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DG1

G2

MOSFET DUALN/P

The dual gate MOSFET has a tetrode configuration, where both gates control the current in the device. It is commonly used for small signal devices in radio frequency applications where the second gate is normally used for gain control or mixing and frequency conversion. For Basic MOSFET See section above.

Solar Cell

Photo-Resistor

A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells used to make solar modules which are used to capture energy from sunlight, are known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.

A photoresistor or photoconductor light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

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DRAWING

SPST, most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one set of electrical contacts. The contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' and conducting or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. A simple on-off switch: The two terminals are either connected together or disconnected from each other. Also called two-way switch . Single Pole, Single Throw

A simple changeover switch: C (COM, Common) is connected to L1 or to L2. This switch is used to select either A or B type connection path. Also called a three-way switch. Single Pole, Double Throw

Equivalent to two SPST switches controlled by a single mechanism. The Throw contacts are tied together so when the contacts are made, two simultaneous circuits are conducting. Also called just a double pole switch. Double Pole, Single Throw.

Equivalent to two SPDT switches controlled by a single mechanism: A is connected to B and D to E, or A is connected to C and D to F. See SPDT in section above. Double Pole, Double Throw

A Slide Switch is like a linear rotary in that there is a single throw with multiple poles such that contacts are arrayed in a linear patterns and as the slide knob or button is moved from left to right, contacts are made one at a time equal to the number of poles in the array.

Momentary Switches are switches that make or open contacts as long as the button is pressed mechanically or electrically. As soon as the button is released, the switch will return to its Normally Opened (NO) or Normally Closed (NC) state. Reset switches are often of this kind. It may only take an instant of shunting the circuit to ground to reboot the system or clear the memory.

The Rotary switch is used to select a number of circuits for routing signals or connecting circuits selectively to usually a single source. When these switches are ganged, then the number of variable connections increases exponentially. The mechanical switch can also serve as a Hex encoder for program selection.

DIP switches are manual electric switches that are packaged in a group in a standard dual in-line package (DIP). This type of switch is designed to be used on a printed circuit board along with other electronic components and is commonly used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific situations.DIP switches are an alternative to jumper blocks. Their main advantages are that they are quicker to change and there are no parts to lose.

A mercury switch is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switch's physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the "pull" of earth's gravity, or other inertia.Mercury switches consist of one or more sets of electrical contacts in a sealed glass envelope which contains a bead of mercury. The envelope may also contain air, an inert gas, or a vacuum.

Temperature-sensing mechanism is the "bimetallic strip:" a thin strip of two metals, joined back-to-back, each metal having a different rate of thermal expansion. When the strip heats or cools, differing rates of thermal expansion between the two metals causes it to bend. The bending of the strip can then be used to actuate a switch contact mechanism.

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. A circuit breaker can be reset unlike a permanently blown fuse.

Switch SPST

Switch SPDT

Switch DPST

Switch DPDT

Switch Slide

SwitchMomentary

SwitchRotary

SwitchDIP

SwitchMercury

SwitchTemperature

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Circuit Breaker

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DRAWING

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

A polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a resettable fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against overcurrent faults in electronic circuits. They are actually non-linear thermistors, however, and cycle back to a conductive state after the current is removed, acting more like circuit breakers, allowing the circuit to function again without opening the chassis or replacing anything.

SiBar thyristor surge protectors are designed to protect sensitive telecommunications equipment from the hazards caused by lightning, power contact, and power induction. These devices have high surge capability to protect against transient faults and high off-stateimpedance, making them transparent during normal operation.

a fuse is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection device. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload or device failure is often the reason for excessive current.

Balun is a type of electrical transformer that can convert electrical signals that are balanced about ground (differential) to signals that are unbalanced (single-ended), and the reverse. They are also often used to connect lines of differing impedance. The origin of the word balun is bal(ance) + un(balance).Baluns can take many forms and their presence is not always obvious. They always use electromagnetic coupling for their operation.

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is used to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators."

Oscillators are used as frequency sources for all kinds of circuits and applications. There are many types depending on the method use to set, stabilize, or control the frequency. VCO, voltage controlled varies the frequency with voltage, TCXO, Temperature Compensated, OCXO, Oven stabilized, VCTCXO, Voltage Controlled and Temperature Compensated. In a block diagram or a schematic the various oscillators may be labeled blocks.

A ceramic resonator is an electronic component that when combined with other appropriate components, can produce oscillations at a specific frequency. It consists of a voltage-variable capacitor that acts in some ways like a quartz crystal. Ceramic resonators are made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate.

A ferrite bead is a passive electric component used to suppress high frequency noise in electronic circuits. It is a specific type of electronic choke. Ferrite beads employ the mechanism of high dissipation of high frequency currents in a ferrite to build high frequency noise suppression devices. Ferrite beads may also be called ferrite blocks, ferrite cores, ferrite rings, ferrite EMI filters, ferrite chokes or mistakenly as ferrous bead. Single SMT bead designation (FB)

A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another. The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, photovoltaic, or any other form of energy. While the term transducer commonly implies use as a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered as a transducer.

Relays

Thermistors

Polyswitch

SiBar TVS

Fuse

BalunTransformer

Crystal

Oscillator

CeramicResonator

Ferrite BeadRing

Transducer

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DRAWING

A power source providing alternating current of any phase. An AC source can be a wall plug, alternator, generator a bench power supply or an inverter. The circuit need only specify the phase, current, and voltage when referring to the AC Source.

The DC Source can be any equipment or component that provides a Direct Current. It may be a solar cell system, a fuel cell, a AC to DC Converter, Battery Pack, DC-DC converter, Switching or Linear regulator/power supply combination.

In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails.

A metal chassis is a huge antenna and you may pick up anextra amount of electrical noise in your signal groundif you tie them hard. The chassis only needs to be at a man-safe potential and the rest of it you'd rather not "see".

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times.

Delay may refer to: Propagation delay, the length of time taken for something to reach its destination. Analog delay line, used to delay a signalBi-directional delay line, Digital delay line, a sequential logic element

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. .

A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. Most microphones today use electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration.

known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g. TV or radio waves) Dipole antenna, a simple antenna which can be constructed from one wire, fed by a source. Directional antenna, or beam antenna, radiates greater power in one or more directions. Radio telescope, a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy and for tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes

An accumulator is an apparatus by means of which energy can be stored, such as a rechargeable battery or a hydraulic accumulator. Such devices may be electrical, fluidic or mechanical and are sometimes used to convert a small continuous power source into a short surge of energy or vice versa. Other examples of accumulators include capacitors.

Attenuator (electronics), an electronic device that reduces the amplitude of a signal. Also referred to as a pad with linear or stepped degrees of attenuation measured in dB. Every 3dB of attenuation equals ½ the original power level. Optical attenuator, a device or instrument to reduce light power.

AC

DC

AC Source

DC Source

Ground

EquipmentPotential and

Chassis

Battery

Delay

Speaker

Microphone

Antenna

Accumulator

Attenuator