Energy and Climate Dialogue – pollution control in Ukraine

Reduction of harmful emissions from energy intensive industries

Experiences from Norway

Sergei Faschevsky Senior consultant Norsk Energi sergei.faschevsky@energi.no www.energi.no

Norway is energy intensive country (per capity energy consumption)

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Heavy industries in Norway

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Smelter Works: Aluminium Works:

§  Fluorides from aluminium smelters - Critical loads for damage to forest was exceeded around some

plants - Dental and bone damage of cattle, sheep and deer

§  Dust from ferroalloy plants §  Foul water in rivers and lakes - Rivers and lakes polluted by pulp and paper plants and by

eutrofication - Severe problems due to poor municipal waste water treatment.

An Outlook from Norway: why to promote environmental improvements?

Norwegian industry and its emissions SO2: NOx:

Production output in 2005 prices: GHG:

Environmental Improvements in Norway – driving forces §  Improved knowledge about pollution problems

→ leads to change of behaviour

§  Pressure for improvement of local environmental problems → through the increased transparency and access to information

§  Compliance to international agreements → establish enabling environment for the ‘preventative’ strategies

§  Promoting the “polluters pay” principle → raise the payments for pollution, while the violations – criminal case

§  Development cleaner technologies and projects → facilitate project development

Increased regulatory pressure

§  Norway has to comply with EU environmental directives and regulations

§  International protocols v  The Gotenburg protocol on reduction of SO2, NOx and VOC v  The Aarhus protocol on reduction of heavy metals and persistent organic polutants v  The Kiev protocol on PRTR

§  3 generations of pollution permits v focus on EnMS/EnMS, v micropollutants, chemicals, transboundary pollution v risk assessments, internal control, historic contaminated soil

and waste deposits

Going Beyond the command-control paradigm: §  Utilize the knowledge and experience of both parties §  Understand and accept the roles of both parties §  Develop mutual confidence §  Transparency and predictability

We want to achieve the results that combine environmental improvement with industrial development

From the traditional role of Environmental authorities: §  Set environmental standards §  Regulate pollution from industries §  Monitor compliance with regulations §  Ensure that corrective actions are taken §  Make sanctions when necessary

Case 1: Voluntary agreement to comply with the Gothenburg Protocol

§  International environmental agreement to reduce NOx emissions §  Negotiated in 1999 §  Norway ratified the protocol in 2002 §  Entered into force in 2005 §  Norwegian NOx emissions were 194 500 tonn in 2006 §  Committment to reduce emissions to 156 000 tons within 2010 §  This is a 20 % reduction during 4 years !

Disagreements and negotiations

§  A reduction of 20 % would be difficult

§  NOX tax of 15 NOK/kg of emissions was proposed

§  The tax was introduced 1/1/2007 for the industries with motors over 750 kW or boilers 10 MW (total capacity)

§  The industry did not like a new tax, of course Norwegian industry association claimed that the NOx-tax would give almost no emission reductions, because the costs for most measures for reducing NOx emissions costs more than 15 NOK/kg

The NOx agreement signed in 2008

§  The parliament (Stortinget) decided then that the industry could get tax exemption if they entered into a agreement with the government with clear, binding targets for NOx emission reductions.

§  Agreement between the government and 14 industry associations signed in 2008 («the NOx-agreement»)

§  The industry gets tax exemption for 3 years, but must committ itself to achieve emission reductions

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Government

NOx Agreement

NOx Fund

Company Commitments

2,2 EUR/kg NOx emitted

0,5 EUR/kg NOx emitted

Financial support to emission reduction technology investments

Status reporting

How to achieve emission reductions?

The NOx-fund has achieved NOx emission reduction of 28 000 tons, or 74% of the emissions reduction target (Industry is responsible for 32% of NOx emissions)

NOx and dioxides abatement technologies 15

Technology Component Approximate efficiency rate

(%)

Comments

SCR (selective catalytic reduction)

NO x Dioxines

80 – 90 90 - 99

NH3 is added

SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction)

NO x Dioxines

70 - 80

Thermal after- Burning/oxidizer

organic compounds in high concentr.

95 - 99

Catalytic Afterburning/ oxidizing

organic components: styrene, dioxines

95 - >99

NH3 is added

For special purposes

For special purposes

However, most of the projects go for the «preventative» techniques

Fuel switch for NOx-reduction

Change-over to low nitrogen containing fuels offers cut of NOx emissions:

•  Heavy oil > diesel > gas: •  Heavy oil ca 600 – 800 mg/Nm3 = 150-240 mg/MJ

•  Diesel ca 200 – 300 mg/Nm3 = 60 -80 mg/MJ

•  Biofuel ca 180 – 300 mg/Nm3 = 30 mg/MJ

•  Gas ca 100 – 200 mg/Nm3 = 30 mg/MJ

How significant NOx-reductions could be achieved by the preventative measures?

•  Fuel switch: Reduction of nitrogen content in the fuel •  Heavy oil > diesel > gas 50-75% reduction

•  Better combustion techniques/process optimisation •  Reduced air dosage/O2 -regulation 10-44% •  Reduced combustion temperature 20-30% •  Recovery of flue gases 20-50% •  Staged dosage of air 10-75% •  Strage filling of fuel 50-60% •  Steam injection 5-10% •  Water injection 5-10% •  Gas reburning (after-burning) 50-60%

•  Shift til modern low-NOx burners 25-60%

NB! This is just Experience based assumptions

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Example – Hafslund DH system at the airport

PC QC

TC

RETUR

TUR

TC

PRIMÆRLUFT

PUSHER

RIST

RESIRKULERING RØYKGASS

SEKUNDÆRLUFT

UNDERTRYKKSREGULERING

LC

PRIMÆRFORBRENNING

SEKUNDÆRFORBRENNING

SEKUNDÆRFORBRENNING

KJELSPJELD

LC

RØYKGASSSTANGMATERSILO

KRAN

ASKE-UTMATING

BRENSELSILO

Even fuel distribution at the grates

Even air-distribution over the grates

Staged air dosage Good degree of penetration

Recovery of flue gases-optimal temperature

Avoid/reduce airheating

Example – Kronos Titan AS

§  Boiler conversion to natural gas §  130,6 tonns NOx reductions (apprx. 80%) §  9,5 mln NOK in grant support (80% of the total costs) §  73 NOK/kg NOx prevented §  New boiler with injection of steam and NH3 to the combustion chambers §  60% reduction of NOx emissions or 100 tonnes of NOx emissions §  Support from NOx fund

Example – Hallingdal Waste Combustion Plant

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SO2 rensing

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Examples of SO2-emissions reduction techniques

§  Cement industry: §  For rawgas < 1200 mg SO2/Nm3

§  Adding of absorbents §  For rawgas > 1200 mg SO2/Nm3

§  Various gas-scrubber reduce the Nox load by 200-400 mg SO2/Nm3

§  Large boiler plants: §  Conversion to low sulphur fuel (gas or biomass) §  Wet cleaning of fluegases

§  Cement industry:

How to find the right measure? §  Mapping emissions and O&M patterns:

§  Volumes of fluegases and temperature zones §  Emission concentrations and flows §  Operational loads and periods

§  Maping of public regulations and norms §  Public regulation, local requirements §  Background concentrations

§  Evaluate various alternatives measures §  Technical assessment and possibilities for various standard techniques §  Reduction potential, calculations, modells, tests §  Investment requirement/operational costs §  Support schemes NOx-fund/Enova

§  Costs/benefit analysis

SNCR injection of NH3 at Norsk Skog Saugbrugs

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Major BREF-documents for the Norwegian industry

§  Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries 518 pages

§  Production of Iron and Steel 383 pages §  Ferrous Metals Processing Industry 538 pages §  Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Industry 807 pages! §  Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industry 127 pages §  Pulp and Paper Industry 509 pages §  Waste Incineration (draft) 467 pages §  Large Combustion Plants (draft) 567 pages §  W.water and w.gas treatment in the chemical sector 472 pages

Can the industry read such documents?

Policy approach:

Facilitating Projects development and Capacity Building

q  Dissemination of information: case studies, fact sheets, key figures (e.g., European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB)

q  Use of internet

q  Focus on helping SMEs

q  Provide free advice and consultations

q  Promote the setting up of regional clubs or initiatives

q  Setting up a center or focal point

BAT –compliance scans 25

1 day – site visit; 1 week report preparation

Example: Copper factory § One of the opportunity areas identified: heavy oil use for drying of copper concentrate § BREF document suggested to change the drum dryer to modern one – thus heavy oil use may get lower from 17,3 kg to 8 kg/tonn of fuel § Do we need to use the heavy oil at all?

§  Should we buy concetrate from another place? §  There is a lot of waste heat – recover it?

Example initiatives: Norway

q  Cleaner Technology Programme launched in 1990 by the State Pollution Control Authority (SFT, nowadays Miljødirektoratet)

q  Aimed at large manufacturing companies (> 100 staff)

q  Included both technology demonstration projects and CP assessments

q  Ministry of Industry and Energy initiative launched in 1991 aimed at SMEs; the National Environmental Technology Programme

q  Both programmes offered grants in the form of ”free” consulting assistance

q  Reports for over 250 case studies now freely available

Implemented waste heat recovery projects in Norwegian ferroalloy industry