reconnaissance report on hospitals
TRANSCRIPT
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Chile Earthquake of February 27, 2010 Reconnaissance Report on Hospitals
Bill Holmes
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EERI Hospital Reconnaissance Team Members
Rick Bissell Professor of Emergency Health Services, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
Francisco de la Masa Ministerio de Salud
Judith Mitrani-Reiser Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Bill Holmes Structural Engineer, Rutherford & Chekene, San Francisco
Thomas Kirsch Associate Professor and Director of Operations of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Mike Mahoney Senior Geophysicist of Building Science Branch, DHS/FEMA, Washington, DC
Nicolas Santa Cruz Marin Pontificia Universidad Catolica
Talca Regional Public Hospital, Talca, Chile, March 19, 2010
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Goals of Hospital Team • Assess the physical and medical similarity of Chilean
Hospitals to US practice. • Identify vulnerabilities that can
– Threaten patients – Reduce the ability to provide emergency medical
care • Develop a protocol to collect detailed data measuring
effectiveness and vulnerabilities of regional medical care. – Size and other medical characteristics of facility – Numbers of in-patients present, injured,
evacuated, moved to other facilities – Numbers of outside patients treated
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Chilean Hospital System
• Public Health System – Regional (we covered parts of 4 regions)
• ACHS – Began to provide care similar to Workman’s Comp – Now essentially a hospital system
• Private hospitals and clinics – Catolica, etc.
• Systematic listing of facilities, damage, etc, available only on Public Health System. – Several other hospitals visited in Santiago
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Overall performance of Public Health Hospital System according to
Ministry of Health Website
• Total in shaken region: 100 • 17 to be completely rebuilt • 8 with major damage • 54 requiring minor repair • 21 apparently undamaged
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Reconnaissance of Hospitals • Santiago area
• Military Hospital • San Carlos Catolica Clinic • ACHS (Trahabador) • Victor Bulnes (Santiago Sotero del Rio, Felix Bulnes)
• Talca Regional Public • Los Angeles Regional Public
• Six satellite facilities • de Hupiel • Laja • Santa Barbara • Nacimiento • Yumbel • Mulchen
• Concepcion Regional Public • Talcahuano
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Structural Systems • Typical systems
– Masonry bearing wall—only in very old buildings – Concrete Frame with infill – Concrete frame – Concrete frame with concrete shear wall – Steel brace frame-3 story (tube columns and braces)
• Structural Performance – Lack of damage to one story hospital buildings compared to
high rise non-hospital concrete buildings suggests different input energy levels.
– Older buildings beat up—often masonry – Mid-rise hospital buildings constructed after 1985 generally
performed well structurally, with some exceptions. – Seismically isolated buildings (3) performed well but joint
damage was common.
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Nonstructural Systems
• Systems used are very comparable to US practice • Only the newest hospitals in Chile have systematic
seismic protection for nonstructural systems • The nonstructural seismic performance observed
should be expected in similar levels of ground motion in older US hospitals or where code-specified nonstructural protection is not enforced. – 0.2-0.25 g in Santiago – Higher, up to 0.5 g elsewhere – Effects of long duration on nonstructural systems
has not been studied.
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Organization of Findings • By issues known to affect patient safety or functionality
– Communications – The need for evacuations – Elevators – Loss of power – Loss of water – Water damage – Loss of bulk oxygen tanks – General disruption from ceiling damage – General disruption from nonstructural masonry damage – Disruption to fragile areas like paper medical records, pharmacies,
and laboratories – Damage to medical equipment – Damage to MEP equipment – Damage to MEP distribution systems
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues
• Communications – Over-reliance on cell phones, no plan for
emergency communication in facility or between facilities—particularly to headquarters of public health system.
– Perhaps explains remarkable self reliance at each site
– Administrators interviewed wanted to address this issue for future emergencies
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Evacuations
• San Carlos de Catolica (Santiago) – Fifth floor of fixed base wing due to nonstructural
chaos • Felix Bulnes (Santiago)
– 200 patients from tower due mostly to nonstructural but also damage to infill masonry
– Administrative building severely damaged, and would have caused casualties if occupied.
– Entire facility is now closed. Clinic building under construction/renovation is being rushed to completion
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Patient room. Felix Bulnes
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Felix Bulnes
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• Talca – Older light concrete frame with heavy masonry severely
damaged and evacuated – Chilean military hospital set up across street is still in
operation. • Los Angeles
– Older buildings slated for replacement in 3 years evacuated due to nonstructural, infill, and water damage
– Several floors of newer building evacuated for repairs • Concepcion
– Older building evacuated due to water and sanitation piping systems leaks
Evacuations
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Evacuated building at Talca Hospital
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Evacuated building at Los Angeles Hospital
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues
• Elevators – Significant failures. Over 50% of all elevators
were out, most due to counterweights off rails. – In every building evacuated, elevators were
inoperable, requiring patients to be carried down stairs-often rubble strewn.
– Elevator machine rooms and shafts are typically accessible only by elevator maintenance service or one person on site.
– Evacuations required use of stairs.
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Anchor bolt failure of elevator generator set due to inadequate edge distance. Los Angeles Regional Public Hospital
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Security camera at Military Hospital (Santiago) captures counterweight failure
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues
• Loss of Power – Outside power lost for various times at every facility – Seldom caused an ongoing problem due to availability
of emergency generators and at least 3 days fuel. • Loss of Water
– Unlike most of the US, many sites had on-site storage for 3 or more days (or wells).
– Water provided that was not pumped through facility system did not provide sufficient pressure for toilets and some medial equipment.
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues • Damage/disruption from water
– Not statistically frequent but caused at least three buildings to be evacuated, and shut down 3 of 6 ORs in relatively new building.
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2005 building; Los Angeles Hospital. Infill masonry wall collapses on to distilled water equipment, spilling two 150 gallon containers; water leaks past perimeter edge of slab to OR suite below, closing 3 or 6 ORs
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Continuing water damage at Talca Hospital. Water is leaking from water heater on right. Building was closed due to nonstructural damage, dominated by water.
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues • Bulk oxygen storage tanks
– Standard of practice is to anchor. No overturning reported, but close calls….
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Oxygen tank legs punched through support slab but did not overturn and remained functional. Felix Bulnes-Santiago
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Overturning tension stretched anchor bolts. Talcahuano Hospital.
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues
• Suspended lay-in ceilings. Generally without any seismic detailing. The “American Ceiling” – Most consistent failure. – Often causes little real damage but great fear and
disruption. – Fallen light fixtures and air registers can be life
safety issue – Older ceilings drop dust and other debris (in the
US, often asbestos)
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The story of the American Ceiling
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The morning after. Los Angeles Hospital. Note fallen light fixtures and mechanical registers, in addition to ceiling panels.
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Add clips to hold down tiles
Fallen tile despite clips. Talca Hospital.
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Close up of clips used at Talca Hospital in new building.
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ICU with perfect performance
ICU. Talca Hospital older building-evacuated
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Packing tape is almost as good as duct tape as a cure-all!
ICU Talca Hospital
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Known Hospital Seismic Issues • Infill masonry/heavy partition damage
– Considered “nonstructural” but, like ceilings, causes fear, creates dust and occasionally risk of injury.
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Cracked and spalled infill in patient room. Felix Bulnes (Santiago)
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Temporary braces at loose precast partitions. Laja
Braces supported at bottom with cabinet
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
March 30, 2010
Known Hospital Seismic Issues • Vulnerable areas
– Paper medical records, pharmacies, and laboratories
– Medical Equipment – Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing Equipment – Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing Distribution
Systems
• Did not “stand out” as vulnerable. Damaged when building had other nonstructural damage
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Acknowledgements • This study was supported by the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute’s Learning from Earthquakes (LFE) Program, the Johns Hopkins University’s Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response (CEPAR), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
• We would also like to acknowledge the valuable input and support from Juan Carlos De La Llera, Cristian Maluk, and Catterina Ferreccio at Pontificia Universidad Católica, Ministro de Salud Jaime Mañalich, Subsecretaria de Redes Asistenciales Giovanna Gutierrez, and all the wonderful employees who hosted us and patiently answered all of our questions.
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Lessons for the Disaster Resistant University Program
University of Concepcion
Bill Holmes
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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University of Concepcion • School was out for the “summer”
– Scheduled to start March 15, now April 5 (questionable) – Student housing is off campus residential, much now damaged.
Amount now available is unknown. Plan for housing not formulated • Little structural damage on campus, but much nonstructural
– No power for 7 days – Water out for 7-14 days (still fixing leaks on March 19)
• Lost Chemistry Department due to fire following • Lost Marine Biology Department -extensively outfitted ship
– Tsunami and looting • Losses in Civil Engineering Labs
– Essentially all equipment out of calibration at a minimum – All theodolites fell off shelves—have not been tested
• Severe losses in Microbiology lab • Campus not completely investigated—library?, computer center?
Student Records?
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Large Chemistry Building, containing the entire department, destroyed by fire, exacerbated by chemicals
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Four year old Micro Biology Lab Building
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Structure had several joint, all beat up by pounding
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Protection of Equipment
• Equipment on wheels vs. anchorage: Wheels apparently are better. No injuries and no reported overturning. This issue needs systematic testing.
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Centrifuge on wheels ok
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Incubator ruined
• Hit by overturning equipment
• Loss of power for 5-10 days
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Microbiology Lab • Lost most of work done in 4 years at micro biology
lab – will take 2 years to recover to previous point
• 8 PhD work lost • 100 M Peso total lost equipment ($500,000)
– Lost a $70,000 piece that will take 6 mo to replace
– Lost another that will take 12 mo to replace
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Chile Earthquake of Feb 27, 2010 William T. Holmes
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Not the University of Concepcion Marine Biology Department