Recognition of Israel by Turkey

Gokten Mert Aydogdu9 Eylul Uni. Int. Relations

DRAFT

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Why was Turkey the fi rst Muslim country to recognize Israel ?

While the rest of the Middle Eastern states could not even stand the idea of an existence of a Jewish state that was

established on the land of Palestinians?

Recognition of Israel by Turkey

Compliance2

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Foreign Policy Analysis

I. Domestic Environment

II. International Environment

III. Psychological Environment

IV. Operational Environment

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International Environment

Dependent Development

Pro Core Foreign Policy

Consensus

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Historical Background

Israel is a holy land for Jews.In the history, land of Israel belonged to Israelis by the name of Israel Kingdom.

Kingdom of Israel (1020-722 BCE)Kingdom of Judah (931-586 BCE)

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Historical Background

Sabbatai Zevi is the Jewish messiah and he was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement.His messiahism is coming from declaration of Israel’s establishment at near future.POPULAR SABATAIST Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal’s wife Latife Mustafa Kemal’s daughter Ülkü’s husband İnönü’s wife Adnan Menderes

Sabataism is not just only religion movement, it is also culture too. Secular westernist Jewish culture.

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Historical Background:Reestablishment of Israel

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Jews believed that Israel was promised to them by God and one day messiah would come and Jewish land will belong to Jews again. Religion is very important for Jews. Sample stamp.

Theodore Herzl who was not treated fairlyin the French army because of his Jewishness decided to establish a state that would bring all of the Jews together. Alfred Dreyfus advocated the importance of Jewish state.

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Theodore Herzl’s offer to Sultan Abdülhamit

In 1896 Theodore Herzl met with

the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II

to put forward his proposal for a

Jewish state in Palestine.

Sultan Abdülhamid refused Herzl's offer to pay down a substantial portion of the Ottoman debt in exchange for a charter allowing the Zionists access to Palestine.

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Beginning of Jewish Immigration to Land of Palestine

In spite of Sultan Abdülhamid’s refusal Jewish groups slowly and secretly started to move to Palestine

During the first aliyah, over 25,000 Jews arrived in Palestine from Russia between 1882 and 1903.

They were joined by 40,000 additional Russian Jews in the second Aliyah between 1904 and 1914.

Third group of around 25,000 arrived in the aftermath of WWI.

Final and largest aliyah, consisting of 60,000 Polish Jews came to Palestine between 1923 and 1926.

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Historical Background:Events Leading to the Establishment of

Israel

Collapse of Ottoman Empire during the First World War Zionists during the War sided with Israel Balfour Declaration (2 Dec 1917 The declaration was ade in a letter from Foreign Secretary

Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild. The statement was issued through the efforts of Chaim

Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, the principal Zionist leaders based in London; as they had asked for the reconstitution of Palestine as “the” Jewish national home, the declaration fell short of Zionist expectations.

The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into the Sèvres peace treaty with Turkey and the Mandate for Palestine. The original document is kept at the British Library.

2 Nov is the Jewish day at Israel and protest day at Arab countries.

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Historical Background:Events Leading to the Establishment of Israel

British were caught between Zionist Jews and Palestinian Arabs they both want Palestine

More Jewish immigrationBritish leaving the Middle East and UN taking overAcceptance of Partition of Palestine (Resolution

181)Establishment of Israel on May 14, 1948Beginning of Arab-Israeli WarsAnother point is Ataturk – Ben Gurion meeting at

Jerusalem , 1911 autumn night. Ataturk said to Gurion “Every jew in this country would do well to join his camp.”

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Ben Avi – Ataturk meeting13

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Ben Gurion: Father of Jews 14

Ben Gurion was student at IstanbulUniversity at 1911-1913. Founder of MOSSAD at Istanbul, Misir Han.May 14, 1948 Ben Gurion announced the birth of Jewish state, Israel.In a 15 minutes USA and Russia recognized the Israel.In 24 hours Arabs (Muslims) declared war to Israel.

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Why did Turkey recognize Israel?16

Turkey is the first Muslim country that recognized Israel

Is it a consensus or not?If yes, then why?

Israel was not a UN member, Turkey could not get into dialogue with Israel.

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What does Compliance Mean?Dependent Foreign Policy

According to Jeanne Hey:

A weak or periphery country that is dependent on a core politically, economically or cultural sometimes aligns its foreign policy with the core

country pro-core foreign policy Sometimes it does not align its foreign policies with

the core anti-core foreign policy

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What does Compliance Mean?Pro-core and Anti-core Foreign Policies

According to Jeanne Hey:

Pro-core foreign policy Compliance Consensus

Anti-core foreign policy Counterdependence Compensation

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What does Consensus Mean?

Consensus among elites in the periphery and core leads to foreign policy alignment.

In addition to material ties, the peripheral elites share ideological views on politics and economy with elites in the core.

In many cases peripheral elites are educated in the core. (Ataturk’s second language is French and he growed with French books)

This confluence of interests, background and opinions leads to agreement between peripheral and core leaders (who are part of the dominant economic class) on many issues, including foreign policy.

Foreign policy alignment in these cases is consensual not compliant.

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Why did Turkey recognize Israel?20

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Why did Turkey choosed consensus in this foreign policy?

Russian ThreatTurkish Government trying to get into Western

AxisTurkish Military trying to get into Western AxisEconomic FactorsPsychological Impact & Elite’s opinionImmigration of Turkish Jews to IsraelCultural Background (Explained at Background and childhood of

Ataturk)

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Consensus – As a result of Russian Threat

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In the aftermath of Second World War

In 1945 Soviet leader Stalin threatened

Turkey to occupy Kars and Ardahan to establish Russian bases in the Turkish

Straits

Turkey that has been neutral since the

beginning of the establishment of Republic

of Turkey now has no choice but to ally with

the Western Bloc USA

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Consensus – As a result of Russian ThreatTurkey wants to become a member of Western

Bloc

In order to ally with the Western Bloc and USA and become a member of NATO for its protection from the Soviet Union

Turkey had to comply its foreign policies with the United States

One important example of this consensus was Turkey’s recognition of the establishment of Israel in 1948 (as the first Muslim country while the other Muslim countries were disgusted with the idea of establishment of Israel)

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USA is supporting the Establishment of Israel

USA is supporting the establishment of Israel

in the Middle East Strong Jewish Lobby in the USA A non-Communist country in the Middle East A pro-USA country in the Middle East that will

GIVE usa the chance to have a role in the region

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Compliance – Westernist Government

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Secular countries at WorldMost Muslim countries are not secular,

Turkey wants to show that Turkey is a western country.

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Compliance – Westernist Government

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• Turkish government accepted Ataturk as a father of Turks andAtaturk’s way is the pro-western way…• Ataturk’s way is the secular way…• Ataturk’s way accepted by Turkish Gov. as

government policy.

TURKEY NEED TO DESCRIBE AND SHOW ITSELF TO THE WORLD! (as Turkey is a secular, Westernist country)

This consensus is the opportunity to do it.

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Jews really like Ataturk!27

Arkadas Ataturkist Tought at Israel

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Compliance – Westernist Government

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Ataturk is a democracy and Westernist policy supporter.“I have no doubt about, American nation is with Turkish nation

"Ataturk

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Compliance – Westernist Government

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Ataturk is a democracy and Westernist policy supporter.“I have no doubt about, American nation is with Turkish nation

"Ataturk

Ben Gurion & Ataturk is at same way…

Ben Gurion Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi Dr. Nathan Aridan, Atatürk ile David Ben Gurion arasında birçok benzerlik olduğunu ve aynı amaçlar için mücadele ettiklerini ileri sürdü. Atatürk ile Ben Gorion'un benzerliklerini sıralayan Aridan, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri ile ülkeye başkent seçimindeki farklılıklar dışında önemli olan bir çok amacın benzer olduğunu söyledi. "İkisi de yeni bir millet yaratma amacı ile hareket etti" diyen Aridan "Benzer amaç ve düşünceler ile yaşadılar. Bunu yapmak için benzer reformlar yaptılar. Özellikle dil reformu ve kıyafet reformu bir ulusun kendini tamamen değiştirmesi açısından çok önemli" dedi. Ben Goriuon'un yeni ve modern bir Yahudi ırkı oluşturmak istediğini ve bunun için çalıştığını kaydeden Aridan, "Atatürk de böyle bir amaç için çalıştı ve bunu başarmak için devlet dairelerindeki İslâmi selamlaşmaları bile yasakladı. Atatürk'le beraber halk Müslüman olmasına rağmen İslâmi ibadetlerin önemi ortadan kalkmaya başladı. Ben Gurion da Yahudi ırkının ibadetlerden çok bir kimlik olarak ön plana çıkmasını sağladı" şeklinde konuştu.

Türkiye'deki başörtüsü yasağından duyduğu memnuniyeti dile getiren Aridan sözlerini şöyle sürdürdü: "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün yaptığı en önemli reform hiç kuşkusuz başörtüsünün yasaklanmasıdır. Modern Türkiye'ye geldiğimde beni en çok etkileyen şey üniversitelerde başörtüsünün yasak olması ve başı açık kızlar ile erkek öğrencilerin iç içe olması ve bu şekilde eğitim görmesi oldu. Atatürk bir toplumun nasıl değiştirilebileceğini bize gösterdi. Din konusu tartışılması gereken bir konudur. İsrailliler bunu kavradı ki, yüzde 99'u Müslüman olan bir ülke dahi İslâm ülkesi olmak zorunda değildir."

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Consensus – Westernist Military32

Ataturk’s way is not just only Westernist at gov., also his way contains Westernist at military, too.

Better quality weapons.Turkey wants to belongs to NATO.30 countries recognized Israel and most of

them is at west and building of NATO.Important for turkey to align its foreign

policy with those countries.

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Consensus – Economic Factors33

By entering NATO, Turkey was expecting more political and financial aid from them.

Jews power on global banks, wants credit from World Bank

Palestine???? was third among countries that Turkey does export. Palestine or Israel?

Why chose Israel again?Israel’ s economical potential.Israel needs cotton, grain etc, Turkey needs

medicine, glass, chemical, contraction goods etc. which Israel has.

Turkey and Israel did economic agreement (4.7.1950)

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Consensus – Economic Factors34

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Consensus – Psychological Impact35

Secular Turks hating Arabs.At 1916 Arabs stabbed the Ottomans at the

back.Israel has technology and intelligence, Arabs

has nothing… Why chose Arabs?Turkey believes hard to diplomacy with

unstable countries at middle east. Turkey is believing that Middle East countries will be still unstable and nondemocratic countries at future but Israel much more close to be stable a country.

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Consensus – Turkish Jewish Immigration to Israel

Where do the Jews live?

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After the recognizing Israel, Turkish radio announced that Turkish citizens are allowed to migrate to any country. Russia, USA, Turkey accepted to recognize Israel because by this way Jews would immigrate to their own lands. Also, this is what Israel wants from other countries. Turkey wants homogeny nation building, he needs and want it, too. This consensus is the opportunity to do it.

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Under Normal Conditions (if No consensus) Would Turkey recognize Israel?

Consensus among elites in the periphery and core leads to foreign policy alignment.

Ataturk , Inonu as a Turkish elites they peripery and core leads to

foreign policy alignment.

In addition to material ties, the peripheral elites share ideological

views on politics and economy with elites in the core.

Elites politics and economic views are same with westernist

governments.

In many cases peripheral elites are educated in the core

Ataturk’s second language is French and he read French secular

books.

• This confluence of interests, background and opinions leads to

agreement between peripheral and core leaders (who are part of the

dominant economic class) on many issues, including foreign policy.

As seen at Turkey and Ataturk. Historical and other backgrouns

explained.

Foreign policy alignment in these cases is consensual not

compliant.

MOST PROBABLY IT WOULD NOT HAVE.

The End, But if it happens today why it would’nt?

38One minute

Protest of Israelians

More details at..

This powerpoint’s text is at,www.aytash.com/mertaydogdu/master/israel-recognation-turkey-

consensus.pdf

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