Recent lunar missions: ILEWG report

Bernard H. Foing Executive Director ILEWG Intl Lunar Exploration Working Group

Senior Exploration Officer, ESA /ESTEC, http://sci.esa.int/ilewg

Intl Lunar Exploration Working Group

• SMART-1 ESA lunar mission 10 yr anniversary and prospects

• ILEWG report: lumar research results from recent missions

• Public engagement, training Young Lunar Explorers

• ILEWG Terrestrial field demonstrations & research

• Landers and lunar global robotic village

• Towards a sustainable International Moon base

10 years ago, SMART-1 was just arriving to the Moon http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/

First European lunar orbiter Test new technologies - Solar Electric Propulsion - instrument miniaturisation - Faster, cheaper, smarter Launch mass: 370 kg Payload: 19 kg Launch date: 27 Sept 2003, Ariane 5 Lunar capture: 15 Nov. 2004 Science orbit 15 March 2005 Mission: 6 + 12 months nominal lunar orbit operations until Impact 3 Sept 2006 Data on PDS archives, 75 refereed publis

estec

SMART-1 first image of Europe June 2004

SMART-1 A Mini Craft with Technologies

Plasma Thruster (F) D-CIXS X-ray Spectrometer (UK, 5.1 kg) XSM solar X-ray Monitor (SF) SIR Infrared Spectrometer (D, 2.3 kg) AMIE High Resolution micro-Camera (CH, 2.1 kg) SPEDE Spacecraft Potential Electron Dust Exp. (SF, 0.8 kg) EPDP Electric Propulsion Diagnostics Package (I, 2.4 kg) KATE Deep Space X- Ka Communications (D/ESA, 6.2 kg) RSIS radio science (I)

SMART_1 D-CIXS & the X-ray Moon: tracing violent Earth-Moon beginnings

The D-CIXS spectrometer looks at the “invisible” Moon in the X-ray:

-to map chemical elements on the Moon

(Mg, Si, Al, Fe),

- to get absolute chemical abundances using XSM X-ray Solar Monitor

X-ray signatures of Chemical Elements

Mg

Al Si

Ca

Fe

1 keV 10 keV

- First ever remote sensing measurements of Ca at the Moon

- Highlands vs Crisium Mare variations Mg Al Si, not for Ca - Titanium on the Moon (Swinyard et al PSS 2009) = not in farside highlands - DCIXS regional maps (Carter, Grande et al 2014)

Earth-Moon History: how did the Moon form and evolve? Global surface composition Al, Mg, Si, (Fe), (Ca), olivines/pyroxenes Bulk composition Constrain theories of origin and evolution of the Moon. Interior structure Seismic analysis, heat flow

SMART-1 Camera lunar coverage & resolution

Mosaicking

Apollo 11 site from SMART-1 …

…to LRO

X

What shapes rocky planets?

Prospector H map

Tectonic wrinkles Volcanism

Tectonics

Polar regions

Bombardment

SMART-1 impact

Cratering

Bombardment chronology

SMART-1 view of Hadley Rille near Apollo 15 landing site (mountains, volcanic plain, giant lava tube)

100 km field

X

Borst, Foing et al PSS 2010

Preparing SPA South Pole-Aitkin basin sample return (eg Moonrise)

20 km

SMART travel maps to Lunar South Pole

Earth

Amundsen crater (84.5º S, 82.8º E) ZOOM

Shackleton crater

Faustini crater

Shoemaker deGerlache

SMART-1 Peak of Light

SMART-1 impact flash & debris

From SMART-1 to Bepi Colombo: technology and science

aaa

BC-EST-HO-16000

Sunshield

Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO)

SMART-1 : Ion Propulsion, navigation, cruise operations

AMIE, SIR, DCIXS, XSM KATE, RSIS, Geosciences

Thermal constraints

SPEDE Plasma diagnostics

ESA Human Exploration Destinations: ISS-Moon-Mars

● LEO destination confirmed with continuation of ISS station operations

● Start of human exploration beyond LEO with cooperation with NASA on Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle –European Service Module (2017 Lunar fly-by)

● MPCV Exploration Missions 1&2: from 2020, 4 crew to Moon, beyond and back

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Eurobot results Nov09test under difficult light conditions(shadows and reflections)

Visit of lunar architecture WG

Shadow hand mounted on Eurobot arm

Joystick with force feedback

Control with master-slave arm

Control with master-slave hand

Collision avoidance model in bad light (L) and good light (R)

Deployment of solar array Removal of thermal insulationCleaning dust off windowOff-loading of lander

CONTROLMETHODS

TECHNO-LOGY

APPLI-CATIONS

Automatic mode

ISS teleoperations 2012-2014

ROSCOSMOS/ESA Cooperation on Lunar Exploration

Main focus of ROSCOSMOS/ESA Lunar Cooperation

ESA study for 3D printed MoonBase

Roadmap: International Lunar Exploration Working Group (sci.esa.int/ilewg)

Robotic village Intl Lunar base Precursors

ILEWG International Lunar Exploration Working Group ICEUM Int’l Conferences on Exploration & Utilisation of the Moon:

– ICEUM1 Beatenberg 94 (chair Prof H. Curien) – ICEUM2 Kyoto 96 (chair Prof H. Mizutani) – ICEUM3 Moscow 98 (chair Acad. E. Galimov) – ICEUM4 ESTEC 2000 (300 participants, Chair BH Foing) – ICEUM5 US Hawaii Nov 2003 (co-Chair S. Durst) – ICEUM6 Udaipur, India, 22-26 Nov 2004, co-chair N. Bhandari) – ICEUM7 Toronto 2005 Canada co-chairs B. Richards, C. Sallaberger) – ICEUM8 Beijing 06 after COSPAR (co-chair Prof Wu Ji) – ICEUM9 Sorrento 2007 (300 participants) (co-chair ESA/ASI/ILEWG) – ICEUM10 Cape Canaveral (co-chairs Dr M. Wargo, C.Neal) – ICEUM11 Global Lunar Conference Beijing (500 + 400 participants )

ILEWG sponsored lunar sessions at international symposia – COSPAR: Washington 92, Hamburg 94, Nagoya 98, Warsaw 00, Houston 02, Paris

04, Beijing 06, Montreal 08, Bremen 10, Mysore 12, Moscow 14 – EGS/EGU lunar sessions: Vienna 97, Nice 98, The Hague 99, Nice 2000 – 2004,

Vienna 2005 – 2015, EPSC 2009- 2015 Forum, Publications, Information exchange projects, declarations Links agencies, public, explorers, ISECG, COSPAR, sci.esa.int/ilewg, Calendar of events: ICEUM/COSPAR Istanbul July 2016

ILEWG Tasks & Groups Science questions and priorities

– Data exchange, distribution, collaborations – Of, from & on: Geosciences, astrophysics, life sciences , astrobiology – Results from recent missions – Questions and priorities for upcoming missions – Scientific knowledge to support exploration (Strategic Knowledge Gaps)

Landers, robotic villages, Technology and resource utilisation – Enabling technologies, field demos, infrastructures and standards – Landers, instruments, ExoGeoLab demo, rovers, support assets – In situ resources utilisation – Building International robotic villages

Towards Human International Lunar Bases – New partnerships, commercial, legal – Human exploration aspects, field research and simulation (EuroMoonMars) – Habitats (eg ExoHab), Lunar base architecture, – Medical, life support, operations

Outreach, education, Young Lunar Explorers – Moon in outreach and training tasks, events, education curriculum – Young professionals: jobs, mobility, hands-on and field projects – Artscience & exploration projects , STEAM

Key Science questions (ILEWG 2007, 2014)

Strategic Knowledge Gaps for Future Robotic and Human Exploration (maps, topography, gravity, landing sites, environment, resources, radiation,..) What are the conditions for planetary formation? (bombardment chronology, isotopic dating, origin of Earth & Moon) How does the Solar System work? (Impact basins, accretion, collision, magma ocean, core, mantle) Comparative planetology (volcanics, tectonics, cratering, erosion, interior & subsurface) What are the conditions for life? Validation of life detection technologies (Search for extraterrestrial ice and organics on the Moon) Furture Habitability of the Moon (survival & return, life sciences , ecosystems, mini biospheres, Noah’s Ark) Search for Early Earth samples

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Gravity Model SGM100ｈ

Matsumoto et al., JGR 115E, 2010

Matsumoto et al., JGR115 (2010)

SELENE Kaguya

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SELENE Kaguya

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Crustal Thickness Ishihara et al., 2009, GRL 36 , L19202

Max. : 110km in southern rim of Dirichlet –Jackson crater.(199.719E, 6.90625N) Min.: 0 km benearth Mare Moscvience

Assum., densities of 2800 kg/m3 of crust , 3360 kg/m3 of mantle, and 3200kg/m3 of mare basalt

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Global Map of Mare Basalts and Formation Ages

Morota et al., EPSL (2010)

SELENE Kaguya

Uranium, Thorium & Potassium distribution

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Yamashita et al., GRL 2010

S. Kobayashi et al., SSR 154 (2010)

SELENE Kaguya

Kaguya impact and flash

AAT, Australia

Mt Abu, India SMART-1 images

Kaguya altimetry

Kaguya team

Chang’E 1

Chang’E1 XRS Global X-ray map of lunar surface. The

aluminum distribution has been derived.

Chang’E 1

Temperature

Altimeter

Chang’E 2

Water on the Moon …..

LCROSS impact water detection from shepherd NIR spectrometer

Chandrayaan-1 IR spectrometer hydration signature (OH)

Dep

th (m

) 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

[H] (wt. parts)

0 1 2 3 4 5

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A Model for the LCROSS Site “Frost” Layers

Mixed Ice Layers & Trapped Gasses

Deep Water Ice

20-40% “ice rich”

One Interpretation: • A variety of compounds (e.g., Na, Ag, H2,

Hg) “plate” out near surface, either as frost or bound in pour space (e.g., H2)

• Along with water and lack of a thermal cycle (Metzger) these volatiles create a highly porous frost

• At depths below this, water becomes more dominant, but not exclusive

• The concentrations of [H] bearing compounds suggest a non-uniform lateral distribution (Elphic et al., 2010)

- Ice-rich deposits may be controlled by local conditions, including topography and temperatures on scales of < 1km

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

Marius Hill volcanism Lavatubes and skylights

SMART-1

Lunar Orbiter

LRO

LRO zoom

Marius Hill Hole

Martellato et al 2013 Kaguya

LRO Science • LROC views into areas of permanent

shadow • Global map of surface rock abundance • High resolution

images of unusual volcanic deposits

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LRO Science • LRO Camera (LROC)

finds craters (~1m) formed in last 4 years

• Identified effects of lunar landers exhaust on the regolith

• Polar craters with radar rough interiors – ice?

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Before After

ARTEMIS, LADEE, LRO: A Powerful Team to Study the Lunar Environment

LADEE and LRO: Direct and spectroscopic observations of neutral species and dust

ARTEMIS: Solar wind inputs Surface electric fields Ionized products

Pickup Ions

Solar Wind

GRAIL

GRAIL gravity map

ILEWG Task Group on Education, Public Outreach, Capacity building

Public lectures Students workshop and conference grants Young Lunar Explorers Task Group ILEWG students grants: field research, thesis Outreach events

– International Year of Astronomy, Galilean Explorers, Moon Academy, Artscience

Students Moon Payload & Missions Students projects

– Data analysis, Hands-on projects

ILEWG/ ExoGeoLab/ Habitat Education & Outreach activities

Google-X lunar rover

demo EGL telescope

ESMO

Student planetary symposia

ESTEC/VU/ILEWG Student planetary design workshop

Moon Academy Workshops

Art science, space and Moon

Moon and Art-Science projects

Space science and arts

Exploration, Habitability, Creativity

EXOHAB1 54/22

Moon-mars summit & workshops @ todays-art space 2014

ILEWG Global Lunar Robotic Village New technology and system level engineering demonstration

– Remote sensing miniaturised instruments – Surface geophysical and geochemistry package – Instrument deployment and robotic arm – Close mobility, nano-rover, sampling , drilling – Regional mobility: rover, navigation

Robotic laboratory – Mecha-electronics-sensors – Tele control, Telepresence, Virtual reality – Autonomy, Navigation, Artificially intelligent robots

In-Situ Utilisation of lunar resources – Regolith, Oxygen, glasses, metals utilisation – Long term: He 3 extraction

Establishment of permanent lunar infrastructure – Life sciences laboratories, plant growth & Life support systems – Large astronomical facilities

Environmental protection aspects with humans and planetary protection validation for Mars

Chang’E 3

IAC, September 24th, 2013 Beijing, China

<Heading>

Title The Google Lunar XPRIZE

• $40 million prize purse • Funded by Google

• Operated by XPRIZE

• 21 teams

• Started 2007

• Expires at end 2015

IAC, September 24th, 2013 Beijing, China

<Heading>

• $20 million First Prize • $5 million Second Prize • $5 million Bonus Prizes

– Apollo Heritage – (other) Heritage – Water – Lunar Night Survival – Range – Diversity in education and outreach

And NEW Milestone Prizes; • $6 million for “Terrestrial” milestones • $4 million (TBC) “In-Space” milestones

The Prizes

Lander and cooperative robotics

Telescope on lander

ILEWG Field work towards Moon-Mars Bases Coordination information

Moonbase Design Workshops International Lunar Architecture ExoHab Pilot project System & Operations Concepts Terrestrial Field Studies Publications & Feed forward Perspectives: PISCES, iLRP, ..

ILEWG Field Tests: EuroGeoMoonMars 2009-2013

• Instrument Technology Field demonstration • Research supporting science and exploration

– Geology – Geochemistry – Astrobiology – Biology

• Human aspects studies – Crew operations – Simulations and EVAs

• Outreach and education

ExoHab-0 Mobile Lab Simulation

EVAs, human-rovers cooperation

ILEWG EuroMoonMars field tests

Outside field instruments/EVAs Multiple camera system and data acquisition* Ground Penetrating Radar* Drilling core samples Remote control Field rover, cameras and

instruments* Optical Positioning/Navigation experiment *

Geochemistry sample measurements X-Ray Diffractometer/ X-Ray Fluorescence Visible-Infrared reflectance* Raman spectroscopy* Microscopy* Organics

-3K

-1K

1K

3K

5K

7K

161 361 561 761 961 1161 1361 1561 1761File Scale

InPhotonics 50.000 sec SpcFile

785.335 nm laserC:\Documents and Settings\mars undergroun mole\Desktop\MDRS 77\1702_cg_1_gypsum

Aouda suit-rover-lander operations at Eifel volcano ILEWG field tests

Tests in Eifel lava cave with Aouda suit

SALM Site Analogue Lune Mars La Reunion- ILEWG

SALM Control centre

SALM Field Lava tubes

Austrian Space Forum, EVA support, Dachstein ice cave

Astronaut Suit Physiological monitoring (ILEWG & VU Amsterdam)

EXOHAB1 EXOHAB1 SOLUTION

Extreme Operational Habitat Safe/Smart/Self-sufficient shell to operate in any emergency at any place

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EXOHAB1

85/22

Moon-mars base

Concordia, Antarctic

MDRS Devon Island RATS Desert PISCES

AMASE

International planetary exploration analog field program

Mars 500

Next steps in Deep Space: IAA Cosmic study 2004 ESTEC exploration workshop: Moon-Mars-NEO- L astro Lunar outposts for exploration on the Moon: what science?

Search for evidence of the origin of the Earth-Moon system Determine the history of asteroid and comet impacts on Earth Obtain evidence of the Sun’s history and its effects on Earth through time Search for samples from the earliest episodes in the history of the Earth Determine the form, amount, and origin of lunar ice Life sciences on the Moon

Exploration architecture • Extended human presence on the Moon is an important cultural milestone

• A proving ground: Learn to explore the way we will ultimately explore Mars • Transportation systems can be common with Sun Earth-L2 requirements • Geo Crew Exploration Vehicle distinct from Cargo Vehicle

Global exploration strategy of the Moon (COSPAR PEX report, Ehrenfreund et al 2010)

Characterize lunar environment Use the Moon as stepping stone for Mars exploration Study resource potential of the Moon Prepare for future human presence Construct Habitation systems

Expanding life beyond Earth…

ILEWG Roadmap and Global Partnership

I- Lunar orbiters recent decade for International collaborations 2003 SMART-1 mission (ESA + international exploitation) 2007 JAXA Selene Kaguya (science exchange)

2007 Chinese Chang’e 1 (ESA ground station) 2008 ISRO Chandrayaan-1 (ESA SIR2, C1XS, SARA; NASA M3, SAR) 2009 LCROSS impact & LRO (science exchange) 2010+ Orbiters (LRO, Chang’e2, Artemis, GRAIL 2011, LADEE 2013) II - Global Robotic Village : Next Lunar Decade Mission and Technology Studies (robotics, instruments, UK Moon Lite, International Lunar Network, LES3,

ESA Moon-NEXT, ESA Lunar Lander, Selene2, Chandrayaan2, precursor lander)

2013+ Landers, Rovers (Chang’e3, GLXP, Lunaglob, Luna Resurs, LRP) 2017+ Sample return: Chang’e 5, Lunar Polar Sample Return III - Towards Human exploration & International Lunar Base 2020+ Human missions (MPCV/Orion, flyby, human assisted missions) 2022 + Human sorties, surface outposts , sustainable base)

Conceptual International Lunar Outpost (NASA-ESA study)

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/clementine/a16_new9.gif

Modules for International Moon-Mars Bases (ILEWG) •Advanced Launch /access to space •Orbital Infrastructure •Crew Exploration Vehicle •Transport/ communication •Habitable Descent / Ascent Vehicle

•Minimum MoonBase •Polar/farside outposts •Habitation Modules •Life Support Systems •Scientific Laboratories •Greenhouse / Agriculture Module •Medical Centre •Advanced EVA Suit

•Surface Power Generation •Robotic outposts and rovers •Pressurized Rover •ISRU •Workshop & manufacturing •In-Situ Fuel Production •Exo-Biospheres

I. ESA’s sentinels in the Solar System From the Sun to the planets

Solar System science and robotic exploration

Mosaic: B.H. Foing/ESA, 2012

Rosetta, 2004-2015 Rendez-vous with comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Launch: 2 Mar 2004, Ariane 5 ECA Gravity assists: Earth, Mar 2005,

Nov 2007, Nov 2009; Mars, Feb 2007 Asteroid Steins fly-by: 5 Sep 2008

Asteroid Lutetia fly-by:10 Jun 2010 Hibernation/wake-up: 2011/Jan2014

Comet RdV maneuver: 22 May 2014 Arrival: 6 Aug 2014

Lander delivery:12 Nov 2014 Status: operational

First mission to orbit a comet nucleus, and deploy a lander (Philae) onto its surface Studying the evolution of the comet’s phenomena while it approaches the Sun Bringing a full lab to a comet for in situ chemical analysis Helping to understand if comets contributed to the origin of life and the formation of oceans on Earth Studying two asteroids at close quarters during the journey Helping to understand the origin and evolution of the Solar System