Astrobiology and Plant growth on the MoonB.H. Foing, N. Kozyrovska, D. Wills et al

Study of solar system samples in lunar treasure trove• Cometary and meteoritic record • Search for organics in regolith and polar ices • Extinct/extant life in polar ices ? From Earth? • Fossils of organics & ancient life from Early Earth

Expanding life beyond Earth• Radiation exposure experiments• Bacteria and extremes of life• Botanic ecosystems• Validation of life detection technologies• Planetary protection issues

Expanding life beyond Earth• Radiation environment and exposure studies• Bacteria and extremes of life: Survival, replication,

mutation and evolution• Extraterrestrial botanics: Growing plants on the Moon• Animals: physiology and ethology on another planet• Closed Ecological Life Support Systems• Greenhouses, Local Food Production• Living off the land • Support to human exploration• Permanent human presence• Biospheres on the Moon• Planetary and environment protection issues• Protection of Earth life ( Noah’s ark , DNA bank)

EXPOSE: Response of Organisms to EXPOSE: Response of Organisms to Space EnvironmentSpace Environment

1. Investigation of the survivability of terrestrialorganisms in space

2. Understanding of the organic chemistryprocesses in space

3.Contribution to the biological adaptationstrategies to extreme conditions on early Earth and Mars

EXPOSE will give new insights to the origin of life and the chances and limits of life to be transported from one body of our solar system to another by natural processes.

A precursor technology for growing first plants from lunar rocks in a lunar base

N. Kozyrovska (1), I. Zaetz (1), T. Voznyuk (1), I. Rogutskyy (2), O. Mytrokhyn (3), D. Lukashov (3), S. Mashkovska (4), R. Ernst, B. Foing (5)(1) Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics of National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine, (2) Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine, (3) T. G. Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv, Ukraine, (4) Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine, (5) ESA Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC/SRE-S, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Europe.

Paenibacillus sp.Consortiumwithout Paenibacillus

Control+PP

Scenario for Growing Pioneer Plants at a Lunar Greenhouse

A lunar “soil”

A plantThe Plant-associated Microbes

4

•

1 – a locker-based facility with an experiment hardware and facility infrastructure;

2 – the PlantKord lids are cocked, the chambers are opened.

MULTI-PURPOSE GREENHOUSE OF CHANGEABLE GEOMETRY

The modeling a light design by LED

THE PLANTKORD

a laboratory prototype of plant cultivating chamber with the supply systems

The working models of the chamber for cultivating plant in aseptic conditions

The peculiarity of growth and development of bacteria in microgravity being investigated within many years by Ukrainian researchers at the USSR spaceships Salut, Soyuz, the space station Mir and participated in the France-USSR experiment, USA-USSR experiment atAppolo (Kordyum et al., 1978; 1983; Man’ko et al., 1986). In particular, our data exhibited the unusual interrlationships between Anabaena Azolla and cyanobacteria (Kordyum et al., 1983), and also eubacteriaand a plant host in space flight (Tarasenko et al., 1990).

1 2

1 2

The greenhouse is designed as a three-level stand with external dimensions size 1100x700x2000 mm and consists of the stand (1)and three blocks joined to it (2), unified by external dimensions and arranging sizes: technological, experimental-technological and experimental.

Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine) led by Prof. V.Kordyum

Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine) led by Prof. V.Kordyum

3

Lunar anorthosite is a promising substrate for growing plants

Lunar

Eart

hly

Luna

r

0

20

40

60%

K2OMgOFeONa2OCaO

Al2O3

SiO2

6

Ukrainian analogs of Lunar Rocks

Anorthosite of Turchynka type

Anorthosite of Penizevichi type

7

Basalt

Floating bacteria

Corrosion of terrestrial silicate rocks byPaenibacillus sp. IMBG221

Attached to a rockbacteria

Anorthosite

Silica

8

“Marigolds”. Nina Vinogradow

French marigold, A Potential Pioneer Plant in a Lunar Base

• Undemanding to soil, humidity, light, etc• Resistant to diseases and environmental stresses• A beautiful image• Non-stop flowering • Medicinal plant (an anti-inflammatory, a pain-releasing, radio- and oncoprotection, etc)

• Spices• Biopesticide• A habitat for mycorrhizal fungi…

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cv. Petite Gold

Т.anisala

Т.tenuifolium

Т.patula

Tagetes erecta cv. The Moon Light

cv. Carmen

cv. Petite Harmony

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Silicate bacteria could leach the plant-essential ions from lunar silicate rocks

Microbial community

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi could translocateleached ions to the plant >

Glomus intraradicesPaenibacillus sp.

A rationally assembled consortiaof microorganismsismscould provide homeostasis in ecosystem

13

Valery Polischuk

Paenibacillus sp.

Klebsiella oxytoca

Pseudomonas sp.

P. aureofaciens

Pantoea agglomerans

BioleachingPlant growth stimulationFeedingPriming a defense systemImproving a water regime

Model Defined Bacteria

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Colonization of marigold roots by model bacteria

0,00E+00

2,00E+05

4,00E+05

6,00E+05

8,00E+05

1,00E+06

CFU

xg-

Klebsiella oxytoca

Paenibacillus sp.

Pseudomonas sp.

Pantoeaagglomerans

Pseudomonasaureofaciens

0,00E+00

5,00E+07

1,00E+08

1,50E+08

2,00E+08

CFU

xg-

Klebsiella oxytoca

Paenibacillus sp.

Pseudomonas sp.

Pantoeaagglomerans

Pseudomonasaureofaciens

2 weeks after a planting

6 weeks after a planting

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PR2

00,20,40,60,8

11,21,4

K K' 65 65' 290 290'

Variants

Rel

ativ

e ex

pres

sion

va

lue PR2 Results GAPDH

PR2 Results PDF2

Priming of Arabidopsis by model bacteria leads to a resistance to disease caused by pathogen

PDF1.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

K K' 65 65' 290 290'

Variants

Rel

ativ

e ex

pres

sion

va

lue GAPDH

PDF2

Real-time RT-PCR shows higher level-expression of defensive genesin primed plants

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K

0

5000

1000015000

20000

25000

30000

Soil Anorthosite

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

g/kg

controlPaenibacillus sp.bacterial consortium

Mn

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Soil Anorthosite

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

g/kg

controlPaenibacillus sp.bacterial consortium

…and prevents hyperaccumulation of other elements (Zn, Cr, Ni, Fe) and therefore plant intoxication

Microbial community enhances accumulation of some plant-essential nutrition elements (Mn, Mg, K) (mg/kg)

20

Ni

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

Soil Anorthosite

Con

cent

ratio

n,

mg/

kg

controlPaenibacillus sp.bacterial consortium

Fe

0

100

200

300

400

Soil Anorthosite

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

g/kg

controlPaenibacillus sp.bacterial consortium

Growing pioneer plants for a lunar base• Incrusted seeds of undemanding plants for germinating in a

mineral substrate made from grinded local lunar-like material (anorthosite).

• Watering of seeds and seedlings periodically, without application of nutritional compounds:

• microorganisms provide the plant with essential minerals leached from the silicate substrate:Zn+2 Mn+2 Fe+3 Cu+2 Ni+2 Ca+2 SiO3

2- and protect the plant from environmental stressors.

Paenibacillus corrosion of anorthosite rocks

Paenibacillus sp. Consortium Control

Control A consortium

marigolds in fragmented anorthosite of the Turchynka type.Two variants of microcosms inoculated with suspension of Paenibacillus sp. or a mixture of bacterial strains;

• French marigolds in fragmented anorthosite of the Turchynka type.• Two variants of microcosms inoculated with suspension of Paenibacillus sp. or a mixture of bacterial strains;

Paenibacillus sp.

Consortiumwithout Paenibacillus Control

+PP

Model experiments• Well-defined plant-associated microorganisms were used

for growing French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) • anorthosite, a substrate of low bioavailability, analogous to

a lunar rock. • microorganisms promoted germination of marigold seeds

and supported the plant development and flowering (control plants did not blossom) under growth limiting conditions, providing the essential for growth elements, and, on the other hand,

• protecting the plant against stressors as seen on activity of plant enzymes and other biomolecules indicated adaptive reaction of plants grown under any stress.

R. Ernst

Moon-Mars green house demonstrator

Special plastic foil to control the sun light input parameters

Lightweight structure for easy handling and assembl

Thermal isolation for moon and mars environment simulation

special equipment for each section of the greenhouse

• Monitoring of environmental parameters

– CO2 concentration– O2 concentration– Air / Ground

Temperature– Air / Ground

Humidity– Light intensity– UV intensity– Fire, toxicity

A plant

Forthcoming Tasks

An including cyanobacteria and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sp. into microbial community

A study of the marigold endophyticbacteria and their role in adaptation of plants to stresses

Bioconversion of marigold residues

Arabidopsis taliana as a model habitat for bacterial communities

Impact of metal accumulation on marigold resistance during chronic irradiation