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THE THIRD SESSION OF THE TAC OF APCAEM THE THIRD SESSION OF THE TAC OF APCAEM 1313--1414 December December 20042004, Hanoi, Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURALRECENT DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURALENGINEERING AND MACHINERYENGINEERING AND MACHINERYIN VIETNAM IN VIETNAM

Country Report of VietnamCountry Report of VietnamPresented by Nguyen Duy Lam (Presented by Nguyen Duy Lam (Ph.DPh.D))Vietnam Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Vietnam Institute of Agricultural Engineering and PostharvestPostharvest TechnologyTechnology

Introduction to Vietnam AgricultureIntroduction to Vietnam Agriculture

i.i. An overview of Vietnam agricultureAn overview of Vietnam agricultureii.ii. The The rrole of Vietnam in the Region (ESCAP, ole of Vietnam in the Region (ESCAP,

APECAPEC))

II-- An overview of Vietnam agricultureAn overview of Vietnam agriculture

1.1. Main Objectives:1.1. Main Objectives:

A transition towards commodity productionA transition towards commodity productionDiversity and suitability of Vietnam agriculture Diversity and suitability of Vietnam agriculture into the worldinto the world’’s and regions and region’’s marketss marketsIIntegration of agriculture into the world's and ntegration of agriculture into the world's and region'sregion's economyeconomy

1.2. eco-economical areas:

1.1. North Mountainous & North Mountainous & midlandmidland

2.2. Red River DeltaRed River Delta

3.3. Central coast of NorthCentral coast of North

4.4. Central coast of SouthCentral coast of South

5.5. Central HighlandCentral Highland

6.6. South EasternSouth Eastern

7.7. Mekong DeltaMekong Delta

1.3. General achievements:

Average growth rate over 4% in past 10 years. Average growth rate over 4% in past 10 years. The agriculture of Vietnam contributed to the The agriculture of Vietnam contributed to the country economy with 24% of GDP, 30% of country economy with 24% of GDP, 30% of gross exportation value. gross exportation value. In 2003, the GDP of agriculture, forestry and In 2003, the GDP of agriculture, forestry and aquaculture was 131,998 billions VND (8.5 aquaculture was 131,998 billions VND (8.5 billions USD).billions USD).VietnamVietnam’’s countryside has obtained a new s countryside has obtained a new appearance.appearance.FarmersFarmers’’ living standards have improved. living standards have improved.

1.3. General achievements:Continued…

Agricultural commodities meet the needs of Agricultural commodities meet the needs of domestic and export markets. domestic and export markets. Exported > 40 million tons of rice, averaging 2.7 Exported > 40 million tons of rice, averaging 2.7 million tons per year (15 years). million tons per year (15 years). In 2004, the rice export would be 4 million tons. In 2004, the rice export would be 4 million tons. Cultivation of other crops such as maize, coffee, Cultivation of other crops such as maize, coffee, tea, rubber, sugartea, rubber, sugar--cane, etc. developed cane, etc. developed significantly.significantly.The ratio of industrial crops and fruit trees The ratio of industrial crops and fruit trees increased over 20 per cent compared with 1990. increased over 20 per cent compared with 1990.

Achievements in production Achievements in production of main crops in 2003of main crops in 2003

No.No. CropCrop Pro. area Pro. area (1,000 ha)(1,000 ha)

Yield Yield (tons/ha)(tons/ha)

Productivity Productivity (1,000 tons)(1,000 tons)

11 Paddy ricePaddy rice 7,449.3 7,449.3 46.346.3 34,518.634,518.6

22 MaizeMaize 908.8908.8 32.232.2 2,933.72,933.7

33 Sweet potato + cassavaSweet potato + cassava 591.8591.8 -- 6,824.76,824.7

44 GroundnutGroundnut 242.8242.8 -- 404.3404.3

55 SoybeanSoybean 166.5166.5 -- 225.3225.3

66 Processed teaProcessed tea 116.5116.5 -- 94.594.5

77 CoffeeCoffee 514.0514.0 -- 771.0771.0

88 Rubber (dry latex)Rubber (dry latex) 436.5436.5 -- 313.9313.9

99 Sugar caneSugar cane 306.4306.4 -- 16,524.916,524.9

1010 Fruit (in 2001)Fruit (in 2001) 460.0460.0 -- 2,700.02,700.0Source: Vietnam Annual Statistics 2004

IIII-- The Role of Vietnam in the Region The Role of Vietnam in the Region (UNESCAP, APEC)(UNESCAP, APEC)

80% of Vietnamese agro80% of Vietnamese agro--products products exporting to the APEC (rice, fresh and exporting to the APEC (rice, fresh and processed fruits and vegetables)processed fruits and vegetables)70% of FDI to Vietnam came from APEC 70% of FDI to Vietnam came from APEC with much interest in agricultural with much interest in agricultural technology and equipment.technology and equipment.

BB-- Introduction to Vietnam Introduction to Vietnam Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Engineering and MachineryMachinery

i.i. Current status Current status ii.ii. New achievementsNew achievementsiii.iii. Impacts of poor technologiesImpacts of poor technologies

II-- Current status:Current status:

As compared to 1990, the number of tractors has As compared to 1990, the number of tractors has increased by 5.8 times.increased by 5.8 times.Domestic manufactured diesel engines Domestic manufactured diesel engines -- 6.3 times.6.3 times.Electricity provided for agriculture production has got a Electricity provided for agriculture production has got a 3.23.2--fold increase.fold increase.Considerable increase in the number of other farming, Considerable increase in the number of other farming, animal husbandry machines, rural transportation means.animal husbandry machines, rural transportation means.The percentage of cultivated area prepared by machines The percentage of cultivated area prepared by machines annually is 54%. annually is 54%. Total of power supplied merely by engine for agriculture, Total of power supplied merely by engine for agriculture, forestry production and agroforestry production and agro--products processing is products processing is nearly 14 million horse powers.nearly 14 million horse powers.Average 0.5 horse power per one cultivated hectare.Average 0.5 horse power per one cultivated hectare.

II-- Current status:Current status:ContinuedContinued……

Positive changes have been made in the processing Positive changes have been made in the processing industry of agricultural and forestry products. industry of agricultural and forestry products. Average growth rate of gross production value of the Average growth rate of gross production value of the processing industry has been 8.3% during the past 5 processing industry has been 8.3% during the past 5 years. years. The processing industry got 30% of the total industrial The processing industry got 30% of the total industrial production value. production value. There have emerged a number of processing industries There have emerged a number of processing industries having advanced technologies and equipment (rice, having advanced technologies and equipment (rice, sugar, coffee, rubber, tea, etc.), making structural sugar, coffee, rubber, tea, etc.), making structural changes and raising export turnover.changes and raising export turnover.

Main equipments used in agroMain equipments used in agro--production production (Updated in July 2002)(Updated in July 2002)

No.No. EquipmentEquipment Total number ofTotal number of11 TractorTractor 239,554239,554

22 Water pump Water pump 1,340,0801,340,080

33 Engine thresherEngine thresher 446,790446,790

44 Engine fumigatorEngine fumigator 36,65836,658

55 Engine grinder for animal feed Engine grinder for animal feed 44,34344,343

66 Vehicle and engine boat forVehicle and engine boat foragicultureagiculture use use

42,65042,650

77 Electrical power for agroElectrical power for agro--useuse 2,000 Millions 2,000 Millions kW.hkW.h

Source: Vietnamese Department of Statistics

Mechanization percentage in some Mechanization percentage in some agroagro--production stages (in 2001)production stages (in 2001)

No.No. Production stepProduction step Mechanization (%)Mechanization (%)

11 Land work by machinery Land work by machinery 56.456.4

22 Paddy transplantingPaddy transplanting 3.03.0

33 IrrigationIrrigation 60.060.0

44 Paddy harvestingPaddy harvesting <10.0<10.0

55 Paddy threshingPaddy threshing 60.060.0

66 Growth average of GPV of Growth average of GPV of processing industryprocessing industry

1212--1414

Mechanization percentage in some Mechanization percentage in some agroagro--productsproducts pprocessing (in 2001)rocessing (in 2001)

No.No. Production stepProduction step Mechanization Mechanization (%)(%)

Adv. Adv. TechnolTechnol..(%)(%)

11 Rice millingRice milling

CoffeeCoffee

RuberRuber latexlatex

TeaTea

SugarSugar66 Cashew nutCashew nut 9797 8585

77 Fruits and Fruits and vegsvegs 77 --

MeatMeat

8585 2626

22 5757 --33 9595 151544 7878 373755 8282 3232

88 22 --

IIII-- New New AchievmentsAchievments & & Current Current Needs Needs

2.1. Soil working:2.1. Soil working:

Techniques for work with soil for paddy are Techniques for work with soil for paddy are almost determined, and many cultivating almost determined, and many cultivating procedures and consultative recommendations procedures and consultative recommendations are available for producers and farmers.are available for producers and farmers.At present, efforts are concentrated to cultivate At present, efforts are concentrated to cultivate on high land area with minimal technique and on high land area with minimal technique and waterwater--save ones.save ones.

IIII-- New New AchievmentsAchievments & & Current NeedsCurrent Needscontinuedcontinued……

2.2. Seedling production and transplanting2.2. Seedling production and transplantingTransplanting (mostly at RRD): Experience and foreign Transplanting (mostly at RRD): Experience and foreign lessons learned has showed that Vietnam must develop lessons learned has showed that Vietnam must develop transplanting machines with using mat paddy seedlings. transplanting machines with using mat paddy seedlings. Thus, research and development for mechanization of Thus, research and development for mechanization of paddy cultivating is still a key duty in next duration.paddy cultivating is still a key duty in next duration.Direct sowing (mostly at MRD): Already developed.Direct sowing (mostly at MRD): Already developed.Mechanization in seedling production for industrial plants Mechanization in seedling production for industrial plants (sugar can cutter for planting, substratum packaging (sugar can cutter for planting, substratum packaging machine)machine)


2.3. Crop take2.3. Crop take--care care Intensive research and application of water Intensive research and application of water saving irrigation techniques have been carried saving irrigation techniques have been carried out in a number of institutions and producers out in a number of institutions and producers (state and private sector). (state and private sector). Coffee, pineapple and many kinds of vegetables Coffee, pineapple and many kinds of vegetables have been irrigated by using water spraying. have been irrigated by using water spraying. The dripped watering usually applied in glassThe dripped watering usually applied in glass--houses for clean vegetables production with high houses for clean vegetables production with high productivity (seedless tomato). productivity (seedless tomato).


2.4. Harvesting2.4. HarvestingOne item of machinery that can help improve One item of machinery that can help improve the efficiency of rice farmers is the windrow the efficiency of rice farmers is the windrow reaper. reaper. This machine will reap and then drop the crop This machine will reap and then drop the crop in a continuous windrow to the side of the in a continuous windrow to the side of the reaper making it easy to pick and manually tie reaper making it easy to pick and manually tie into bundles. into bundles. Ideally a windrow reaper should be locally Ideally a windrow reaper should be locally designed and manufactured and have low designed and manufactured and have low repair and maintenance costs. repair and maintenance costs.


2.5. 2.5. ThreshingThreshingThreshers are the main output of VietnamThreshers are the main output of Vietnam’’s research s research institutesinstitutesMany different mechanical threshers are available to the Many different mechanical threshers are available to the farmer. There are issues relating to portability and farmer. There are issues relating to portability and designs have not been optimised to prevent loss, or designs have not been optimised to prevent loss, or breakage. breakage. No results are available on the impact of operating No results are available on the impact of operating parameters on grain quality. parameters on grain quality. Considerable amount of design effort has focused on Considerable amount of design effort has focused on developing a suitable combine harvester. However, the developing a suitable combine harvester. However, the immediate problem is not related to deriving technical immediate problem is not related to deriving technical solutions, but rather, building a machine locally. solutions, but rather, building a machine locally.


2.6. Transportation 2.6. Transportation TransportationTransportation of rice and maize throughout Vietnam of rice and maize throughout Vietnam needs to be improved to decrease grain losses. needs to be improved to decrease grain losses. There has been little or no research in this area, There has been little or no research in this area, especially for fresh agroespecially for fresh agro--commodities as fruits and commodities as fruits and vegetables. vegetables. Vietnam has long and narrow sharp, so it need develop Vietnam has long and narrow sharp, so it need develop the Norththe North--South transportation system with South transportation system with accompanying with suitable preservation conditions. accompanying with suitable preservation conditions. Such study has just being carried out last year for one Such study has just being carried out last year for one kind of fruit kind of fruit -- plum. plum.


2.7. Drying2.7. Drying

Drying of rice and maize has been a priority focus for Drying of rice and maize has been a priority focus for researchers in Vietnam. However, the uptake of this researchers in Vietnam. However, the uptake of this technology has been poor technology has been poor –– only about 15% of the rice only about 15% of the rice produced in the MRD is dried mechanically. produced in the MRD is dried mechanically. The technology solution is likely to be more attainable than The technology solution is likely to be more attainable than actually getting farmers/communities to accept the new actually getting farmers/communities to accept the new technology. technology. Litchi drying: > 200 dryers have been built in summer 2004 Litchi drying: > 200 dryers have been built in summer 2004 in in BacBac GiangGiang province (VIAEP technology). The advantage province (VIAEP technology). The advantage of dryers is in energy and drying duration saving, and low of dryers is in energy and drying duration saving, and low price. price.


2.8. Storage2.8. StorageNeed to improve the number, capacity, and Need to improve the number, capacity, and quality of rice and maize storage facilities quality of rice and maize storage facilities throughout Vietnam.throughout Vietnam.Developing storage and handling procedures Developing storage and handling procedures especially for rice and legumes that minimize especially for rice and legumes that minimize afflatoxinafflatoxin production are also desirable. production are also desirable. Research in Vietnam has investigated a number Research in Vietnam has investigated a number of engineering deigns for improving traditional of engineering deigns for improving traditional storage facilities, development of IPM storage storage facilities, development of IPM storage techniques and the use of natural insecticidal techniques and the use of natural insecticidal compounds. compounds.


2.9. Cold storage 2.9. Cold storage Cold storage and preservation are popularly Cold storage and preservation are popularly used in fishery. However, agricultural producers used in fishery. However, agricultural producers and traders has recently realised the technology and traders has recently realised the technology benefit and has interested in investment. benefit and has interested in investment. A series of cold warehouses have been built for A series of cold warehouses have been built for paddy seed keeping in last some year. paddy seed keeping in last some year. Local authorities used cold storage for various Local authorities used cold storage for various kind of agrokind of agro--products including seeds of paddy products including seeds of paddy hybrids and potato bulbs, while private traders hybrids and potato bulbs, while private traders used cold storage for fresh fruit and vegetables used cold storage for fresh fruit and vegetables (litchi, onion). (litchi, onion).


2.10. Seed processing2.10. Seed processingRecently, the Vietnam Government and Agriculture Recently, the Vietnam Government and Agriculture Sector have put their priority in this field by Sector have put their priority in this field by concentrating to establish a nation network for rice seed concentrating to establish a nation network for rice seed processing units along country. processing units along country. Up to date, the technology and equipment Up to date, the technology and equipment manufacturing for paddy rice and maize on pilotmanufacturing for paddy rice and maize on pilot--scale scale has been completed and are under improvement for has been completed and are under improvement for enlargement in production and transferring to local enlargement in production and transferring to local provinces. provinces. Technology and equipment need to be developed and Technology and equipment need to be developed and improved for seeds of vegetables and flowers. improved for seeds of vegetables and flowers.


2.11. Mechanization in animal husbandry2.11. Mechanization in animal husbandryAnimal feed: capacity of 4Animal feed: capacity of 4--5 tones per hour in 5 tones per hour in closed modern production lines. closed modern production lines. The growth rate of industrially produced animal The growth rate of industrially produced animal feeds is to be 10feeds is to be 10--15% (expected in next 5 year). 15% (expected in next 5 year).


2.12. Machinery test 2.12. Machinery test Implementation of testing and evaluation of Implementation of testing and evaluation of quality of agricultural machinery and mechanical quality of agricultural machinery and mechanical equipment is duty of only Center of Agricultural equipment is duty of only Center of Agricultural Machinery Test (CAMT) belongs toMachinery Test (CAMT) belongs to VIAEP. VIAEP. Work focussed in last two years is mainly for Work focussed in last two years is mainly for paddy seed processing and coffee processing paddy seed processing and coffee processing lines. lines. Further works are continued for preparing Further works are continued for preparing criteria and national standards in technical criteria and national standards in technical issues. issues.

IIiIIi-- Impact of Poor Technology on AgroImpact of Poor Technology on Agro--productsproducts

1% 1% postharvestpostharvest loss = 7 USD millions in MRD loss = 7 USD millions in MRD rice production rice production Delay in storage, processing and consumption Delay in storage, processing and consumption of fruits causes a 15of fruits causes a 15--30% loss of the farmer30% loss of the farmer’’s s incomeincomeOnly 20Only 20--30% high quality rice after processing30% high quality rice after processing1010--20 USD lower price per ton than Thailand20 USD lower price per ton than Thailand’’s s with the same varietywith the same variety

C. Recommendations and ProposalsC. Recommendations and Proposals

Increase the efficiency in activities for support of Increase the efficiency in activities for support of member countries, which are less development in member countries, which are less development in agricultural engineering and machinery. agricultural engineering and machinery. Works (consultants/expertise) for establishing a Works (consultants/expertise) for establishing a strategy or master plan for each country or for only strategy or master plan for each country or for only related institution.related institution.Promote biPromote bi--,, multilateral cooperation within network of ,, multilateral cooperation within network of member countries in order to share experience in a member countries in order to share experience in a concrete issues, which may be interested by both sides. concrete issues, which may be interested by both sides. Each member country has high priority and has a Each member country has high priority and has a representative person/institution for contact and representative person/institution for contact and providing exchange in information, document, providing exchange in information, document, experience, and if possible, in technology transferring. experience, and if possible, in technology transferring.


APCAEM should have plans to support to APCAEM should have plans to support to member countries, which are preparing for member countries, which are preparing for attending to AFFTA.attending to AFFTA.Build agroBuild agro--industry development strategy for industry development strategy for various ecovarious eco--economical regions, which may economical regions, which may cross borders of neighbor countries of for cross borders of neighbor countries of for each country having the same conditions. each country having the same conditions. Budget may be provided from a project Budget may be provided from a project (funded from International organizations (funded from International organizations such as UNDP, UNIDO, ADB, FAO).such as UNDP, UNIDO, ADB, FAO).


EnlargeEnlarge relation relation ofof APCAEM APCAEM withwith otherother similarsimilarorganizationsorganizations overover thethe worldworld (ENTAM = (ENTAM = EuropeanEuropeanNetwork for Network for TestingTesting ofof AgrAgr. Machines, 13 countries . Machines, 13 countries + FAO; + FAO; CEECEE--AgEngAgEng = Network = Network ofof MiddleMiddle andand EastEastEuropeanEuropean AgrAgr. . EngEng. Institutions; ENGAGE = . Institutions; ENGAGE = EuropeanEuropean AgrAgr. . AndAnd EnvirEnvir. Protection Engineering . Protection Engineering Network)Network)Vietnam Vietnam needsneeds andand asksasks APCAEM APCAEM andand membermembercountries to help for countries to help for itsits developmentdevelopment in paddy in paddy transplanter, transplanter, sugarcanesugarcane harvesterharvester, , cottoncotton harvesterharvester, , cultivatingcultivating on on slopingsloping land, land, andand cold cold chamberchamberequippedequipped withwith controlledcontrolled asmosphereasmosphere..

Thank you for attention !Thank you for attention !

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