Rural Development AdministrationRural Development AdministrationNNational ational IInstitute of nstitute of AAgricultural gricultural EEngineeringngineering

Machinery and Mechatronics for Agriculture and Bio-systems Engineering

ContentsContents

I. Status of Agriculture in KOREA

II. Agricultural Mechanization in KOREA

III. Research and Development of Agri. Machinery

IV. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering

1. Farm Population and Land1. Farm Population and LandStatus of Agriculture in KOREA

19901990 20022002Total farmerTotal farmer’’s populations population 6,661 6,661 3,5903,590

(1,000 person)(1,000 person) 15.5%15.5% 7.5%7.5%Ratio of over 60 years oldRatio of over 60 years old 1,1871,187 1,3721,372

in the farming communityin the farming community 17.8%17.8% 38.2%38.2%(1,000 person)(1,000 person)

More than 3 ha of farm land More than 3 ha of farm land 43,53343,533 78,08678,0862.5%2.5% 6.1%6.1%

Less than 1 ha of farm landLess than 1 ha of farm land 1,027,1601,027,160 777,058777,05858.1%58.1% 60.7%60.7%

Worsening hollowingWorsening hollowing--out and agingout and agingSmallSmall--scale farmingscale farming

2. Farm Household by Crops2. Farm Household by Crops

19901990 20022002RiceRice 1,231(thousand)1,231(thousand) 766 (thousand)766 (thousand)VegetablesVegetables 172172 250250FruitsFruits 107107 145145FlowersFlowers 6.46.4 8.98.9LivestockLivestock 8989 128(128(’’94)94) 7676

3. Change in International/Domestic Circumstances3. Change in International/Domestic Circumstances

Uruguay Round(UR), World Trade Organization(WTO) Uruguay Round(UR), World Trade Organization(WTO)

Free Trade Agreement(FTA); KoreaFree Trade Agreement(FTA); Korea--Chile, Chile, ……....

IMF Bailout Program(1997. 11) IMF Bailout Program(1997. 11)

Opening of the domestic marketOpening of the domestic market

Entering the age of unlimited competitionEntering the age of unlimited competition

Animal Diseases; HoofAnimal Diseases; Hoof--andand--mouth disease, Avian influenza, ..mouth disease, Avian influenza, ..

GMOsGMOs, Environment Issues, Environment Issues

Capital/technology intensive farming systems are requiredCapital/technology intensive farming systems are required

High safety and quality agricultural product are requiredHigh safety and quality agricultural product are required

Focused on the Competitiveness and SustainabilityFocused on the Competitiveness and SustainabilityRice production technologyRice production technology

-- develop the super highdevelop the super high--yield varieties with better cooking qualityyield varieties with better cooking quality

Technologies necessary for environmentTechnologies necessary for environment--friendly farmingfriendly farming-- research on the implement of IPM, INM, and etc.research on the implement of IPM, INM, and etc.

Improvement of safety and quality of agricultural productsImprovement of safety and quality of agricultural products-- strengthen breeding, cultivation practices, and poststrengthen breeding, cultivation practices, and post--harvest tech.harvest tech.

Application of biotechnology Application of biotechnology Adopt of highAdopt of high--end sciences for agricultural technologyend sciences for agricultural technology

-- automation, robot, nondestructive techniques, and etc.automation, robot, nondestructive techniques, and etc.

4. Direction of Agricultural Research 4. Direction of Agricultural Research

Substituting farm machinery for human labor or animal powers Substituting farm machinery for human labor or animal powers Attachments development for power tiller increasing utilization rate

Feasibility test of imported machines; rice transplanters, reaper binders and combines

Reducing labor peakReducing labor peakSet up all-out mechanization of rice production

Rice transplanting & harvesting technologies for resolvinglabor peaks

’70s’70s

’80s’80s

Progress of Agricultural MechanizationProgress of Agricultural MechanizationAgricultural Mechanization in KOREA

Reducing production costsReducing production costs

Increasing bigger, faster and riding type machinery

Mechanization of postharvest system, and establishmentof rice processing complex(RPC)

’90s’90s

Realizing automation and Realizing automation and robotizationrobotization of farm operations of farm operations and improving valueand improving value--added agricultural productsadded agricultural products

Mechanization & automation for horticultural crops andlivestock production

High added value research to grading and handling for agricultural products & livestock

2000s2000s

Present Status of Agricultural Mechanization Present Status of Agricultural Mechanization

Number of Selected Agricultural Machinery SuppliedNumber of Selected Agricultural Machinery Supplied

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Num

ber

of

Units

Power tiller Tractor Rice transplanterCombine Sprayer Grain

Mechanization Rate of Rice FarmingMechanization Rate of Rice Farming19901990 20022002

Average Average 78%78% 99%99%Soil preparationSoil preparation 84 84 9999TransplantingTransplanting 7878 9898HarvestingHarvesting 7272 9999Chemical spraying Chemical spraying 9393 100100DryingDrying 1515 4949

Most of the works for rice production are fully mechanized Most of the works for rice production are fully mechanized except dryingexcept drying

Paddy fields close to mountains cannot use machineryPaddy fields close to mountains cannot use machinery

Research and Development of Agri. Machinery

16 Universities and Colleges 16 Universities and Colleges -- 86 faculty members86 faculty members-- In 1965, Gradate School of Seoul National UniversityIn 1965, Gradate School of Seoul National University

Research institute(National Institute of Agricultural EngineeriResearch institute(National Institute of Agricultural Engineering)ng)-- In 1962, Agricultural Engineering and Utilization Institute In 1962, Agricultural Engineering and Utilization Institute -- 70 researchers70 researchers

Research Capability in Agricultural MachineryResearch Capability in Agricultural Machinery

Classification of KSAM Papers by CropsClassification of KSAM Papers by Crops

010

203040

5060

Ric

eS

peci

al c

rops

Frui

tsVe

geta

bles

Liv e

stock

Fore

stry

Oth

ers

Crops

Ratio

(%)

1981-1992

1993-2002

Classification of KSAM Papers by Research TopicClassification of KSAM Papers by Research Topic

0

5

10

15

20

25

Farm

pow

erTillage

Seed

ing & te

nding

Harves

ting

Green

hous

e en

g.

Postha

rves

t(Grain)

Postha

rves

t(Fruits

& V...

Mec

hatro

nics

Nond

estru

ctive

tech

.

Prec

ision farm

ing

Energy

& biomas

sUt

ilization

Others

Research topic

Ratio(%

) 1981-1992

1993-2002

Progress of Research & DevelopmentProgress of Research & Development

Power tiller, post-harvest mechanization, solar energy,rice milling, and physical properties of rice

1970s

Transplanter, binder, natural air drying, utilization of solar energy, and physical properties of rice 1980s

Combine harvester, simulation & modeling, agr. robot automatic control(engine RPM, tractor hitch system,greenhouse environment, functions of combine)

Nondestructive tech.(NIR, NMR), safety of tractor,Remote controlled spraying, and using new tech.(imageprocessing, fuzzy logic, neural network, and etc.)

1990s

National Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Research for promoting agricultural engineeringResearch for promoting agricultural engineering

Develop stateDevelop state--ofof--thethe--art technologies in the agricultural engineering art technologies in the agricultural engineering Improve, develop and promote practical use of agricultural machImprove, develop and promote practical use of agricultural machineryinery

Develop postharvest management technology and its related machiDevelop postharvest management technology and its related machines,nes,equipments and facilitiesequipments and facilities

Testing and evaluation of agricultural machineryTesting and evaluation of agricultural machineryInspect performance and safety of agricultural machineryInspect performance and safety of agricultural machinery

Testing and evaluating farm tractor by OECD test codesTesting and evaluating farm tractor by OECD test codes

FunctionsFunctions

OrganizationOrganization

Bio-Production Fundamental Engineering Division

Production Machinery Engineering Division

Postharvest Engineering Division

Machinery Utilization & Testing Division

Plant Production Factory Team

Personnel : 114(Researcher 70, Engineer 6, Technician 29, Administrator 9)Personnel : 114Personnel : 114((Researcher 70Researcher 70, Engineer 6, Technician 29, Administrator 9), Engineer 6, Technician 29, Administrator 9)

““World of 21World of 21stst century is characterized by statecentury is characterized by state--ofof––thethe--art technologies, art technologies, information and knowledge based societyinformation and knowledge based society””

Research Direction Research Direction -- EnvironmentEnvironment--friendly farming operationsfriendly farming operations-- Labor/energyLabor/energy--saving technologiessaving technologies-- Environment optimization of agricultural facilities Environment optimization of agricultural facilities -- Postharvest processing technologiesPostharvest processing technologies

KeyKey-- ProjectsProjects-- FarmFarm--work automation and robotwork automation and robot-- Sustainable precision farming technologySustainable precision farming technology-- Nondestructive quality/safety evaluationNondestructive quality/safety evaluation-- FactoryFactory--like vegetable production systemlike vegetable production system-- BioBio--sensor Technologysensor Technology

Research Direction and Key Project of NIAEResearch Direction and Key Project of NIAE

““Robot will replace people in various fieldRobot will replace people in various field””, , to realize to realize ““Agricultural production without farmersAgricultural production without farmers”” …………to enhance the social welfare in countrysideto enhance the social welfare in countrysideIntegrate sensor technologiesIntegrate sensor technologies

-- Machine vision, artificial intelligence, robot dynamics and actMachine vision, artificial intelligence, robot dynamics and actuators uators Current projectsCurrent projects

-- Unmanned remote controlled tractor, tomatoUnmanned remote controlled tractor, tomato--picking robot picking robot -- Grafting robot for fruits and vegetables Grafting robot for fruits and vegetables

FarmFarm--work Automation and Robot work Automation and Robot

A grafting robot for cucurbitaceous vegetables

autonomous traveling and remote controlling farm operation

““Maximizing profitability and minimizing environmental impactMaximizing profitability and minimizing environmental impact”…”…to minimize over/underto minimize over/under--application of agrochemicalsapplication of agrochemicalsSensing technologySensing technology

-- Location sensing; GPS, RTKLocation sensing; GPS, RTK--GPS, DGPS GPS, DGPS -- ClosingClosing--range sensors; Soil EC, EM inductionrange sensors; Soil EC, EM induction-- Yield mapping sensingYield mapping sensing

Variable rate technologyVariable rate technology-- Data analysis/mappingData analysis/mapping-- Desired/actual application rate mapDesired/actual application rate map-- Application rate processor, controller, actuator Application rate processor, controller, actuator

Sustainable Precision Farming TechnologySustainable Precision Farming Technology

A real time yield monitoring system for rice harvestingA decision-making farm machinery

support system with map-based variable-rate application

““Preparing for the famine following population growth and decreasPreparing for the famine following population growth and decrease of e of agricultural landagricultural land”” ……to produce highto produce high--quality, safetyquality, safety--guaranteed products all the year round guaranteed products all the year round

Requires comprehensive technology Requires comprehensive technology -- crop cultivation, physiology, crop cultivation, physiology, mechatronicsmechatronics, robot, and etc. , robot, and etc.

Current projectsCurrent projects-- Germinating and greening equipment, sterilizers, row spacingGerminating and greening equipment, sterilizers, row spacing-- Artificial lighting and solar lightening Artificial lighting and solar lightening -- Environment measurement and control systemEnvironment measurement and control system

FactoryFactory--like Vegetable Production System like Vegetable Production System

Korean-style vegetable production system

““Quality/safety are becoming the keyword for global agricultureQuality/safety are becoming the keyword for global agriculture”” ……to incorporate with the whole agroto incorporate with the whole agro--food system food system ‘‘from farm to tablefrom farm to table’’

NIR spectroscopy technologyNIR spectroscopy technology-- Nondestructive sweetness graders; pear, apple, tangerine, waterNondestructive sweetness graders; pear, apple, tangerine, watermelonmelon-- Rice taste analyzer, Korean red ginseng Rice taste analyzer, Korean red ginseng

Application of new technologyApplication of new technology-- NMR, MRI, Sonic, XNMR, MRI, Sonic, X--rayray

Traceability system Traceability system -- Beef, fruits, vegetables, etcBeef, fruits, vegetables, etc

Nondestructive Quality/Safety EvaluationNondestructive Quality/Safety Evaluation

Tangerine on-line grading system for sugar content, titratable acidity, weight, and color

““The demand of fast detection methods for the safety is rising raThe demand of fast detection methods for the safety is rising rapidlypidly”” ……to evaluate safety rapidly and precisely on site to evaluate safety rapidly and precisely on site

Requires cooperative research Requires cooperative research -- biology, chemistry, food eng., electronics, semiconductor, matebiology, chemistry, food eng., electronics, semiconductor, material eng. rial eng.

Application of new technologyApplication of new technology-- Electronic nose, ISE, Lab on a chipElectronic nose, ISE, Lab on a chip

Current projectsCurrent projects-- Biosensor for rapid assessment of bacterial contaminationBiosensor for rapid assessment of bacterial contamination-- ImmunoImmuno--biosensor to detect salmonella biosensor to detect salmonella -- Disposable ionDisposable ion--selective sensors(ISE) for hydroponics selective sensors(ISE) for hydroponics

BioBio--sensor Technology sensor Technology