Reading ModelsBottom-up Model

• Text-based; reading instruction emphasizes letters, letter-sound relationships and words.

• Reading is essentially mechanical decoding of speech written down (Silberstein, 1987)

• Knowledge-based and conceptually-driven

• Comprehending the selection is possible even if each word in the selection is not recognized.

• Reading instruction emphasizes prior knowledge.

Top-down Model (Goodman, 1967)

• Pictures reading as making sense of print through the interaction between TEXT and READER.

• Believes that meaning is not residing in the text alone waiting to be decoded

Interactive Model (Rummelhart, 1977)

involves the transaction between the mind of the reader and the language of the text.

READING

bottom - up

top - down

SCHEMATA• Influence reading comprehension

and learning

• Provide a framework that allows readers to select information relevant to their purposes

• Help readers organize text information by enabling them to relate the new to the old which eventually facilitates retention and retrieval

PredictingPredicting

HypothesizingHypothesizing

DeducingDeducing

InferringInferring

Drawing implicationsDrawing implications

Cognitive processes which act as tools for Cognitive processes which act as tools for understanding the textunderstanding the text

UNDERSTANDING THREE LEVELS OF IDEAS

The main focus of reading is getting the main point – the core, the message, the thesis, the main idea, the central focus, the controlling idea, and the central thought.

MAIN POINT

Major Detail Major Detail Major Detail

minor detail

minor detail minor detail

minor detail

minor detail

minor detail

The TOPIC is the general subject of the material. It answers questions like, Who or what is discussed in the text? or Who or what is the content of the material?

Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a company or even the country as a whole has to survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and water faucets when not in use. Going to supermarket only once instead of water trips. These practices also help prevent panic buying which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced by observing some cost-cutting measures.

The MAIN IDEA is the chief point an author is making about the topic. It sums up the author’s primary message. It is also called the central idea or thesis. It is usually found in the beginning of the paragraph.

Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a company or even the country as a whole has to survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and water faucets when not in use. Going to supermarket only once instead of water trips. These practices also help prevent panic buying which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced by observing some cost-cutting measures.

DETAILS develop, explain, and prove the main point or main idea. These are facts, descriptions, examples, and reasons that convince the reader and make the material interesting.

Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a company or even the country as a whole has to survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and water faucets when not in use. Going to supermarket only once instead of water trips. These practices also help prevent panic buying which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced by observing some cost-cutting measures.

INFERENCING is to interpret unstated meaning; the author provides clues so that the reader can put together facts and details in a logical order and draws conclusions.

Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a company or even the country as a whole has to survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and water faucets when not in use. Going to supermarket only once instead of water trips. These practices also help prevent panic buying which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced by observing some cost-cutting measures.

TIMES ARE HARD SO IT IS IMPORTANT FOR PEOPLE TO SAVE.

PREDICTION is made on the basis of prior knowledge. It answers questions such as: What do you think will happen? and Why do you think so?

IF WE DON’T OBSERVE COST-CUTTING MEASURES, WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY LIVING UP WITH THE TIMES.

Cost-cutting measures have to be practiced if a company or even the country as a whole has to survive. Cost-cutting takes different forms. A plain housewife can best cost-cut on expenses by recycling leftover food, turning off electricity and water faucets when not in use. Going to supermarket only once instead of water trips. These practices also help prevent panic buying which results in shortage of food supplies. Indeed the hardship that is felt nowadays can be reduced by observing some cost-cutting measures.

There are some potential advantages in being closer to the sun. Given enough fertilizers and water, year-round sunshine can create an extraordinary agricultural potential allowing as much as three crops a year. But water shortage restricts the areas where this is possible. As the oil runs out and solar power becomes more economical, the Third World will have greater possibilities of endlessly renewable energy than the developed Temperate Zone countries.

What is the main idea of the paragraph?

A.Fertilizer and irrigation can increase the productivity of the developing world.

B.Two potential advantages of ample sunshine are increased agricultural output and solar energy.

C.The developed world has less solar energy potential than the developing world.

D.Oil runs out and solar power becomes more economical.

Following the structure of an EXPOSITORY text, arrange the following sentences in order.

___ A. In a democracy the individual is given importance so he possesses rights in accordance with the laws of the land.

___ B. These opposing forces keep the balance of power and the world at its feet. Each force wants to protect its ideology and principles..

___ C. Basically, democracy and communism are two opposing forces which make the world drama exciting.

___ D. On the other hand, individuality is lost in a communist society because the state controls everything

___ A. To them brutal killings, palakasan, bribery and shady business deals, fraudulent and vote-buying during elections were the way of life.

___ B. The traditional Filipino values which were totally erased should be restored with emphasis on a sense of responsibility and result-effort for genuine dialogue for justice.

___ C. Rebuilding Philippine society is erasing the wrong values from these young Filipinos.

___ D. Martial Law babies were exposed to wrong sense of values.

___ E. Cronyism and nepotism dominated the societal values they inherited from the past.