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� Re (kembali) dan to search (mencari)� Systematic, controlledcontrolledcontrolledcontrolled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical prepositions about the presumed relations among phenomena (Kerlinger)
� Systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information (data) for some purposes (Schumacker)Sort of careful, systematic, patient study and investigation � Sort of careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertake to discover or establish fact and principles ( Fraenkel & Wallen)
� Research is process of discovery ( Borg & Gall)
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�Unsatisfactory or unsettling
�Difficulty
�State of affairs (need to be change)State of affairs (need to be change)
�Condition want to improve or eliminate
�Question (answer)
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�Researchable (collect data)
� Feasible (available resource)
�Clear (key word)
�Significant (contribute to knowledge)
�Ethical (psychological or physical harm)
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�Descriptive, correlational, experimental (Huitt)
�Descriptive, associational, intervention (Fraenkel & Wallen)(Fraenkel & Wallen)
� Eksploratif, pengembangan, verifikatif, kebijakan (Suharsimi)
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�Descriptive, survey, developmental, case study (explore or describe)
� Relational, correllational, ex post facto (explain or predict)
� Pre experimental, experimental, quasi experimental
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Research problemHypothesis and question
definitions
instrumentation
Procedure/design
Literature reviewsample
Procedure/design
Data analysis
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“ A theory is a set of interrelated construct (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena” (Kerllinger, 1973)
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� Penelitian menuntut obyektivitas;
� Menuntut proses intensif, sistematik, terfokus, lebih formal;
� Dalam rangka penemuan dan pengembangan bangun pengetahuanbangun pengetahuan
� Metode ilmiah lebih mementingkan aplikasi berfikir deduktif-induktif
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� Diarahkan untuk memecahkan masalah tertentu;
� Ditekankan pada pengembangan generalisasi, prinsip, teori;
� Berangkat-bermuara pada obyek yang dapat � Berangkat-bermuara pada obyek yang dapat diteliti;
� Memerlukan observasi dan deskripsi yang akurat
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� Menekankan pada penemuan baru, tidak sekedar sintesa/mereorganisasi fakta lama;
� Prosedur dirancang secara rasional;
� Menuntut keahlian;
� Menuntut upaya obyektif dan logis;� Menuntut upaya obyektif dan logis;
� Menuntut kesabaran dan tidak dilakukan secara tergesa-gesa;
� Kadang-kadang menuntut keberanian