rda macro and micronutrients

• DR SHIV RK DUBEY

• MBBS (Hons), MD (Pediatrics)

• KGMU, Lucknow

• SR – AIIMS BHOPAL

• RDA stands for Recommended Dietary Allowance, also

commonly known as Recommended Daily Allowances. It

is the recommended daily vitamins and mineral

intake considered adequate for healthy people.

The RDA was last revised in 1989, and is rather

outdated. Parts of it are replaced by the Dietary

Reference Intakes (DRI), the most recent dietary

guidelines by the Food and Nutrition Board of the

Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences,

1997-2001, in a collaboration between the US and

Canada.

There are two different types of nutrients:• macronutrients;• micronutrients.

There are three macronutrients

that are essential for health.

These are:

• carbohydrate;

• protein;

• fat.

MICRONUTRIENTS – vitamins and

minerals.

• TRACE ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE ___ % OF BODY

WEIGHT ?

(DNB-2014)

• 1%

• 0.1%

• 0.01%

• 0.001%

• MOST ABUNDANT SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY? AIPG

88

• WATER (60%)

• 2nd MOST ABUNDANT SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY ?

AIPG 89

• PROTEIN

Carbohydrate

The two types of carbohydrate that provide dietary energy are starch and sugars.

Dietary fibre is also a type of carbohydrate which is not digested to provide energy.

Starchy carbohydrate is an important source of energy.

1 gram of carbohydrate provides 4 kcal energy.

Structure of carbohydrate

All types of carbohydrate are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

They can be classified in many different ways. One common way is according to their structure.

1. Simple carbohydrates – mono and Disaccharides2. Complex carbohydrates – oligo and polysaccharides

• Which of the following is not an essential AA ? PGI 97

• TYROSINE

• TRYPTOPHAN

• THREONINE

• METHIONINE

• WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN INDICATOR

OF PROTEIN QUALITY? DNB 05

• AA score

• Biological value

• Protein energy ratio

• True digestibility

• WHAT IS NPU ( net protein utilisation ) ?

Protein

Protein is essential for growth and repair and keeping cells healthy.

Protein also provides energy:1 gram of protein provides 4kcal.

Essential amino acids = AH ! MeTTh VIL PhLy

Arginine, histidine (semi essential) methionine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenyl alanine, lysine.

• AA Score = No. of mg of one AA per gm of

protein/ No. of mg of same AA per gm of egg

protein *100

• TD = nitrogen absorbed/ nitrogen intake

• BV = nitrogen retained/ nitrogen absorbed

• NPU = TD × BV

• Egg protein has the highest values for BV and

NPU.

• Generally, animal proteins have a higher BV than

plant proteins.

• MCT ( medium chain TG ) are : UPPG 08

• 6-12 carbon length

• 12-18 carbon length

• >18

• None

• Which of the following are immediate source of enenrgy?

• SCT AIPG 05

• MCT

• LCT

• All of the above

• A COMMON SOURCE OF MCT IS_______ ?

• Coconut oil

• Major structural element of cell membrane

• Major source of energy

• Carriers for fat soluble vitamins ( A,D,E,K)

• 25-30% of energy intake ( upto 45% in PEM )

• Triglycerides

• MCT ( 6-12 CARBON LENGTH )

• LCT ( >12 )

MCTs are directly transported to portal vein (

immediate source of energy ) – coconut oil and

butter

• Cannot be synthesised in the body and have to

be supplemented.

• Linoleic, linolenic, EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)

and DHA (docosahexanoic acid )

• Important component of grey matter and

enhance intellectual performance.

All foods provide different types of fatty acids in varying proportions.

Butter is often described as a ‘saturated fat’ because it has more saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids.

Most vegetable oils are described as ‘unsaturated fats’ as they have more mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids than saturated.

Most saturated fats are solid at room temperature and tend to come from animal sources.

Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are usually from plant sources.

Micronutrients

There are two types of micronutrients:

• vitamins;• minerals.

Vitamins and minerals are needed in much smaller amounts than macronutrients. Their amounts are measured in milligrams (mg) and micrograms (μg).

• Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin ? MPPG

99

• Vit A

• C

• D

• E

• DRI of VIT A IN INFANTS IS ? MPPG 02

• 100-200 MCG

• 300-400 MCG

• 750 MCG

• 1000 MCG

• RDA of a 2 year old child is-----1100/1400/1500/1700 kcal

(AI)

RDA ( roughly upto 8 years ) = 1000+100*(AGE-1)

Vitamins

There are two groups of vitamins:

• fat-soluble vitamins, which can be stored in the body, e.g. vitamins A, D, E, K.

• water-soluble vitamins, which cannot be stored in the body and are therefore required daily, e.g. B vitamins and vitamin C.

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is needed for:• dim light vision;• healthy skin and eyes;• resistance to infection.

Vitamin A is found in liver and whole milk. It can also be produced from beta-carotene provided by dark green leafy vegetables, carrots and orange coloured fruit.

• Infants = 300-400 mcg

• Children = 400-600 mcg

• Adolescents = 750 mcg

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is needed for the absorption of calcium from foods to keep bones and teeth healthy.

A lack of vitamin D causes rickets in children, where the legs are bent, and osteomalacia in adults, which causes pain in bones and muscles.

We get most of our vitamin D via the action of sunlight on skin during the summer months. Vitamin D is also provided by the diet from oily fish, meat, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals and margarine/spreads.

• Infants and Children = 400 IU/day (10 mcg)

• DEFICIENCY OF WHICH MICRONUTRIENT

CAUSES HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN PRE TERM

INFANTS ? AI 08

• A/D/E/K

• ALL INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERIES ARE GIVEN

A IM dose of which micronutrient ?

• A/D/E/K

• TOCOPHEROL is : vit A/D/E/K AI 00

• Anti oxidant

• Manifestation of def are – hemolytic anemia,

spinocerebellar disease.

• RDA = normal infants – 0.4 mcg/kg/day

premature infant – 15-20 mg/day may be

required

Sources – vegetable oils, green leafy

vegetables and nuts.

• Main role is as a cofactor in ‘post translational

carboxylation’ of glutamic acid to form glutamate

(Gla), which takes place in the liver.

• Sources – green leafy vegetables, normal gut

flora.

• RDA – 1 mg im at birth to all newborns.

• Older children 10-30 mcg/day

• PANTOTHENIC ACID is : PGI

98

•B3/B5/B7/B9

• CAN ANYBODY NAME ALL B COMPLEX

VITAMINS ???

• B1 – THIAMINE

• B2 – RIBOFLAVIN

• B3 – NIACIN

• B5 – PANTOTHENIC ACID

• B6 – PYRIDOXINE

• B12 – COBALAMINE

• folate

• APHONIA/laryngeal nerve palsy is characteristic of which

B COMPLEX vitamin : B1/B2/B3/B5

• Angular cheilosis/ smooth tongue is seen in def of :

• B1/B2/B3/B6

• CASAL NECKLACE is seen in def of: B1/B2/B3/B6

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Thiamin is required to release energy from carbohydrate.

It is also involved in the normal function of the nervous system.

Sources of Thiamin (vitamin B1)

• Whole grains;• Nuts;• Meat (especially pork);• Fruit and vegetables;• Fortified breakfast cereals.

• RDA – 0.4 mg/1000 kcal

• Def.- aphonia/laryngeal N palsy, wernicke’s

• Thiamine diphosphate – cofactor for

• Carb metabolism – pyruvate DH,AKG ( Alpha

ketoG ), transketolase

• HMP shunt – NADP

• Nerve conduction – Ach, GABA

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Riboflavin is required to release energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat.

It is also involved in the transport and use of iron in the body.

Sources of Riboflavin (vitamin B2)• Milk;• Eggs;• Rice;• Fortified breakfast cereals;• Liver;• Legumes;• Mushrooms;• Green vegetables.

• Oxidation reduction reaction – FMN and

FAD

• Milk, egg, legumes, mushrooms

• Angular cheilosis, glossitis ( smooth

tongue )

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Niacin is required for the release of energy from food.

Niacin is also required for the normal function of the skin, mucous membranes and nervous system.

Sources of Niacin

• Meat;• Wheat and maize flour;• Eggs;• Dairy products;• Yeast.

• Niacin/nicotinic acid/nicotinamide

• Def – pellagra, hartnup disease

• 3 D – dermatitis, dementia and diarrhoea

• Casal necklace

• All common food sources – resistant to heating.

• 1 NE = 1 mg niacin = 60 mg tryptophan

• RDA = 6.4-8 NE/1000 kcal.

• Deficiency caused by

• Drugs – INH, Penicillamine, steroids, AED,

OCP

• HEMODIALYSIS

FEATURES INCLUDE – irritability, seizures,

vomiting

Oxaluria, oxalic acid bladder stones

VIT B6 DEPENDENT SYNDROMES –

pyridoxine

dependent seizures

B6 responsive

• PERNICIOUS ANEMIA IS CAUSED DUE TO

DEF OF :

• B12

• INTRINSIC FACTOR

• BOTH

• NONE

• A WOMEN DELIVERED A BABY WITH lumbo

sacral meningomyelocele. Which nutrient def is

mostly attributed?

• What is the treatment?

• Only non veg diet

• IF (STOMACH) + B12 --------->

RECEPTOR IN ILEUM-enterohepatic

circulation

• So deficiency in – strict veg, IF def

(pernicious anemia, IBD, ileal resection.

• Hyperpigmentation of knuckles, involuntary

movements, developmental regression.

• Deficiency in pregnancy causes NTDs.

• 400 mcg/day before conception and in first

trimester of pregnancy.

• KESHAN DISEASE is caused by def of

• SELENIUM ( CARDIOMYOPATHY )

• GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE/DIABETES has

been attributed due to def of which trace

element:

• CHROMIUM

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is needed to make collagen. This is required for the structure and function of skin, cartilage and bones.

It is an important nutrient for healing cuts and wounds.

Did you know?Vitamin C can help with the absorption of iron when foods or drink containing both vitamin C and iron are eaten at the same meal.

Sources of vitamin C

• Fresh fruit especially citrus fruits and berries;• Green vegetables;• Peppers;• Tomatoes;• New potatoes.

Minerals

Minerals are inorganic substances required by the body in small amounts for a variety of different functions.

The body requires different amounts of each mineral.

People have different requirements, according to their:• age; • gender;• physiological state (e.g. pregnancy).

Calcium

The body contains more calcium than any other mineral. It is essential for a number of important functions such as the maintenance of bones and teeth, blood clotting and normal muscle function.

Did you know?

The skeleton contains about 99% of the body’s calcium with approximately 1kg present in adult bones.

Sources of calcium

Milk, cheese and other dairy products are good sources of calcium in the diet.

Calcium is also provided by : • broccoli;• cabbage;• fortified soya products; • fish eaten with the bones, e.g. sardines, tinned salmon.

Iron

Iron is essential for the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells.

Red blood cells carry oxygen and transport it around the body.

Iron is also required for normal metabolism and removing waste substances from the body.

Did you know?There are two types of iron; one from animals sources and the other from plant sources.

Sources of iron

• Liver;• Red meat;• Pulses;• Nuts;• Eggs;• Dried fruits;• Fish;• Whole grains;• Dark green leafy vegetables.

Iron in the diet

A lack of iron in the diet means that the stores in the body will run out.

This can lead to anaemia.

Women and teenage girls need to ensure they have enough because their requirements are higher than those of men of the same age due to menstruation.

Sodium

Sodium is found in all cells and body fluids.

It is needed for regulating the amount of water and other substances in the body.

Sources of sodium

Most raw foods contain very small amounts of sodium chloride (salt).

Salt is often added during the processing, preparation, preservation and serving of foods.

About 20% of salt we eat is added at home during cooking and at the table.

High sodium intake is considered to be one of the risk factors for high blood pressure, which may lead to heart disease and stroke.

Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) Chart for Infants & Children

NUTRIENT 0-6 mths 7-12mths 1-3 yrs 4-8 yrs

RDA Vitamins (Per Day)

vitamin A - retinol 400* µg 500* µg 300 µg 400 µg

vitamin C - ascorbic acid 40* mg 50* mg 15 mg 25 mg

vitamin D 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg

vitamin E 4* mg 5* mg 6 mg 7 mg

vitamin K 2.0* µg 2.5* µg 30* µg 55* µg

vitamin B1 - thiamin 0.2* mg 0.3* mg 0.5 mg 0.6 mg

vitamin B2 - riboflavin 0.3* mg 0.4* mg 0.5 mg 0.6 mg

vitamin B3 - niacin 2* mg 4* mg 6 mg 8 mg

vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid 1.7* mg 1.8* mg 2* mg 3* mg

vitamin B6 - pyridoxine 0.1* mg 0.3* mg 0.5 mg 0.6 mg

vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamin 0.4* µg 0.5* µg 0.9 µg 1.2 µg

biotin 5* µg 6* µg 8* µg 12* µg

choline 125* mg 150* mg 200* mg 250* mg

folate - folic acid 65* µg 80* µg 150 µg 200 µg

Recommended Daily Allowances for Minerals

calcium 210* mg 270* mg 500* mg 800* mg

chromium 0.2* µg 5.5* µg 11* µg 15* µg

copper 200* µg 220* µg 340 µg 440 µg

fluoride 0.01* mg 0.5* mg 0.7* mg 1* mg

iodine 110* µg 130* µg 90 µg 90 µg

iron 0.27* mg 11 mg 7 mg 10 mg

magnesium 30* mg 75* mg 80 mg 130 mg

manganese 0.003* mg 0.6* mg 1.2* mg 1.5* mg

molybdenum 2* µg 3* µg 17 µg 22 µg

phosphorus 100* mg 275* mg 460 mg 500 mg

selenium 15* µg 20* µg 20 µg 30 µg

zinc 2* mg 3 mg 3 mg 5 mg

potassium 0.4* g 0.7* g 3.0* g 3.8* g

sodium 0.12* g 0.37* g 1.0* g 1.2* g

chloride 0.18* g 0.57* g 1.5* g 1.9* g

Recommended Daily Allowances for Older Children (9 to 18 Years)

NUTRIENTMale

9-13 Yrs

Male

14-18 Yrs

Female

9-13 Yrs

Female

14-18 Yrs


vitamin A - retinol 600 µg 900 µg 600 µg 700 µg

vitamin C - ascorbic acid 45 mg 75 mg 45 mg 65 mg

vitamin D #1 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg

vitamin E 11 mg 15 mg 11 mg 15 mg

vitamin K 60* µg 75* µg 60* µg 75* µg

vitamin B1 - thiamin 0.9 mg 1.2 mg 0.9 mg 1.0 mg

vitamin B2 - riboflavin 0.9 mg 1.3 mg 0.9 mg 1.0 mg

vitamin B3 - niacin 12 mg 16 mg 12 mg 14 mg

vitamin B5 - pantothenic acid 4* mg 5* mg 4* mg 5* mg

vitamin B6 - pyridoxine 1.0 mg 1.3 mg 1.0 mg 1.2 mg

vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamin 1.8 µg 2.4 µg 1.8 µg 2.4 µg



folate - folic acid #3 300 µg 400 µg 300 µg 400 µg



chromium 25* µg 35* µg 21* µg 24* µg

copper 700 µg 890 µg 700 µg 890 µg

fluoride 2* mg 3* mg 2* mg 3* mg

iodine 120 µg 150 µg 120 µg 150 µg

iron 8 mg 11 mg 8 mg 15 mg

magnesium 240 mg 410 mg 240 mg 360 mg


molybdenum 34 µg 43 µg 34 µg 43 µg

phosphorus 1250 mg 1250 mg 1250 mg 1250 mg

selenium 40 µg 55 µg 40 µg 55 µg

zinc 8 mg 11 mg 8 mg 9 mg

potassium 4.5* g 4.7* g 4.5* g 4.7* g

sodium 1.5* g 1.5* g 1.5* g 1.5* g

http://www.healthsupplementsnutritionalguide.com/recommended-daily-allowances.html#1


Recommended Daily Allowances for Adults (19 Years and Up)

NUTRIENTMale

19-50 Yrs

Male

>50 Yrs

Female

19-50 Yrs

Female

>50 Yrs




vitamin D #1 #5 5* µg 10* µg 5* µg 10* µg








vitamin B12 #2 2.4 µg 2.4 µg 2.4 µg 2.4 µg







copper 900 µg 900 µg 900 µg 900 µg




magnesium #4 400/420 mg 420 mg 310/320 mg 320 mg






potassium 4.7* g 4.7* g 4.7* g 4.7* g

sodium #5 1.5* g 1.3* g 1.5* g 1.3* g

chloride #5 2.3* g 2.0* g 2.3* g 2.0* g







Recommended Daily Allowances for Pregnancy / Lactating Mothers

NUTRIENTPregnancy

14-18 Yrs

Pregnancy

19-50 Yrs

Lactation

14-18 Yrs

Lactation

19-50 Yrs

Recommended Daily Allowances for Vitamins



vitamin D #1 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg 5* µg








vitamin B12 2.6 µg 2.6 µg 2.8 µg 2.8 µg







copper 1000 µg 1000 µg 1300 µg 1300 µg




magnesium #6 400 mg 350/360 mg 360 mg 310/320 mg






potassium 4.7* g 4.7* g 5.1* g 5.1* g

sodium 1.5* g 1.5* g 1.5* g 1.5* g




• About RDA

The Recommended Daily Allowances below incorporate

the DRI figures.

Recommended Daily Allowances / Dietary Reference

Intake

In the Recommended Dietary Allowance charts below,

amounts marked with a * indicate AI (Adequate Intake)

figures taken from the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).

• #1 As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D.

• #2 : As 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, FNB advises those older than 50 years to meet their Recommended Daily Allowances for it by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12.

• #3 : In view of evidence linking folate deficiency with neural tube defects in the fetus, FNB recommends that women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg of folate from supplements or fortified foods, in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet.

• #4 : Men from 31 to 50 need slightly more magnesium (420 mg) than those from 19 to 30 years old (400 mg). Women from 31 to 50 also need slightly more magnesium (320 mg) than those from 19 to 30 years old (310 mg).

#5 : Adults over 70 years need slightly different levels of vitamin D (15µg), sodium (1.2g), and chloride (1.8g).

• #6: Pregnant women from 31 to 50 need slightly more magnesium (360 mg) than those between 19 to 30 years old (350 mg). Women from 31 to 50 who are breastfeeding also require slightly more magnesium (320 mg) than those between 19 to 30 years old (310 mg).

rda macro and micronutrients

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