range production and bird health
DESCRIPTION
Range Production and Bird Health. F. Dustan Clark, D.V.M., Ph.D. Extension Poultry Health Veterinarian. Poultry Health Status Determination. Disease any departure from the normal state of health Normal Many Diseases Produce Similar Signs What To Look For. Observations. Facilities - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Range Production and Bird Health
F. Dustan Clark, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Extension Poultry Health Veterinarian
Poultry Health Status Determination
• Disease– any departure from the normal state of health
• Normal
• Many Diseases Produce Similar Signs
• What To Look For
Observations
• Facilities
• Records
• Birds
Facilities
• Signs of outside influence– Rodents, wildlife, insects
• Feed and water sources– Number and availability
– Clean feed and water
• Litter or ground
• Roosts and manure
Records
• Acceptable parameters• Measurable data• Past History• Current Information
– What are the birds doing ?– How long?– How many affected?– When did it first happen?– Has it happened before?– What has been done? (Changes)
• Tests Deaths• Treatments
Birds
• Behavior – Flock– Individual
• Examples– Eating, drinking, interactions
Examination
• Preliminary– done while observing birds
• Complete– must catch bird– systematic examination of anatomic systems– checking for variation from normal
Systematically check all anatomic systems for variance from normal
1. Discharges2. Accumulations3. Use4. Abnormal sounds, odors, colors5. Swellings6. Soiling of feathers7. Loss
1. Skeletal2. Respiratory3. Plumage4. Circulatory5. Eyes, ears, nostrils6. Gastrointestinal7. Feces
• Increased mortality• No appetite• Diarrhea• Coughing• Lameness• Depression• Decreased production• Unusual behaviors• Blisters, swellings• High number of ill animals• Unthriftiness
Learn Symptoms of Disease
Poultry Diseases
• Numerous Diseases in Poultry
• Comparisons– Organic Chicken vs Commercial is limited
• Some Diseases and/or Problems are more common
• Limitations on Therapy
Unique Problems
• Predation
• Lack of Environmental Control
Clues To Identifying Predators1. Several birds killed
a. Mauled but not eaten
b. Killed by small bites-neatly piled,some heads gone
c. Heads/crops eaten.
2. 1-2 birds killeda. mauled, abdomen eaten
b. Deep marks on head and neck, some meat eaten
3. 1 bird gone feathers left
4. Chicks killed, abdomen eaten, lingering smell
5. Several gone-no clues
• Dogs• Mink, weasel• Raccoon
• Opossum• Owl
• Fox/coyote• Skunk• Human
From: J. Berry. Predators: Thieves in the night. OSU/CES Bull #8204
Bacterial Diseases
• Fowl Cholera Pasteurella
• Mycoplasma MG MS
• Coryza Hemophilus paragallinarum
• Botulism Botulinum toxin
• Gangrenous Dermatitis Clostridium perfringens
• Fowl Cholera
• Mycoplasma– MG
– MS
• Coryza
• Botulism
• Dermatitis
• Swollen face, wattles, sinuses
• Pneumonia, Sudden death, swollen joints, torticollis
• Coughing, swollen face and sinuses. Bubbles in eye, sticky eye discharge
• Swollen joints and/or footpad
• Sticky eyelids, odor, rales, nasal discharge
• Limberneck, flaccid paralysis
• Blue.black skin lesions, high mortality
Dermatitis
Mycoplasma
Cholera
Dermatitis
Botulism
Coryza
MS
Viral Diseases
• Fowl Pox Pox virus
• Laryngotracheitis Herpes virus
• Infectious Bronchitis Corona virus
• Newcastle Paramyxovirus
• Mareks Disease Herpes virus
• Avian Influenza Orthomyxovirus (Influenza)
• Fowl Pox
• Laryngotracheitis
• Infectious Bronchitis
• Newcastle– Avian Paramyxo– Exotic Newcastle
• Mareks
• Avian Influenza (AI)– Low Path AI– High Path AI
• Blisters, scabs,skin growths.• Difficult breathing and swallowing,
growth in mouth, death
• Cough, blood on feathers, mouth, beak, Difficult breathing, death
• Egg drop, cough, sneeze, poor egg quality
• Egg drop, soft shell eggs, chirping, cough
• (high mortality, diarrhea, CNS, depression, nasal discharge)
• Paralysis of legs, wings, neck, birds less than 6 months
• High mortality, hemorrhages, similar to Exotic Newcastle
PoxBronchitis
ENDNewcastle
Mareks
Mareks
Pox
AILT
IB/ND
Internal Parasites
• Coccidia Eimeria sp.
• Blackhead Histomonas
• Tapeworms• Gapeworms Syngamus
• Threadworms Capillaria sp.
• Roundworms Ascarids
• Coccidia
• Blackhead
• Gapes
• Tapes
• Rounds
• Hair/Thread
• Weight loss, huddling, blood in feces, mortality in young. Unthrifty.
• Weight loss, unthrifty, yellow diarrhea
• Gasping, open mouth
• Weight loss, See in feces
• Weight loss, unthrifty, ruffled
• Diarrhea, Unthrifty, thickened crop.
Coccidia
Blackhead
Tapes
Rounds
Hairworms
External Parasites
• Lice
• Mites– Skin– Leg
• Lice– Numerous species
• Mites– Northern
– Red
– Scaly Leg
• Feather damage, skin damage, feather picking, irritation
• Feather and skin damage, feathers look oily, anemia, feather loss.
• Northern stays on bird
• Feather loss, picking, anemia, restless at night, skin damage. Red gets on bird at night
• Thick dry white or yellow crusts on leg scales.
Northern Fowl Mite Red MiteScaly leg mite
Louse
Therapy
• May be limited• Many antibiotics are
unavailable• Most vaccines for
meat poultry are given early in life– 18 days of incubation
– Day 1
Biosecurity
Biosecurity
Greek: Bios - “Life”
Security - Protection
Effects of Disease
• Decreased reproduction
• Decreased productivity
• Increased mortality
• Decreased cash-flow
• Quarantines
• Market loss
• Flock loss
How Much Biosecurity is Needed?
• No one plan
• Use common sense
• Risk of each potential source of disease
• Spend more money on treatment (and production losses) than prevention would have cost
Sources of Pathogens
1. Introduction of diseased or carrier animals2. Clothing or person of visitors3. Introduction of contaminated materials
(fomites)- feeds, forages4. Inappropriate disposal of carcasses5. Contaminated water supplies6. Fence line contact7. Vehicles8. Wildlife, rodents, wild birds, insects, pets9. Air-borne fomites10. Vertical transmission
Biosecurity
Risk Accepted
• Personal decision
• Talk to veterinarian, county agent, banker, spouse
Control PointsTwo General Areas
1. Farm Facilities (Location, Structures, Layout)
2. Farm Operational Procedures
Farm Location
• What roads are nearby ?
• Distance to other facilities
• Distance to other animal facilities
Farm Layout and Construction
• Road type
• Type and condition of fences
• Buildings and pens
• Feed bins
• Animal/Bird and waste disposal
Farm Operational Procedures
Greatest impact on Biosecurity
Easy and Quick to change
Biosecurity Practices
1. Control exposure to diseased or carrier animals2. Control visitor access3. Ensure that fomites (objects) are clean4. Dispose of carcasses appropriately5. Check feed and water contamination6. Control fence line contact7. Control exposure to vermin8. Address vertical transmission9. Air borne contamination10. Other practices you discover
Controlling Exposure
• Purchase from known health status herds• Isolate new or returning animals for at
least 2 weeks– 30 days is best
• Test new additions for disease as appropriate
• Keep records• Veterinary examinations
Protect Poultry by Raising their Resistance
• Vaccination program
• Parasite control program
• Reduce stress
• Nutrition
Visitor or Traffic Control
• Second greatest threat• May carry disease
organisms• May be necessary• May bring equipment• Restrict Access to
animals• Require identification
• Keep facilities & gates locked
• Have visitors sign a log• Change clothes, use
coveralls, boot covers• Wash hands and
disinfect• 48 hr min. quarantine
(Internationals)
Farm Entrance• One secured entrance
• Biosecurity Sign
Sanitation and Disinfection
• Keep farm clean• Boot bath (scrub brush and disinfectant)
– Boots for on farm only• Coveralls• Spray car/truck tires
– Clean floor mats• Wash (CD) all incoming equipment
– Best to not borrow equipment
Coveralls, Hat, and Boots
Clean and Disinfect Equipment
Foot Baths
• Change periodically
• Use appropriate
disinfectant
• Clean boots before use
Appropriate Disinfectant for the Job
Commercial disinfectants
Bleach
3 parts to 2 parts water
Pest Management
• Sources of Disease
• Rodents, flies, wildlife, animals, etc.
• Minimize contact
• Control measures should be a part of general routine
Rodent Control
Clean feed and water
• Water available at all times
• Clean water
• Prevent rodent contamination of feed
• Remove contaminated feed
Animal Waste Storage and Disposal
Avoid contamination of environment and animals
Other on Farm Animals
Disease in Other “On Farm” Animals May Result In
• Quarantine• Excessive Mortality• Slow movement of unaffected animals to
markets• Government regulations
– Permits– Quarantines– Restrictions
Assistance
• Isolate sick animals• Have all dead animals necropsied• Report unusual signs immediately• Health certificates if out of state animals• Veterinarian, County agent• Participate in local, state, national, etc.
associations• State Cooperative Extension Service
Biosecurity Practices
1. Control exposure to diseased or carrier animals2. Control visitor access3. Ensure that fomites (objects) are clean4. Dispose of carcasses appropriately5. Check feed and water contamination6. Control fence line contact7. Control exposure to vermin8. Address vertical transmission9. Air borne contamination10. Other practices you discover
BioSecurity Essentials
• Lock animal facilities• Separate clothing for on-farm use• Restrict visitors to minimum and insist on
clothing change and possibly shower• All machines, vehicles and equipment
disinfected upon entry to farm• Foot/shoe baths containing disinfectants at
entrance • Proper disposal of dead carcasses• Post “Restricted” signs at entrance - and
enforce!
Recognize Disease Early
Other Points to Consider
Practice Biosecurity
• Do not visit your neighbor if you have a problem
A Biosecurity Program Needs Flexibility
Look for Warning Signs of Problems
Anticipate The Unexpected
Be Vigilant in Disease Prevention