ralf beerens msc. vu university amsterdam the netherlands institute for safety science

Urban Search and Rescue: Preparedness and Coordination

When Structures Collapse

An analysis of Preparedness and Coordination for receiving USAR-assistance in

The Netherlands, Sweden and Estonia

Ralf Beerens MSc.VU University Amsterdam

The Netherlands Institute for Safety Science Fire Services & Crisis Management Academy

Agenda

• Rationale and Scope• Literature Review• Methodology • Results and Analyses

– The Netherlands– Sweden– Estonia

• Conclusion and Recommendations • Discussion / Q&A

Rationale: • Significant increase in events that might cause structural

collapse and/or entrapment (EM-DAT 2007)

• United Nations GA Res. 57/150 • UN “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015”• National and International focus on Disaster Response

Preparedness

Rationale and Scope (1)

Aim: • “To compare the coordination mechanisms and related

preparedness measures of three European countries”

Countries compared:

The Netherlands Sweden Estonia



UN INSARAG Guidelines

The Netherlands Sweden Estonia

Comparative Case Study Research

National Structures(Law/Policy)



Local/ Operational USAR-Procedures

Local/Operational USAR-Procedures

Local/Operational USAR- Procedures

European UnionUSAR Council

Resolutions

Operational/Local Level

National Level

International Level

Definitions used:

• “Locating, reaching, (medically) treating, and safely extricating deeply entombed survivors of collapsed structures”

• “…distinguishes from other emergency rescue entities by its unique capability to overcome the impediments caused by steel, reinforced concrete and other heavy construction to locate victims and effect rescue”

(Barbera and Macintyre 1996)

Literature Review

National Disaster System

Rapid Response Mechanism

USAR-Response System

Effective and Efficient International Coordination:

• Important issues: – Time – Management– Communication – Media – Resources/Technology/Capacity – Knowledge/Understanding – Situational/Disaster Dynamics

(Bäckström and Christofferson 2006, Chiu et al 2002, De Ville de Goyet 2002, Erdogan 2006, Katoch 2006, Macintyre, Barbera and Smith 2006, Morris 2006, Perry 2003, Romundstad et al 2004)

Literature Review

International Coordination:

• Political Environment:– United Nations: UN GA Resolutions (46/181,

57/150)– INSARAG Guidelines and Methodology 2006– European Union: Community Civil Protection

Mechanism (Council Decisions 2001, 2003 and a recast of those in 2007)

– National Political Disaster Preparedness and Response Structures

Literature Review

Methodology (1)

1. Desk Research:– INSARAG guidelines and methodology (2006)– European Union Council resolutions (2001 and 2003)

Preparedness

Mobilisation

Operations

De-mobilisation

Post-Mission

UN INSARAG Methodology Cycle

2. Conceptual Framework and Model Development

Methodology (2)

Methodology (3)

3. Diagrammatic Modelling

• Using various complex research modelling processes

• Showing logical linkages between the various mechanisms on a local/field, national and international level, with an emphasis on:– Chain of Command & Control– Planning– Flow of Information– Request for assistance– Granting for assistance– Coordination

Methodology (4)

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

EU Council Resolutions

Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS

UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC

International USAR Teams

DISASTERPREPAREDNESS

PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC

INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil

protection Modules (USAR)

EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Methodology (5)

5. Expert Interviews - The Netherlands (Van der Weide)- Sweden (Norlin)- Estonia (Teder, Salong and Paju)

6. Analysis of the Interviews using diagrammatic modelling in order to develop a practical “country model”

7. Compare the three National Country Models with the “International/EU USAR Model” using “pattern matching” (Trochim 1989)

Results and Analysis

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

The Netherlands

The Netherlands

RDC RDCOSOCC

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services

Public and Private Bodies Op

erat

ion

al

Lea

der

(C

OP

I/OT

)

MayorDisaster Plan

Disaster Relief Plan

Queeen’s Commissioner/PCCProvincial Coordination Plan

Ministry of the Interior & Kingdom

Relations/NCC

Other Ministries/ DCC

GRIP-Procedures

LOCC

USAR.NL

Disaster Act (WRZO)


EU-MIC / CECIS


Regional Policy Team (RBT) / RCC

Municipal Policy Team (GBT)

LEMA

INSARAG National Focal Point

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

The Netherlands

RDC RDCOSOCC

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services

Public and Private Bodies Op

erat

ion

al

Lea

der

(C

OP

I/OT

)

MayorDisaster Plan

Disaster Relief Plan

Queeen’s Commissioner/PCCProvincial Coordination Plan

Ministry of the Interior & Kingdom

Relations/NCC

Other Ministries/ DCC

GRIP-Procedures

LOCC

USAR.NL

Disaster Act (WRZO)


EU-MIC / CECIS


Regional Policy Team (RBT) / RCC

Municipal Policy Team (GBT)

LEMA


LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Sweden

Sweden

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Plan of Action(municipality)

Specific Disaster Plans (county)

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services

Public and Private Bodies

Rescue Leader / Rädnningsledaren (municipal or county level)

SRSA

Ministry of Defense GovernmentCivil Protection Act

2002


EU-MIC / CECIS


RDC RDCOSOCC


Swedish USAR (SRSA)

LEMA

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Sweden

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Plan of Action(municipality)

Specific Disaster Plans (county)

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services


Rescue Leader / Rädnningsledaren (municipal or county level)

SRSA

Ministry of Defense GovernmentCivil Protection Act

2002


EU-MIC / CECIS


RDC RDCOSOCC


Swedish USAR (SRSA)

LEMA

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Estonia

Estonia

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Crisis Management Plan(Municipalities and Cities)

Crisis Management Plan(County)

Crisis Management Plan(National)

Local Governement (Crisis Com.) County Governement (Crisis Com.)

Rescue Work Coordinator

Emergency Situation Response Coordinator

Rescue Board

Governement (Crisis Com.)

Ministries

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services


Regional Rescue Center

Em

erg

en cy

C

ent

er

EDRT/USAR

Emergency Preparedness Act 2002Emergency Situation

Act 1996


EU-MIC / CECIS


RDC RDCOSOCC

LEMA


LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Estonia

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


UNDAC

Crisis Management Plan(Municipalities and Cities)

Crisis Management Plan(County)

Crisis Management Plan(National)

Local Governement (Crisis Com.) County Governement (Crisis Com.)

Rescue Work Coordinator

Emergency Situation Response Coordinator

Rescue Board

Governement (Crisis Com.)

Ministries

Police Force

Fire Services

Medical Services


Regional Rescue Center

Em

erg

en cy

C

ent

er

EDRT/USAR

Emergency Preparedness Act 2002Emergency Situation

Act 1996


EU-MIC / CECIS


RDC RDCOSOCC

LEMA


Conclusions & Recommendations

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology


Domestic USAR

UNDAC

EU-MIC / CECIS

UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC



PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Conclusions & Recommendations

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC

INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT


EU-MIC / CECIS

EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)

EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Conclusions (Field/Local & National)

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 1:Embed USAR Teams in

Local/Regional Preparedness and Respons Structures to

enhance familiarity and coordination. Also link USAR to

the country’s risk profile.

Conclusions (Field/Local & National)

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 2:USAR knowledge on a National

level among emergency responders should be mapped

and procedures should be developed to increase their

awareness in cooperating with international USAR responders

Conclusions (National & International)

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 3:Compare National Mechanisms

with their international counterparts and explore

(partially) integration of the mechanisms to assist incoming

international USAR teams.


LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 4:- Use the operational USAR

structure as a blueprint for other national rapid specialist

emergency teams.- Increase international

cooperation and enhance understanding.


LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 5:USAR response team

capabilities should be mapped incl. cooperative international training and exercises through

National Focal Points within the Government


LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

ProgrammeRecommendation 6:The definition of USAR should be opened for further discussion with

a broader prospect for its operational use within the urban and built environment e.g. more emphasis on standard LEMA-

procedures

Conclusions (International)

LEMA

INSARAG Guidelines

and Methodology

Domestic USAR

UNDAC




PLANNING

RDC RDCOSOCC



EU-MIC / CECIS


EU of Pooling

Capabilities

EUTraining

Programme

Recommendation 7:Outline similarities between EU

and UN and establish an agreement in order to strengthen

effective and efficient coordination and response

Areas for further Research

• Research should be carried out to explore preparedness and coordination approaches during (USAR) disasters benefiting efficient and effective (inter-)national (USAR) assistance saving time, lives and money.

• Academic research comprises and stresses the pratical experiences.

• It helps to establish an effective and efficient organisational coordination on all levels.

• Academic research can easily cross (political) borders

… a Challenge for INSARAG ?!

My areas of interest and future research:

• Effectiveness and Efficiency in Disaster Management– Instrument/Tool development for effective and

efficient preparedness and response mechanisms based on e.g. risk analysis and cost-benefit-analysis

Future PhD Research Project

Address:

VU University Amsterdam

Faculty of Social Sciences

Crisislab

T.a.v. Ralf Beerens

De Boelelaan 1081

1081 HV Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Internet:

E-mail:

[email protected]

or

[email protected]

Websites:

www.ralf-online.tk

www.usar.nl

Virtual OSOCC

Discussion/Q&A Contact Information

In cooperation with:

Special thanks to:

ralf beerens msc. vu university amsterdam the netherlands institute for safety science

Documents