Raj Gupta and ML JatInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

Farmers Participatory Adaptive Research for Large scale Roll-out of Resource Conserving Technologies

Challenges of South Asian Agriculture

2

Nexus of low productivity , poverty and rainfall between 78.83°E to 86.13° E longitude- Low lands ( Chaur , Tal and Diara lands), shifting river courses - ‘Rice-Fallows’, Seeds, Low fertilizer Use, weak infrastructure and

technologies - Little ground water development during Kharif

0.0

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1200.0

1400.0

1600.0

1800.0

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200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

200074.54

Fero

zp

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74.95

Am

rits

ar

75.33

Kap

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75.82

San

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76.47

Fate

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… 7

6.79

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76.91

Pan

ipat

77.00

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nep

at

77.44

Gh

azia

bad

78.70

Tri

ch

irap

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79.15

Th

an

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r

79.84

Nag

ap

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nam

81.60

B

ah

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83.37

G

ora

kh

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83.87

K

hu

sin

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ar

84.47 W

est

Ch

am

para

n

85.13

P

atn

a

85.54

N

aw

ad

a

86.11 Lakh

eesara

i

86.23

Jam

ui

87.84

B

urd

wan

88.26

M

ush

ird

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ad

88.78

S

ou

th D

inajp

ur

Avera

ge a

nn

ual ra

infa

ll (

mm

)_2004-2

008

Pro

du

cti

vit

y/ h

a

(US

D)

Districts/ Longitude

Productivity/ ha (USD)Average annual rainfall (mm)_2004-2008

Agricultural Productivity in USD /ha

Source: Data Adapted from Ramesh Chand et al .2009

• 163 districts in IGP• 67 districts covered• 1/3 of the IGP

• Nine hubs with one satellite established and fully functional

Hub Name Area, MhaHaryana 2.75Punjab 3.9EUP 4.5Bihar 7.3Tamil Nadu 4.5Total Area (mha) 22.95

CSISA Action Corridors

5

1. Water 2. Rainwater 3. Nutrient 4. Terminal Heat

shortages Management Imbalances tolerance/ Seed

•In-situ moisture conservation

• Groundwater recharge

• Conjunctive use of nutrient inputs

• LCC/ SPAD/GS• Super

granules

• Cultivar choices

• Seed increase• Water

schedules• Residue

manage.

• Laser land leveling

• Raised beds• DSR & remove

puddling

Conceptual Framework of CSISA Strategic Entry Points and Potential Options for

solutions

1. Laser Leveled and bunded +

3. + Residues

4. + Control traffic

5. Paired row

6. Weed Mgt.

7. Water Mgt. AWD

8. N Mgt.

80% basal +LCC

5 Equal space

Manual

Other example of layering of improved technologies

•Farmers seed v/s Improved HYV choice•Flat v/s Raised bed Planting•Raised bed 67 cm v/s 90 cm•Planting time late v/s Early•Aged v/s Young seedling of rice•# of seedling/hill (1 v/s 3-4)•Manual v/s Mechanical transplanting

Stepwise Layering of strategic technologies

Free Wheeling 4- _

3_

1-

Unpuddled transplanted or DSR- Zero till Wheat in flats

Layering of Strategic Entry Points: An example

Conventional PTR

2. Primed improved seed +/-

Low hanging

High hanging

(From other

Objectives)

Capacity

building

•New cultivars•Diversification•Third generation machines

•High value crops•Policy and advocacy

•TCE and mechanization•ICM/ SSNM/ LCC•Farmer truthful seed system

•Timely planting, cultivars•Laser land levelling/ AWD/ DSR

•Training•FPTS•Information data base

•Exposure visit

• GO/ INGO/ NGO• Farmer organization

• P-P partners• Service provider• Agribusiness • Media/ Finance/ Bankers

• Policy makers

Partners

Knowledge

Inputs

Scale-out technologies

Adaptive Research (TAR)

Farmers

Ou

tcom

es/Imp

acts

Time line

Bio-climate•Climate change•Terminal heat•Flood/ draught/ PPT•Duration of growth season•Cultivars choices

Land and water Mgt•Nutrient management•Irrigation water management

•Groundwater mining•Salinity and waterlogging•Physiography•Complex ecology (RainfedF/ UF, irrigated, upland, midland, lowland)

Socio-economic•Poor Infrastructure •High Production Cost/ Low return

•Seasonal labourrequirement•Low income/ credit/ high interest rates

•Poor market facilities•Opportunity cost•Vulnerability•Absentee farmer

Socio-economicProduction system

characteristics and constraints(Primary & Secondary data)

Resource mapping TWGs Entry points and

Action plan

• CA based RCT• Seed quality and seed

system• Scale neutral machinery• New cultivars• Residue/ SSNM• Planting dates and time• LL/ AWD/ DSR/ Beds

Schematic Diagram of Operations in CSISA Hubs

Farmer Participatory Adaptive Research and large scale Roll-out of RCTS for improving Cereal Systems Productivity

Analysis & Strategies

Capacity Building

Hub -TWG

For Farmers•Income generation•Livelihood•Marketable surplus

Outcomes/ Impacts•Food security•Environmental security•Sustainable agriculture

Deliverables

Public Sector /CG Partners

Institutional Mandates

Private Partners(Input providers

& Corporate)

Business & Social Commitments

Service Providers/

Seed Cos. , & Farmer clubs

Production System Constraints Production Resources/ Knowledge/ Technologies/ Input

Haryana HubPunjab Hub

Profits

Rolli

ng O

ut

(Inst

itutio

nal m

andate

)Capacity Building

ARTs

Print & Mass media

Inputs S

ALE

Data/ Information

Innovatio

n

Quality & refinement

Dem

os

& A

RT

Coop. & Private Sugar mills& NGOs

Private PartnersBayer Crop ScienceSyngentaDevgen SeedsMonsantoPioneer Seeds

Service ProvidersChampion farmers

Farmers

Hariyali/ Input Dealers

OutcomesArea increased under Sugarcane Intercropping DSR acceptance Zero till acreage increasedHigh Demand & Acceptance for laser Leveling

Public PartnersSDA, SAU, KVKs, ICAR

Machine manufacturersDashmeshNational AgroASS

•Farmers often seek immediate gains, produce more at less costs

•Bridge ‘geographically differentiated’ management yield gaps

•Strengthen Public -Private partnerships / net works

•Developing Technical options to match endowments of farmers

• Empower farmers with knowledge- provide timely solutions.

•Strengthen the input chain - weak / dysfunctional

•Training and machinery use for timely operations

•Inclusive of deployment of seed to facilitate technology transfer

CSISA Focus of Last-Mile Delivery

• Laser land leveling introduced in the region • 6700 units (Farmer investment ~ USD 9.0 Million) • Saved 800 Kwhr-1 units /ha during rice season in Punjab; USD 55M

in India( Sidhu,2009), and saves 25-30% water at least• Employs 4 persons for 125-150 days / year.

Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling

Crop Enhancement Research

UntreatedGaucho Treated

Crop enhancement research enthusing seed companies to Join us

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Gra

in y

ield

(t/h

a)Control Raxil Cruiser Raxil+ Cruiser

Seed treatment

HD 2733 HD 2824 K 307

• HD2824 not responsive to seed treatment• HD 2733 respond more to Raxil• K307 responds more to Cruiser

Zero v/s Conventional till Wheat : planting time effects in eastern Gangetic plains

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Cultivars

Yie

ld(t/

ha)

Choice of wheat cultivars for RW and MW systems in EGP

0.00.51.01.52.0

2.53.03.54.04.5

Cultivars

Grai

n yi

eld(

t/ha)

Rice -Wheat SystemMaize –Wheat system

Common cultivars : Ufan , DBW17, HD 2967

RW System : Baaz, HD 2967, HD 2985, Ufan , DBW17MW System : DBW 17, Ufan, Raj 4120, HD 2643, HD 2967

Turboseeder (ZT+R): Offsetting Terminal Heat in Wheat

-7.5

-6.5

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Cano

py-A

ir Te

mpe

ratu

re d

iffer

ence

(o

C)

Days after sowing

Residue retained Residue removed

Terminal heat

Wheat Productivity and Soil compaction under ZT v/s Conventional (Rotavator)

N=10, Haryana

Direct Seeded Rice becomes a Reality:Relevant to all ecologies

DSR in flood prone areas

• DSR rice improves productivity of Wheat

• DSR and PTR yield can be similar at less cost and saving of water

• Rice hybrids useful for in irrigated areas

• Choice of rice cultivars and use of herbicide molecule holds the key for success in DSR

DSR in uplands

Dual-purpose wheat for green fodder and grain

Dual purpose wheat to promote crop-

livestock integration in NW -IGP Oat + Berseem to be tried

• Screen new cultivars/ regeneration?

• 18t/ha of Green fodder – USD $600ha

Sole

Cut for green fodder Berseem

Cotton- Wheat System

• Relay planter developed ( for timely planting of wheat in cotton) • About 10% gains in cotton yield due an additional pick • Gain in wheat yield are nearly 1.0 ton / ha (USD 200)• Obviate seasonal labor shortage

Emerging Cropping Systems

• Shift from Rice –Potato (DSR-Potato+maize)

- BINA7 – (Potato+Maize) likely benefit ~ USD 1000

• Rice-Rice Rice-maize/pulses

• Cane –Wheat

- Sugarcane + wheat /onion/garlic ~ USD 1750 (Intercropping becoming real)

•Rice-potato-wheat/sunflower Rice-potato-maize in north west

21

800 tons seed of elite crop cultivars for Eastern Gangetic plains

Seed Systems

2-W Relay Planter

Seed box

Fertilizer box

Clutches

Engine

Separator

New CA Machinery Developed for Large Scale Adoption

Bucket

Spreader

PCR planter

High clearance Axle less multi-boom lost cost sprayer

Thanks