raj board class 10 book - samkaleen bharat

8/21/2019 Raj Board Class 10 Book - Samkaleen Bharat

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ifjf'k"V&d

oqQN osclkbV tks vf/d tkudkjh osQ fy, lgk;d gSa%

Bombay Natural History Society: http://www.bnhs.org/

Birding in India and South Asia: http://www.birding.in/

Website of Project Tiger: http://projecttiger.nic.in/

Nature Conservation Foundation: http://www.ncf-india.org/

Wildlife Conservation Society of India: http://www.wildlife.in/

Wildlife Trust of India: http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org/Kalpavriksh Environment Action Group: http://www.kalpavriksh.org/

Down to Earth Magazine: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/

Centre for Environment Education, India: http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/index.html

AglaSem S
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o"kZ2003&04 esa jkT;okj ykSg&v;Ld dk mRiknu(izfr'kr esa)

jkT; mRiknu oqQy mRiknu (1000 Vu) dk izfr'kr

dukZVd 31,562 26mM+hlk 30,179 25Nkhlxkj[kaM 14,484 12vU; 1,544 1

oqQy 1,20,601 100

lzksr [kuu ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj

ifjf'k"V&[k

o"kZ 2003&04 esajkT;okj rkcsdk mRiknu(izfr'kr esa)

jkT; ek=kk oqQy mRiknu

(Vu esa) dk izfr'kre; izns'k 82,699 58

jktLFkku 60,073 42

flfDde 287 oqQy 1,43,059 100


o"kZ 2003&04 esajkT;okj eSaxuhk dk mRiknu(izfr'kr esa)

jkT; ek=kk oqQy mRiknu (Vu esa) dk izfr'kr

mM+hlk 576,324 33e; izns'k 373,630 22dukZVd 257,581 15vU; 529,965 30

oqQy 1,737,500 100


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o"kZ 2003&04 esajkT;okj ckWDlkbV dk mRiknu(izfr'kr esa)


mM+hlk 4,934,155 45xqtjkr 1,864,387 17>kj[kaM 1,518,096 14egkjk"V 1,167,720 11

vU; 1,472,180 13oqQy 10,956,536 100


o"kZ 2003&04 esajkT;okj pwukiRFkj dk mRiknu(izfr'kr esa)


vka/zizns'k 25,035 16e; izns'k 23,721 15jktLFkku 22,657 15xqtjkr 17,698 11rfeyukMq 13,786 09vU; 51,228 34

oqQy 154,125 100


103ifjf'k"V

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ifjf'k"V&x

bLikr la;a=k LFkkiuk o"kZ lg;ksxh ns'k@LokfeRo vofLFkfr

bLdks (IISCO) 1870-1913 (izkjaHk esa futh (1972esa jk"Vh;dj.k) oqQYVh rFkk cuZiqjLokfeRo esa) (if'pe caxky)

fVLdks (TISCO) 1907 (futh LokfeRo) te'ksnth VkVk te'ksniqj (>kj[kaM)

oh vkbZ,l ,y (VISL) 1923 (futh LokfeRo esa) ckn esa jk"Vh;dj.k Hknzkorh (dukZVd)tc rd MISCO Fkh)

fHkykbZ 1959 (lkoZtfud {ks=k) lksfo;r ;wfu;u fHkykbZ(e; izns'k)

cksdkjks 1972 (lkoZtfud {ks=k) lksfo;r ;wfu;u cksdkjks (>kj[kaM)

nqxkZiqj 1959 (lkoZtfud {ks=k) baxySaM (;w- osQ-) nqxkZiqj (if'pe caxky)

jkmjosQyk (lkoZtfud {ks=k) teZuh jkmjosQyk (mM+hlk)

fo'kk[kkiV~ue (lkoZtfud {ks=k) fo'kk[kkiV~ue(vka/z izns'k)

lsye (lkoZtfud {ks=k) lsye (rfeyukMq)

fot; uxj (lkoZtfud {ks=k) dukZVd

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'kCnkoyh

viufr volknh pkuksaesa laihMu cy lsmRiUu ,d esgjkcnkj eksM+A

volknh pkusaospkusatks laLrjksa ;k ryNVksa dh ijrksa osQ :i esa fu{ksfir gSaA

vkXus; pkusaog pkusa tksrjy eSXek osQ teus ;k Bksl gksuslscurh gSA

vkZHkwfe Hkwfe tks le; ij tyeXu gks tkrh gSaA blesa yo.k dPN] Tokjuneq[k] dPN o nynylfEefyr gSaA

dk;karfjr pkusa os pkusa tksewy :i lsvkXus; ;k volknh Fkh ysfdu ftudk y{k.k o :i ifjorZu gksx;k gSA

fxfjin eSnku og eSnku tks igkM+ksaosQ in esa fufeZr gSa ;k fLFkr gSaA

pku [kfutksa dk laxfBr ;ksxA

rsy izxzg.k ,d HkwoSKkfud lajpuk ftlesai;kZIr ek=kk esarsy o xSl dk lap;u laHko gSA

Hkwrkih; HkwiiZVh esa xgjkbZ osQ lkFk rkieku dk c


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gekjs i;kZoj.k eas miyCk izR;sd oLrq tks gekjhvko'drkvksa dksiwjk djusesa iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gS

vkSjftldkscukusosQ fy, izkS|ksfxdh miyCk gS] tksvkfFkZd :i ls laHkkO; vkSj lkaLoQfrd :i ls ekU; gS],d^lalkku* gSA gekjsi;kZOkj.k esamiyCk oLrqvksa

dh :ikarj.k izf;k izoQfr] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj laLFkkvksaosQ ijLij varlcak esa fufgr gSA ekuo izkS|ksfxdh }kjkizo`Qfr osQ lkFk fozQ;k djrs gSa vkSj vius vkfFkZdfodkl dh xfr dksrsk djusosQ fy, laLFkkvksadkfuekZ.k djrsgSaA

D;k vki Hkh vU; cgqr lsyksxksadh rjg lalkkuksadksizko`Qfrd migkj le>rsgSa\ ,slk ugha gSA lalkku

ekuoh; fozQ;kvksa dk ifj.kke gSA ekuo Lo;a lalkkukasoQk egoiw.kZfgLlk gSaA os i;kZoj.k esaik, tkus okysinkFkks dkslalkkuksa esaifjofrZr djrsgSa rFkk mUgsaiz;ksxdjrs gSaA bu lalkkuksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj lsfd;k tk ldrk gSA(d) mRifk osQ vkkkj ij tSo vkSj vtSo([k) lekI;rk osQ vkkkj ij uohdj.k ;ksX; vkSj

vuohdj.k ;ksX;(x) LokfeRo osQ vkkkj ij O;fDrxr] lkeqnkf;d]

jk"Vh; vkSj varjkZ"Vh;(?k) fodkl osQ Lrj osQ vkkkj ij laHkkoh] fodflrHkaMkj vkSj lafpr dks"k

D;k vki mu OkLrqvksadk uke crk ldrsgSa tksxkoksa vkSj 'kgjksaesagekjs thou dks vkjke igqpkrs gSa\ ,slh oLrqvksa dh ,d lwphrS;kjdjsa vkSj budkscukus esa iz;ksx gksus okysinkFkks dk ukecrk,A

fp=k 1-1 izo`Qfr] izkS|ksfxd vkSj laLFkkvksaosQ e; varlcak

fp=k 1-2 lalkkuksadk oxhZdj.k

AglaSem S
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2 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

lalkkuksaosQ izdkj

mRifk osQ vkkkj ijtSo lalkku bu lalkkuksa dh izkfIr thoeaMy lsgksrh gS vkSj buesa thou O;kIr gS] tSls & euq";]ouLifrtkr] izkf.ktkr] eRL; thou] i'kqku vkfnA

vtSo lalkku os lkjslalkku tks futhZo oLrqvksalscusgSa] vtSo lalkku dgykrsgSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] pkusavkSj kkrq,A

lekI;rk osQ vkkkj ijuohdj.k ;ksX; lalkku os lalkku ftUgsaHkkSfrd]jklk;fud ;k ;kaf=kd izf;kvksa}kjk uoho`Qr ;k iqu%mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS] mUgsauohdj.k ;ksX; vFkokiqu% iwfrZ;ksX; lalkku dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] lkSjrFkk iou tkZ] ty] ou o oU; thouA bu lalkkuksadkslrr~ vFkok izokg lalkkuksaeas foHkkftr fd;k x;kgS (fp=k 1-2)A

vuohdj.k ;ksX; lalkku bu lalkkuksadk fodkl,d yacs Hkw&oSKkfud varjky esa gksrk gSA [kfut vkSj

thok'e bku bl izdkj osQ lalkkuksaosQ mnkgj.k gSaAbuosQ cuus esayk[kksao"kZ yx tkrsgSaA buesalsoqQNlalkku tSls kkrq,iqu% ph; gSavkSj oqQN lalkkutSlsthok'e bku vph; gSa o ,d ckj osQ iz;ksx osQlkFk gh [kRe gkstkrsgSaA

LokfeRo osQ vkkkj ijO;fDrxr lalkku lalkku futh O;fDRk;ksaosQ LokfeRoesa Hkh gksrsgSaA cgqr lsfdlkuksaosQ ikl ljdkj }kjkvkoafVr Hkwfe gksrh gSftlosQ cnysesaosljdkj dks

yxku pqdkrsgSaA xko esacgqr ls yksx Hkwfe osQ LokehHkh gksrsgSavkSj cgqr lsyksx Hkwfeghu gksrs gSaA 'kgjksaesayksx Hkw[kaM] ?kjksao vU; tk;nkn osQ ekfyd gksrsgSaAckx] pkjkxkg] rkykc vkSj oqQvksadk ty vkfn lalkkuksaosQ futh LokfeRo osQ oqQN mnkgj.k gSaA vius ifjokjosQ lalkkuksadh ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A

lkeqnkf;d LokfeRo okys lalkku ;s lalkkuleqnk; osQ lHkh lnL;ksadksmiyCk gksrs gSaA xko dh'kkfeykr Hkwfe (pkj.k Hkwfe] 'e'kku Hkwfe] rkykcbR;kfn) vkSj uxjh; {ks=kksaosQ lkoZtfud ikoZQ] fidfudLFky vkSj [ksy osQ eSnku] ogkjgus okys lHkh yksxksaosQfy, miyCk gSaA

jk"Vh; lalkku rduhdh rkSj ij ns'k esa ik;stkusokys lkjs lalkku jk"Vh; gSaA ns'k dh ljdkj dksdkuwuh vfkdkj gSfd og O;fDRkxr lalkkuksadksHkhvke turk osQ fgr esa vfkxzfgr dj ldrh gSA vkiusns[kk gksxk fd lM+osaQ] ugjsa vkSj jsy ykbusaO;fDrxrLokfeRo okys [ksrksa esa cuh gqbZ gSaA 'kgjh fodklizkfkdj.kksa dks ljdkj usHkwfe vfkxzg.k dk vfkdkj

fn;k gqqvk gSA lkjs[kfut inkFkZ] ty lalkku] ou]oU; thou] jktuhfrd lhekvksa osQ vanj lkjh HkwfevkSj 12 leqnzh ehy (19-2 fdeh-) rd egklkxjh;{ks=k (Hkw&Hkkxh; leqnz) o blesa ik, tkus okyslalkkujk"V dh laink gSaA

vaRkjkZ"Vh; lalkku oqQN varjkZ"Vh; laLFkk,lalkkuksadks fu;af=kr djrh gSaA rV js[kk ls200 leqnzh ehydhnwjh (viotZd vkfFkZd {ks=k) ls ijs [kqysegklkxjh;lalkkuksa ij fdlh ns'k dk vfkdkj ugha gSA bu

lalkkuksa dksvaRkjkZ"Vh; LkaLFkkvksa dh lgefr osQ fcukmi;ksx ughafd;k tk ldrkA

D;k vki tkursgSafd Hkkjr osQ ikl viotZd vkfFkZd {ks=klsnwj fgUn egklkxj dh rygVh lseSaxuhk xzafFk;ksadk [kuudjus dk vfkdkj gSA oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vh; lalkkuksadhigpku djsaA

fodkl osQ Lrj osQ vkkkj ij

laHkkoh lalkku ;g oslalkku gSa tks fdlh izns'kesa fo|eku gksrs gSa ijarq budk mi;ksx ughafd;k x;kgSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij Hkkjr osQ if'peh Hkkx]fo'ks"kdj jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr easiou vkSj lkSj tkZlalkkuksadh vikj laHkkouk gS] ijaRkq budk lgh


10/107

3lalkku ,oa fodkl

fodflr lalkku os lalkku ftudk losZ{k.kfd;k tk pqdk gSvkSj muosQ mi;ksx dh xq.kokk vkSjek=kk fukkZfjr dh tk pqdh gS] fodflr lalkku dgykrsgSaA lalkkuksadk fodkl izkS|ksfxdh vkSj mudh laHkkO;rkosQ Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

HkaMkj i;kZoj.k esamiyCk osinkFkZtksekuo dhvko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa ijarq mi;qDrizkS|ksfxdh osQ vHkko esamldh igqp lsckgj gSa] HkaMkjesa'kkfey gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ty nksToyu'khyxSlksa] gkbMkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu dk ;kSfxd gSrFkk ;gmQtkZ dk eq[; lzksr cu ldrk gSA ijarq bl ms'; ls]budk iz;ksx djusosQ fy, gekjsikl vko';d rduhdhKkuugha gSA

lafpr dks"k ;g lalkku HkaMkj dk gh fgLlk gS]ftUgsamiyCk rduhdh Kku dh lgk;rk lsiz;ksx esayk;k tk ldrk gS] ijarqbudk mi;ksx vHkh vkjaHk ughagqvk gSA budk mi;ksx Hkfo"; esavko';drk iwfrZosQfy,fd;k tk ldrk gSA ufn;ksa osQ ty dks fo|qr iSnkdjusesa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijarqorZeku le;esabldk mi;ksx lhfer iSekus ij gh gksjgk gSA blizdkj ckkksaesa ty] ou vkfn lafpr dks"k gSa ftudkmi;ksx Hkfo"; esafd;k tk ldrk gSA

lalkkuksaosQ vakkkqak 'kks"k.k lsoSf'od ikfjfLFkfrdhladV iSnk gks x;k gS tSl s HkweaMyh; rkiu]vkstksu ijr vo{k;] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k vkSj HkwfefuEuhdj.k vkfn gSaA

lalkkuksa dk fodkllalkku ftl izdkj] euq"; osQ thou ;kiu osQ fy,vfrvko';d gSa] mlh izdkj thou dh xq.kokk cuk,j[kusosQ fy, Hkh egoiw.kZgSaA ,slk fo'okl fd;ktkrk Fkk fd lalkku izoQfr dh nsu gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]

ekuo us budk vakkkqak mi;ksx fd;k gS] ftllsfuEufyf[kr eq[; leL;k, iSnk gksxbZ gSaA oqQN O;fDr;ksaosQ ykypo'k lalkkuksa dk kl lalkku lekt osQ oqQN gh yksxksa osQ gkFk esavk x,gSa] ftlls lekt nks fgLlksa lalkku laiUu ,oalalkkughu vFkkZr~vehj vkSj xjhc esa cV x;kA

1. dYiuk djsa fd rsy lalkku [kRe gksusij budkgekjh thou 'kSyh ij D;k izHkko gksxk\

2. ?kjsywvkSj f"k lacafkr vif'k"V dksiqu% pozQ.k djusosQ ckjsesayksxksaosQ fopkj tkuusosQ fy, viuseksgYysvFkok xko esa,d losZ{k.k djsaA yksxksalsiz'u iwNsafd(v) muosQ }kjk mi;ksx esayk, tkusokyslalkkuksaosQ

ckjsesaos D;k lksprsgSa\(c) vif'k"V vk Sj mlosQ mi;ksx osQ ckjs esamudk

D;k fopkj gS\

(l) vius ifj.kkeksa dk leqfPpr fp=k (collage)rS;kj djsaA

ekuo thou dh xq.kokk vkSj fo'o 'kkafr cuk,j[kus osQ fy, lalkkuksa dk lekt esa U;k;laxr cVokjkvko';d gks x;k gSA ;fn oqQN gh O;fDr;ksarFkk ns'kksa}kjk lalkkuksadk orZeku nksgu tkjh jgrk gS] rksgekjhiFoh dk Hkfo"; [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA

blfy,] gj rjg osQ thou dk vfLrRo cuk,j[kus osQ fy, lalkkuksaosQ mi;ksx dh ;kstuk cukuk

vfr vko';d gSA lrr~ vfLrRo lgh vFkZ esalrr~iks"k.kh; fodkl dk gh ,d fgLlk gSAviusvklikl osQ {ks=k esaik, tkus okysHkaMkj vkSj lafprdks"k lalkkuksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A

lrr~ iks"k.kh; fodkl

lrr~iks"k.kh; vkfFkZd fodkl dk vFkZ gS fd fodkli;kZoj.k dks fcuk uqdlku igqpk, gks vkSj orZeku fodkldh izf;k Hkfo"; dh ihf


11/107

4 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

Hkkjr esalalkku fu;kstulalkku fu;kstu ,d tfVy izf;k gS] ftlesafuEufyf[krlksiku gSa (d) ns'k osQ fofHkUu izns'kksa esa lalkkuksadh igpku dj mudh rkfydk cukukA bl dk;Zesa{ks=kh; losZ{k.k] ekufp=k cukuk vkSj lalkkuksadk xq.kkRed,oa ek=kkRed vuqeku yxkuk o ekiu djuk gSA([k) lalkku fodkl ;kstuk, ykxw djus osQ fy,mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh] dkS'ky vkSj laLFkkxr fu;kstu kj[kaM] e;izns'kvkSj Nkhlx


12/107

5lalkku ,oa fodkl

Hkw&lalkku

ge Hkwfe ij jgrsgSa] blh ij vusdksa vkfFkZd f;kdykidjrsgSavkSj fofHkUu :iksa esa bldk mi;ksx djrs gSaAvr% Hkwfe ,d cgqr egoiw.kZ izkfrd lalkku gSAizkfrd ouLifr] oU; thou] ekuo thou] vkfFkZdf;k,] ifjogu rFkk lapkj O;oLFkk, Hkwfe ij ghvkkkfjr gSaA ijarq Hkwfe ,d lhfer lalkku gS] blfy,

miyCk Hkwfe dk fofHkUu ms';ksa osQ fy, mi;ksxlkokkuh vkSj ;kstukc rjhosQ ls gksuk pkfg,A

Hkkjr esa Hkwfe ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkw&vkfr;ktSls ioZr] iBkj] eSnku vkSj }hi ik, tkrsgSaA yxHkx43 izfr'kr Hkw&{ks=k eSnku gSatksf"k vkSj m|ksx osQfodkl osQ fy, lqfokktud gSaA ioZr iwjs Hkw&{ks=k osQ30 izfr'kr Hkkx ij foLr`r gSaA os oqQN ckjgeklhufn;ksa osQ izokg dks lqfuf'pr djrs gS] i;ZVu fodklosQ fy, vuqowQy ifjfLFkfr;k iznku djrk gS vkSj

ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ fy, egoiw.k Z g SA ns'k osQ {ks=kiQydk yxHkx 27 izfr'kr fgLlk iBkjh {ks=k gSA bl {k s=kesa [kfutksa ] thok'e bku vkSj ouksa dk vikj lap;dks"k gSA

fy, eq[; vkd"kZ.k jgs gSaA mifuos'kdkjh ns'kksauscsgrjizkS|ksfxdh osQ lgkjs mifuos'kksaosQ lalkkuksadk 'kks"k.kfd;k rFkk mu ij viuk vkfkiR; LFkkfir fd;kA vr%lalkku fdlh izns'k osQ fodkl esa rHkh ;ksxnku nsldrs gSa] tc ogk mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh fodkl vkSjlaLFkkxr ifjorZu fd, tk,A mifuos'ku osQ fofHkUupj.kksa esa Hkkjr us bu lcdk vuqHko fd;k gSA vr%Hkkjr esafodkl lkekU;r% rFkk lalkku fodkl yksxksaosQeq[;r% lalkkuksa dh miyCkrk ij gh vkkkfjr ughaFkkcfYd blesaizkS|ksfxdh] ekuo lalkku dh xq.kokkvkSj,sfrgkfld vuqHko dk Hkh ;ksxnku jgk gSA

lalkkuksa dk laj{k.k lalkku fdlh Hkh rjg osQfodkl esaegoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ijarq lalkkuksa

dkfoosdghu miHkksx vkSj vfr mi;ksx osQ dkj.k dbZlkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; leL;k, iSnk gksldrh gSaA bu leL;kvksals cpko osQ fy, fofHkUuLrjksa ij lalkkuksa dk laj{k.k vko';d gSA Hkwrdky lsghlalkkuksa dk laj{k.k cgqr ls usrkvksa vkSj fpardksaosQfy,fpark dk fo"k; jgk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] xkakh th uslalkkuksaosQ laj{k.k ij viuh fpark bu 'kCnksa esa O;DrdhgS&gekjsikl gj O;fDr dh vko';drk iwfrZosQfy, cgqr oqQN gS] ysfdu fdlh osQ ykyp dh

larqf"V osQ fy, ughaA vFkkZr~gekjsikl isV HkjusosQfy, cgqr gS ysfdu isVh Hkjus osQ fy, ughaAmuosQ vuqlkj fo'o Lrj ij lalkku kl osQ fy,ykyph vkSj LokFkhZO;fDr rFkk vkkqfud izkS|ksfxdh dh'kks"k.kkRed izo`fk ftEesnkj gSA osvR;fkd mRiknu osQfo# Fks vkSj blosQ LFkku ij vfkd cM+s tuleqnk;}kjkmRiknu osQ i{kkj FksA

varjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij O;ofLFkr rjhosQ ls lalkku laj{k.k dh

odkyr 1968 esaDyc vkWiQ jkseus dhA rRi'pkr~ 1974esa 'kqeslj us viuh iqLrd Leky bt C;wVhI+kqQyesa blfo"k; ij xkakh th osQ n'kZu dh ,d ckj fiQj ls iqujkofkdh gSA 1987 esa czqUM~VySaM vk;ksx fjiksVZ }kjk oSf'od Lrjij lalkku laj{k.k es a ewykk kj ;ksxnku fd;k x;kA blfjik sV Z us lrr~ ik s" k. kh; fodkl (SustainableDevelopment)dh ladYiuk izLrqr dh vkSj lalkku

laj{k.k dh odkyr dhA ;g fjiksVZ ckn esa gekjk lka>kHkfo"; (Our Common Future)'kh"kZd ls iqLrdosQ :i esa izdkf'kr gqbZA bl lanHkZ esa ,d vkSj egoiw.kZ;ksxnku fj;ksMh tsusjks] czkthy esa 1992 esa vk;ksftr iFohlEesyu }kjk fd;k x;kA

fp=k 1-3 eq[; Hkw vko`Qfr;ksa osQ varxZr {ks=k

AglaSem S
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13/107

6 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

Hkw&mi;ksx

Hkw&lalkkuksa dk mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr ms';ksalsfd;k tkrk gS

1- ou 2 - f"k osQ fy, vuqiyCk Hkwfe

(v) catj rFkk f"k v;ksX; Hkwfe(c) xSj&f"k iz;kstuksa esayxkbZ xbZHkwfe & tSls

bekjrsa] lM+d] m|ksx bR;kfnA3- ijrh Hkwfe osQ vfrfjDr vU; f"k v;ksX; Hkwfe

(v) LFkk;h pjkxkgs arFkk vU; xkspj Hkwfe(c) fofok o{kksa] o`{k iQlyksa] rFkk miouksaosQ

vkhu Hkwfe (tks 'kq cks, x, {ks=k esa

'kkfey ugha gS)(l) f"k ;ksX; catj Hkwfe tgk ikp lsvfkd

o"kksls[ksrh u dh xbZgksA4 - ijrh Hkw fe

(v) orZ eku ijrh (Tkgk ,d f"k o"kZ;k mllsde le; ls[ksrh u dh xbZgks)

(c) orZ eku ijrh Hkwfe osQ vfrfjDr vU; ijrhHkwfe ;k iqjkru ijrh (tgk1 ls 5f"k

o"kZls[ksrh u dh xbZgks)5- 'kq (fuoy) cks;k x;k {ks=k,d o`Qf"k o"kZesa,d ckj ls vfkd cks, x, {ks=kdks'kq (fuoy) cks, x, {ks=k esa tksM+fn;ktk,rks og ldy o`Qf"kr {ks=k dgykrk gSA

Hkkjr esaHkw&mi;ksx izk:i

Hkw&mi;ksx dks fukkZfjr djus okys roksa esa HkkSfrddkjd tSls Hkw&vkfr] tyok;qvkSj e`nk osQ izdkj

rFkk ekuoh; dkjd tSlstula[;k ?kuRo] izkS|ksfxd{kerk] laLfr vkSj ijaijk,bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaaAHkkjr dk oqQy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy 32-8 yk[k oxZ

fdeh- gSA ijarq blosQ 93 izfr'kr Hkkx osQ gh Hkw&mi;ksxvkdM+s miyCk gSa D;ksafd iwokZskj izkarksaesavle dksNksM+dj vU; izkarksaosQ lwfpr {ks=k osQ ckjsesa tkudkjh

fp=k 1-4

AglaSem S
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14/107

7lalkku ,oa fodkl

miyCk ughagSA blosQ vykok tEew vkSj d'ehj esaikfdLrku vkSj phu vfkr {ks=kksaosQ Hkwfe mi;ksx dkloZs{k.k Hkh ughagqvk gSA

cfLr;k] lM+osaQ] jsy ykbu] m|ksx bR;kfn vkrs gSaA yacsle; rd yxkrkj Hkwfe laj{k.k vkSj izcaku dh vogsyukdjus,oayxkrkj Hkw&mi;ksx osQ dkj.k Hkw&lalkkuksa dkfuEuhdj.k gksjgk gSA blosQ dkj.k lekt vkSj i;kZoj.kij xaHkhj vkink vk ldrh gSA

Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k vkSj laj{k.k mik;

Hkwfe ,d ,slk lalkku gSftldk mi;ksx gekjsiwoZtdjrsvk, gSa rFkk Hkkoh ih


15/107

8 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

[kuu osQ mijkar [knkuksa okys LFkkuksa dks xgjh[kkb;ksavkSj eycs osQ lkFk [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA[kuu osQ dkj.k >kj[kaM] NkhlxkusosQ dbZrjhosQ gSaA oukjksi.k vkSj pjkxkgksadk mfpr izcaku blesaoqQN gn rd enn dj ldrsgSaA isM+ksadh j{kd es[kyk(shelter belt)] i'kqpkj.k fu;a=k.k vkSj jsrhysVhyksadks

dkVsnkj >kfM+;kyxkdj fLFkj cukusdh izf;k lsHkhHkwfe dVko dh jksdFkke dh tk ldrh gSA catj HkwfeosQ mfpr izcaku] [kuu fu;a=k.k vkSj vkS|ksfxd tydksifj"dj.k osQ i'pkr~ folftZr djosQ ty vkSj Hkwfeiznw"k.k dksde fd;k tk ldrk gSA

e`nk lalkkufeh vFkok e`nk lclsegoiw.kZuohdj.k ;ksX; izkfrdlalkku gSA ;g ikSkksasosQ fodkl dk ek;e gStks i`Foh

ij fofHkUu izdkj osQ thoksa dk iks"k.k djrh gSA e`nk,d thoar ra=k gSA oqQN lsaVhehVj xgjh e`nk cuus esayk[kksa o"kZ yx tkrs gSaA e`nk cuus dh izf;k esamPpkop] tud 'kSy vFkok laLrj 'kSy] tyok;q]ouLifr vkSj vU; tSo inkFkZ vkSj le; eq[; dkjdgSaA izfr osQ vusdksa ro tSlsrkieku ifjorZu] cgrs

ty dh f;k] iou] fgeunh vkSj vi?kVu f;k,vkfn e`nk cuusdh izf;k esa;ksxnku nsrh gSaA enk esagksusokys jklk;fud vkSj tSfod ifjorZu Hkh egoiw.kZgSaA e`nk tSo (wel) vkSj vtSo nksuksaizdkj osQ inkFkks

lscurh gSA (fp=k 1-6)e`nk cuus dh izf;k dks fukkZfjr djusokysroksa] muosQ jax] xgjkbZ] xBu] vk;q] o jklk;fud vkSjHkkSfrd xq.kksa osQ vkkkj ij Hkkjr dh e`nkvksadksfuEufyf[kr izdkjksaesa ckVk tk ldrk gSA

e`nkvksa dk oxhZdj.k

Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj osQ mPpkop] Hkw&vkfr;k]tyok;q vkSj ouLifr;kikbZtkrh gSaA bl dkj.k vusdizdkj dh e`nk,fodflr gqbZgSaA

tyks


16/107

9lalkku ,oa fodkl

Hkkjr e`nk osQ eq[; izdkj

AglaSem S
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17/107

10 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

fu{ksiksa lscuh gSaA ,d ldjs xfy;kjsosQ }kjk ;se`nk,jktLFkku vkSj xqtjkr rd iSQyh gSaA iwohZ rVh; eSnku]fo'ks"kdj egkunh] xksnkojh] ".kk vkSj dkosjh ufn;ksaosQ MsYVs Hkh tyksh tkrh gSvkSjdkyh dikl e`nkosQ ukelsHkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gSfd tyok;qvkSjtud 'kSyksausdkyh e`nk osQ cuus esaegoiw.kZ;ksxnkufn;k gSA bl izdkj dh enk,nDdu iBkj (cslkYV){ks=k osQ mkj if'peh Hkkxksa esa ikbZtkrh gSavkSj ykoktud 'kSyksalscuh gSA ;se`nk,egkjk"V] lkSjk"V] ekyok]e; izns'k vkSj Nkhlx


18/107

11lalkku ,oa fodkl

esaigkM+h in ij ikbZtkrh gSA bu e`nkvksa dk yky jaxjosnkj vkXus; vkSj :ikarfjr pkuksaesa ykSg kkrqosQizlkj osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA budk ihyk jax buesa ty;kstuosQ dkj.k gksrk gSA

ysVjkbV enkysVjkbV 'kCn xzhd Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn ysVj (Later)lsfy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZgSbVA ysVjkbV e`nk mPprkieku vkSj vR;fkd o"kkZ okys{ks=kksa esa fodflr gksrhgSA;g Hkkjh o"kkZ lsvR;fkd fu{kkyu (leaching)dkifj.kke gSA bl enk esa wel dh ek=kk de ikbZtkrh gS D;ksafd vR;fkd rkieku osQ dkj.k tSfodinkFkks dksvi?kfVr djusokys cSDVhfj;k u"V gkstkrsgSaAysVjkbV e`nk ij vfkd ek=kk esa[kkn vkSj jklk;fud

{ks=kksa esa ued dh ek=kk bruh vfkd gS fd >hyksa lsty ok"ihr djosQ [kkus dk ued Hkh cuk;k tkrkgSA 'kq"d tyok;q vkSj mPp rkieku osQ dkj.ktyok"iu nj vfkd gS vkSj e`nkvksa esa wel vkSjueh dh ek=kk de gksrh gSA e`nk dh lrg osQ uhpsoSQfY'k;e dh ek=kk c


19/107

12 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

f;k, vkerkSj ij lkFk&lkFk pyrh gS vk Sj nksuk sa esalarqyu gksrk gSA ijarq ekuoh; fozQ;kvksa tSls ouksUewyu]vfr i'kqpkj.k] fuekZ.k vkSj [kuu bR;kfn ls dbZ ckj

;g larqyu Hkax gks tkrk gS rFkk izkfrd ro tSlsiou] fgeunh vkSj ty e`nk vijnu djrs gSaA cgrkty e`fkdk;qDr e`nkvksa dks dkVrs gq, xgjh okfgdk,cukrk gS] ftUgs voufydk, dgrs gSaA ,slh Hkwfetksrus ;ksX; ugha jgrh vkSj blsmR[kkr Hkwfe (badland)dgrs gSaA pacy csflu esa ,slh Hkwfe dks [kM~M(ravine)Hkwfe dgk tkrk gSA dbZ ckj ty foLr`r{ks=k dks


20/107

13lalkku ,oa fodkl

vH;klvH;kl vH;klvH;klvH;kl

1. cgqoSdfYid iz'u

(i )ykSg v;Ld fdl izdkj dk lalkku gS\

(d) uohdj.k ;ksX; (x) tSo

([k) izokg (?k) vuohdj.k ;ksX;

(ii)Tokjh; tkZfuEufyf[kr esals fdl izdkj dk lalkku gS\

(d) iqu% iwfrZ;ksX; (x) ekuor

([k) vtSo (?k) vph;

(iii)iatkc esaHkwfe fuEuhdj.k dk fuEufyf[kr esals eq[; dkj.k D;k gS\

(d) xgu [ksrh (x) ouksUew yu

([k) vfkd flapkbZ (?k) vfr i'kqpkj.k

(iv) fuEufyf[kr esalsfdl izkar esalh


21/107

14 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

(v) buesalsfdl jkT; esadkyh enk ikbZtkrh gS\

(d) tEewvkSj d'ehj (x) xqtjkr

([k) jktLFkku (?k) >kj[ka M

2. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesa nhft,A

(i )rhu jkT;ksaosQ uke crk,tgk dkyh e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA bl ij eq[; :i ls dkSu lh iQly mxkbZtkrh gS\

(ii)iwohZrV osQ unh MsYVkvksaij fdl izdkj dh e`nk ikbZtkrh gS\ bl izdkj dh e`nk oQh rhu eq[; fo'ks"krk,D;k gSa\

(iii)igkM+h {ks=kksa esa e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkke osQ fy, D;k dne mBkuspkfg,\

(iv)tSo vkSj vtSo lalkku D;k gksrsgSa\ oqQN mnkgj.k nsaA

3. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj yxHkx 120 'kCnksa esa nhft,A

(i ) Hkkjr esa Hkwfe mi;ksx izk:i dk o.kZu djsaaA o"kZ 1960&61 ls ou osQ varxZr {ks=k esa egoiw.kZof ughagqbZ] bldk D;k dkj.k gS\

(ii)izkS|ksfxd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl osQ dkj.k lalkkuksa dk vfkd miHkksx oSQls gqvk gS\

ifj;kstuk@fozQ;kdyki

1. vius vkl ikl osQ {ks=kksa esalalkkuksa osQ miHkksx vkSj laj{k.k dks n'kkZrs gq, ,d ifj;kstuk rS;kj djsaA

2. vkiosQ fo|ky; esami;ksx fd, tk jgslalkkuksaosQ laj{k.k fo"k; ij viuh d{kk esa ,d ppkZvk;ksftr djsaA

3. oxZ igsyh dks lqy>k,_ mQokZkj vkSj {kSfrt fNismkjksa dks


22/107

15lalkku ,oa fodkl

(i) Hkwfe] ty] ouLifr vkSj [kfutksaosQ :i esa izkfrd lEink

(ii) vuohdj.k ;ksX; lalkku dk ,d izdkj

(iii) mPp ueh j[kko {kerk okyh e`nk

(iv) ekulwu tyok;q esavR;fkd fu{kkfyr e`nk,

(v) e`nk vijnu dh jksdFkke osQ fy, c`gr~Lrj ij isM+ yxkuk

(vi) Hkkjr osQ fo'kky eSnku bu e`nkvksalscus gSaA

AglaSem S
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23/107

bl xzg ij ge lw{e&thok.kqvksa vkSj cSDVhfj;k] tksadlsysdj oVo{k] gkFkh vkSj Cyw Ogsy rd djksM+ksa nwljsthokkfj;ksa osQ lkFk jgrs gSaA ;g iwjk vkoklh; LFkyftl ij ge jgrs gSa] vR;fkd tSo&fofokrkvksa lsHkjk gqvk gSA ekuo vkSj nwljsthokkjh ,d tfVyikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk fuekZ.k djrsgSa] ftldk ge ek=k,d fgLlk gSa vkSj vius vfLrRo osQ fy, blosQ

fofHkUu roksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA mnkgj.kr;k] ok;qftlesage lkl ysrs gSa] ty ftlsge ihrs gSa vkSj enktksvukt iSnk djrh gS] ftlosQ fcuk ge thfor ughajg ldrs_ ikSks] i'kqvkSj lw{ethoh budk iqu% l`tudjrs gSaA ou ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k esa egoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrs gSa D;ksafd ;sizkFkfed mRiknd gSa ftu ij nwljslHkh tho fuHkZj djrsgSaA

tkrs gSaA okLro esaHkkjr] tSo fofokrk osQ lanHkZesafo'o osQ lcls le` ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gkfo'odh lkjh tSo mitkfr;ksadh 8 izfr'kr la[;k (yxHkx16 yk[k) ikbZ tkrh gSA ;svHkh [kksth tkus okyhmitkfr;ksa lsnks;k rhu xq.kk gSaA vki igys gh Hkkjresa ik, tkus okys ouksa vkSj oU; tho lalkkuksa osQ{ks=kiQy vkSj fdLeksaosQ ckjs esa isLo;a dksvkidkslefiZrdjus nsa] eq>s vki viuk laxhr >juksa] ufn;ksa] ioZrksa] ouksa]dhVksa vkSj tkuojksalsxzg.k djus nsa

eq>svki viuk laxhr ekqj lehj ls xzg.k djusnsavkSj bls vkidksgh lefiZr djusnsa

lzksr if'pe caxky osQ mkjh Hkkxksadk ysipk yksdlaxhr

oU; thou vkSj o`Qf"k iQlymitkfr;ksaesavR;fkd tSofofokrk, ikbZ tkrh gSa ;g vkdkj vkSj dk;Z esa fofHkUu

gSa ijarq varfuZHkZjrkvksa osQ tfVy tky }kjk ,d ra=k esa xqFkhgqbZ gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSafd gekjsns'k esa yxHkx 81,000 oU;

thou mitkfr;k vkSj yxHkx 47,000 ouLifr mitkfr;kikbZtkrh gSaA ouLifr mitkfr;ksa esalsyxHkx 15,000mitkfr;k Hkkjrh; ewy dh (LFkkuh;) gSaA

vius {ks=k esaekuo vkSj izo`Qfr osQ leUo;h lacakksa ijizpfyr dgkfu;ksaosQ ckjsesairk yxk,A

oqQN vuqeku ;g dgrsgSafd Hkkjr esa 10 izfr'kroU; ouLifrtkr vkSj 20 izfr'kr Lrukkfj;ksadksyqIr

gksus dk [krjk gSA buesalsdbZmitkfr;krksukkqdvoLFkk esagSavkSj yqIr gksus osQ dxkj ij gSaA buesaphrk] xqykch flj okyh ck[k] igkM+h dks;y (Quail)vkSj taxyh fpkhnkj mYyw vkSj ekqdk buflxful(egqvk dh taxyh fdLe) vkSj gqcjfM+;k gsIVkU;wjksu(?kkl dh iztkfr) tSlsikSks'kkfey gSaA okLro esa dksbZ

Hkkjr esaouLifrtkr vkSj izkf.ktkr

;fn vki vkl ikl utj nkSM+krsgSa] rks vki ik,xsfdoqQN ,sls izk.kh vkSj ikSks gSatksvkiosQ {ks=k esagh ik,

AglaSem S
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laj{k.k vkSj izko`Qfrd lalkku laj{k.k la?k (IUCN)osQ vuqlkj budks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftrfd;k tk ldrk gS lkekU; tkfr;k ;sostkfr;kgSa ftudh la[;k

thfor jgusosQ fy, lkekU; ekuh tkrh gS] tSlsi'kq] lky] phM+vkSj o`QUrd (jksMsaV~l) bR;kfnAladVxzLr tkfr;k ;s ostkfr;k gSa ftuosQ yqIrgksus dk [krjk gSA ftu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.kbudh la[;k de gqbZgS] ;fn ostkjh jgrh gSarksbutkfr;ksadk thfor jguk dfBu gSA dkyk fgj.k] exjePN]Hkkjrh; taxyh xkk] xSaMk] 'ksj&iwN okyk canj] laxkbZ(ef.kiqjh fgj.k) bR;kfn bl izdkj dh tkfr;ksa osQmnkgj.k gSaA

lqHks| (Vulnerable)tkfr;k ;s ostkfr;kgSaftudh la[;k ?kV jgh gSA ;fn budh la[;k ijfoijhr izHkko Mkyus okyh ifjfLFkfr;k ugha cnyhtkrh vkSj budh la[;k ?kVrh jgrh gSrks;g ladVxzLrtkfr;ksa dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey gkstk,xhA uhyh HksM+],f'k;kbZ gkFkh] xaxk unh dh MkWfYiQu bR;kfn bl izdkjdh tkfr;ksaosQ mnkgj.k gSaA

nqyZHk tkfr;k bu tkfr;ksa dh la[;k cgqr de ;klqHks| gSa vkSj ;fn budks izHkkfor djusokyh fo"keifjfLFkfr;kughaifjofrZr gksrh rks;g ladVxzLr tkfr;ksadh Js.kh esavk ldrh gSaA

LFkkfud tkfr;k izko`Qfrd ;k HkkSxksfyd lhekvksals vyx fo'ks"k {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh tkfr;kvaMekuh Vhy (teal)] fudksckjh dcwrj] vaMekuh

taxyh lqvj vkSj v#.kkpy osQ feFkqu bu tkfr;ksa osQmnkgj.k gSaA

yqIr tkfr;k ;sos tkfr;kgSatksbuosQ jgus osQvkoklksaesa[kkst djusij vuqifLFkr ikbZ xbZgSaA ;smitkfr;k LFkkuh; {ks=k] izns'k] ns'k] egk}hi ;k iwjhi`Foh lsgh yqIr gksxbZgSaA ,slh mitkfr;ksaesa ,f'k;kbZphrk vkSj xqykch fljokyh ck[k 'kkfey gSaA

D;k vki tkursgSafd Hkkjr esacM+sizkf.k;ksaesalsLrukkfj;ksadh 79 tkfr;k] if{k;ksa dh 44 tkfr;k] ljhl`iksadh 15tkfr;kvkSj tyLFkypjksadh 3 tkfr;kyqIr gksusdk [krjkcuk gqvk gSA yxHkx 1500 ikni tkfr;kosQ Hkh yqIr gksusdk[krjk gSA iwQynkj ouLifr vkSj jh


25/107

18 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

mifuos'k dky esajsyykbu] o`Qf"k] O;olk;] okf.T; okfudhvkSj [kuu fozQ;kvksa esa of ls gqvkA Lora=krk izkfIrosQ ckn Hkh ou lalkkuksa osQ floqQM+us ls o`Qf"k dkiSQyko egoiw.kZ dkjdksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA Hkkjresaou losZ{k.k osQ vuqlkj 1951 vkSj 1980 osQ chp

yxHkx 26,200 oxZ fdeh- ou {ks=k o`Qf"k HkwfeesaifjofrZr fd;k x;kA vfkdrj tutkrh; {ks=kksa] fo'ks"kdjiwoksZkj vkSj e; Hkkjr esa LFkkukarjh (>we) [ksrhvFkok LyS'k vkSj cuZ* [ksrh osQ pyrs ouksa dh dVkbZ;k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gSA

,f'k;kbZphrk dgkpyk x;k\

Hkwfe ij jgusokyk nqfu;k dk lclsrst Lrukkjh izk.kh]phrk] fcYyh ifjokj dk ,d vtwck vkSj fof'k"V lnL; gStks112 fdeh- izfr ?kaVk dh xfr ls nkSM+ldrk gSA yksxksadks vkerkSj ij Hkze jgrk gSfd phrk ,d rsanqvk gksrk gSA

phrs dh fo'ks"k igpku mldh vk[k osQ dksus lseqg rdukd osQ nksuksa vksj iSQyh vklqvksaosQ ydhjuqek fu'kku gSaA20oha'krkCnh lsigysphrsvizQhdk vkSj ,f'k;k esanwj&nwjrd iSQysgq, FksA ijarqblosQ vkoklh; {ks=k vkSj f'kdkj dhmiyCkrk de gksusls;syxHkx yqIr gkspqosQ gSaA Hkkjr esarks;g tkfr cgqr igys] 1952 esayqIr ?kksf"kr dj nh xbZFkhA

osizfrowQy dkjd dkSu lsgSaftulsouLifrtkr vkSj izkf.ktkrdk ,slk Hk;kud kl gqvk gS\

;fn vki pkjksa vk Sj utj nkSM+k,x s rks vki ik,xs fd

fdl izdkj geus izo`Qfr dks lalkkuksa esa ifjofrZr djfn;k gSA gesa ydM+h] Nky] iks] jcM+] nokb Z;k]Hkkstu] bku] pkjk] [kkn bR;kfn izR;{k vFkok ijks{k:i ls ouks a vkSj oU; thou ls izkIr gk srk gS blfy,ge gh gSa ftUgksaus ou vkSj oU;thou dks uqdlkuigqpk;k gSA Hkkjr esa ouksa dks lcls cM+k uqdlku

D;k mifuos'kh ou uhfrdks nks"kh ekuk tk,\

gekjsoqQN i;kZoj.k fo'ks"kKksaosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr osQ dbZ{ks=kksaesa^laoZu (enrichment)o`{kkjksi.k* vFkkZr~okf.kT;dh n`f"V ls oqQN ;k ,dy o{k tkfr;ksaosQ cM+siSekusijjksi.k djuslsisM+ksa dh nwljh tkfr;k[kRe gksxbZA mnkgj.kosQ rkSj ij lkxoku osQ ,dy jksi.k lsnf{k.k Hkkjr esa vU;izkoQfrd ou cckZn gksx, vkSj fgeky; esa phM+ ikbZu osQjksi.k lsfgeky;u vksd vkSj jksMksMsaMksu (rhododendron)ouksa dk uqdlku gqvkA

fp=k 2-2 oqQN yqIr] nqyZHk rFkk ladVxzLr tkfr;k

AglaSem S
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19ou ,oa oU; tho lalkku

cM+h fodkl ifj;kstukvksa us Hkh ouksa dks cgqruqdlku igqpk;k gSA 1952 lsunh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksaosQdkj.k 5000 oxZfdeh- lsvfkd ou {ks=kksadkslkiQdjuk iM+k gS;g izfozQ;k vHkh Hkh tkjh gSvkSj e;

izns'k esa4,00,000 gSDVs;j lsvfkd ou {ks=k ueZnklkxj ifj;kstuk osQ iw.kZ gks tkuslstyeXu gks tk,xkAouksadh cckZnh esa[kuu usHkh egoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkbZgSAif'pe caxky esa cDlk VkbZxj fjkoZ(reserve)]MksyksekbV osQ [kuu osQ dkj.k xaHkhj [krjsessagSA blusdbZiztkfr;ksa osQ izko`Qfrd vkoklksadks uqdlku igqpk;kgSvkSj dbZtkfr;ksaftlesa Hkkjrh; gkFkh Hkh 'kkfey gSa]osQ vkokxeu ekxZdksckfkr fd;k gSA

cgqr ls ou vfkdkjh vkSj i;kZoj.kfon~ ;g ekurs

gSafd ou lalkkuksa dh cckZnh esai'kqpkj.k vkSj bkuosQfy, ydM+h dVkbZeq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrsgSaA ;|fiblesa oqQN lPpkbZgksldrh gSijarq pkjsvkSj bku gsrqydM+h dh vko';drk iwfrZeq[;r% isM+ksadh Vgfu;kdkVdj dh tkrh gSa u fd iwjs isM+ dkVdjA ou

'kkar ?kkVh osQ eq[kyh ulZjh esavkfnoklh ;qofr;k ckldh ikSk yxkrsgq,

NksVs&NksVstaxyh mRiknksadkscsprh vkfnoklh efgyk, lw[kh ifk;ksadks,df=kr djrh gqbZvkfnoklh efgyk,

ikfjfLFkdh ra=k ns'k osQ ewY;oku ou inkFkks] [kfutksavkSj vU; lalkkuksa osQ lap; dks"k gSa tks rsth lsfodflr gksrh vkS|ksfxd&'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dh ekxdh iwfrZosQ fy, cgqr egoiw.kZgSaA ;svkjf{kr {ks=k

vyx&vyx yksxksaosQ fy, vyx&vyx ek;usj[krsgSavkSj fofHkUu oxks osQ chp la?k"kZ osQ fy, vuqowQyifjfLFkfr;kiSnk djrs gSaA

fp=k 2-3

fgeky;u ;o (Yew)ladV esa

fgeky;u ;o (phM+ dh izdkj dk lnkcgkj o`{k) ,dvkS"kkh; ikSkk gS tks fgekpy izns'k vkSj v#.kkpy izns'kosQ dbZ{ks=kksaesaik;k tkrk gSA isM+dh Nky] ifk;ksa] Vgfu;ksavkSj tM+ksalsVdlksy (taxol)uked jlk;u fudkyk tkrkgSrFkk blsoqQN oSaQlj jksxksa osQ mipkj osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA bllscukbZxbZnokbZfo'o esa lclsvfkd fcdusokyh oSaQlj vkS"kfk gSaA blosQ vR;kfkd fu"dklu ls blouLifr tkfr dks[krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA fiNys ,d n'kdesa fgekpy izns'k vkSj v#.kkpy izns'k esafofHkUu {ks=kksa esa;o osQ gtkjksa isM+lw[k x, gSaA

AglaSem S
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20 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

Hkkjr esatSo&fofokrk dks de djus okys dkjdksaesa oU; tho osQ vkokl dk fouk'k] taxyh tkuojksa dksekjuk o vk[ksVu] i;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.k o fo"kkfDrdj.kvkSj nkokuy vkfn 'kkfey gSaA i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQvU; eq[; dkjdksaesa lalkkuksa dk vleku caVokjk omudk vleku miHkksx vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ j[k&j[kkodh ftEesnkjh esa vlekurk 'kkfey gSaA vkerkSj ijfodkl'khy ns'kksa esa i;kZoj.k fouk'k dk eq[; nks"khvR;fkd tula[;k dks ekuk tkrk gSA ;|fi ,dvesfjdh ukxfjd dk vkSlr lalkku miHkksx ,dlksekyh ukxfjd osQ vkSlr miHkksx ls40 xq.kk T;knkgSA blh izdkj 'kk;n Hkkjr osQ 5 izfr'kr kuh yksx 25izfr'kr xjhc yksxksadh rqyuk esavius lalkku miHkksx}kjk i;kZoj.k dksvfkd uqdlku igqpkrs gSarFkk bu 5

izfr'kr yksxksa dh i;kZoj.k j[k&j[kko esa Hkh dksbZftEesnkjh ugha gSA iz'u ;g gSfd dkSu] D;k] dgklsvkSj fdruk miHkksx dj jgk gS\

gSaA xjhc oxZesa Hkh efgyk,iq#"kksadh rqyuk esavfkdizHkkfor gSaA dbZlektksaesa[kkuk] pkjk] ty vkSj vU;vko';drk dh oLrqvksa dks bdk djus dh eq[;ftEesnkjh efgykvksa dh gh gksrh gSA tSls gh bulalkkuksadh deh gksrh tk jgh gS] efgykvksaij dk;ZHkkj csyuh iM+rh gSa] dke dk le; c


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thoksaosQ O;kikj ij jksd yxkus vkfn ij izcy tksjfn;k x;k gSA rRi'pkr~ osaQnzh; ljdkj o dbZ jkT;ljdkjksa us jk"Vh; m|ku vkSj oU; tho i'kqfogkj

(sanctuary)LFkkfir fd, ftuosQ ckjs esa vki igysi


29/107

22 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

ou vkSj oU; tho lalkkuksaosQ izdkj vkSj forj.k

;fn ge ou vkSj oU; tho lalkkuksa dks lajf{kr djukpkgsa] rksmudk izcaku] fu;a=k.k vkSj fofu;eu vis{kko`QrdfBu gSA Hkkjr esa vfkdrj ou vkSj oU; thou ;krksizR;{k :i esa ljdkj osQ vfkdkj {ks=k esa gSa;k oufoHkkx vFkok vU; foHkkxksa osQ tfj;s ljdkj osQ izcakuesa gSaA bUgsafuEufyf[kr oxksesackVk x;k gS

(d) vkjf{kr ou ns'k esavkkslsvfkd ou {ks=kvkjf{kr ou ?kksf"kr fd, x, gSaA tgkrd ouvkSj oU; izkf.k;ksaosQ laj{k.k dh ckr gS] vkjf{krouksadks lokZfkd ewY;oku ekuk tkrk gSA

([k) jf{kr ou ou foHkkx osQ vuqlkj ns'k osQoqQy ou {ks=k dk ,d&frgkbZfgLlk jf{kr gSAbu ouksadksvkSj vfkd u"V gksus ls cpkus osQfy, budh lqj{kk dh tkrh gSA

(x) voxhZo`Qr ou vU; lHkh izdkj osQ ou vkSjcatjHkwfe tksljdkj] O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksaosQLokfeRo esa gksrsgSa] voxhZo`Qr ou dgs tkrsgSaA

vkjf{kr vkSj jf{kr ou ,sls LFkk;h ou {ks=k gSaftudk j[k&j[kko bekjrh ydM+h] vU; ou inkFkksvkSj muosQ cpko osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA e; izns'kesa LFkk;h ouksa osQ varxZr lokZfkd {ks=k gStksfd izns'kosQ oqQy ou {ks=k dk Hkh 75 izfr'kr gSA blosQvfrfjDr tEew vkSj d'ehj] vkakz izns'k] mkjk[k.MosQjy] rfeyukMq] if'pe caxky vkSj egkjk"VesaHkh

oqQy ouksaesa ,d cM+k vuqikr vkjf{kr ouksa dkgS_tcfd fcgkj] gfj;k.kk] iatkc] fgekpy izns'k] mM+hlkvkSj jktLFkku esa oqQy ouksaesa jf{kr ouksadk ,d cM+kvuqikr gSA iwoksZkj osQ lHkh jkT;ksa esavkSj xqtjkr esavfkdrj ou {ks=k voxhZo`Qr ou gSa rFkk LFkkuh;leqnk;ksaosQ izcaku esa gSaA

D;k vki mi;qZDr leL;kvksa osQ funku osQ dkj.k Kkr dj ldrs gSa\

AglaSem S
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leqnk; vkSj ou laj{k.k

ou laj{k.k dh uhfr;kgekjsns'k esadksbZubZckr ughagSA ge vkerkSj ij bl ckr lsvutku gSafd ou gekjsns'k esaoqQN ekuo iztkfr;ksaosQ vkokl Hkh gSaA Hkkjr osQ

oqQN {ks=kksaesarksLFkkuh; leqnk; ljdkjh vfkdkfj;ksa osQlkFk feydj viusvkokl LFkyksa osQ laj{k.k esatqVsgSaD;ksafd blh lsgh nh?kZdky esamudh vko';drkvksadhiwfrZgks ldrh gSA lfjLdk ck?k fjkoZesajktLFkkuosQxkoksaosQ yksx oU; tho j{k.k vfkfu;e osQ rgrogkls[kuu dk;Z cUn djokusosQ fy, la?k"kZjr gSaAdbZ{ks=kksaesa rks yksx Lo;aoU; tho vkoklksa dh j{kkdjjgs gSavkSj ljdkj dh vksj lsgLr{ksi Hkh Lohdkjughadj jgs gSaA jktLFkku osQ vyoj ftys esa5 xkoksaosQyksxksausrks 1,200 gsDVs;j ou Hkwfe HkSjksanso Mkdo^lksapqjh* ?kksf"kr dj nh ftlosQ vius gh fu;e dkuwugSa_ tks f'kdkj oftZr djrs gSarFkk ckgjh yksxksadh?kqliSB ls ;gkosQ oU; thou dks cpkrs gSaA

ifo=k isM+ksa osQ >qjeV fofok vkSjnqyZHk tkfr;ksadh laifk

izo`Qfr dh iwtk lfn;ksaiqjkuk tutkrh; fo'okl gS] ftldkvkkkj izo`Qfr osQ gj :i dh j{kk djuk gSA bUghafo'oklksausfofHkUu ouksadksewy ,oadkSek;Z :i esacpkdj j[kk gS]ftUgsaifo=k isM+ksaosQ >qjeqV (nsoh&nsorkvksaosQ ou) dgrsgSaAouksaosQ bu Hkkxksaesa;k rksouksa osQ ,sls cM+sHkkxksaesaLFkkuh;yksx gh ?kqlrsrFkk u gh fdlh vkSj dksNsM+NkM+ djusnsrsA

oqQN lekt oqQN fo'ks"k isM+ksadh iwtk djrsgSavkSjvkfndky lsmudk laj{k.k djrsvk jgsgSaA NksVkukxiqj {ks=kesaeqaMk vkSj laFkky tutkfr;kegqvk vkSj dnac osQ isM+ksadhiwtk djrs gSaA mM+hlk vkSj fcgkj dh tutkfr;k'kknh osQnkSjku beyh vkSj vke osQ isM+dh iwtk djrh gSaA geesalscgqr lsO;fDr ihiy vkSj oVo`{k dksifo=k ekurs gSaA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusdksa l aLo`Qfr;kgSavkSj i zR;sd

laLo`Qfr esa izo`Qfr vkSj bldh oQfr;ksa dkslajf{kr djus osQviusikjaikfjd rjhosQ gSaA vkerkSj ij >juksa] igkM+h pksfV;ksa]isM+ksavkSj i'kqvksa dksifo=k ekudj mudk laj{k.k fd;ktkrk gSA vki vusd eafnjksa osQ vkl ikl canj vkSj yaxwjik,xsA mikld mUgsaf[kykrs&fiykrs gSavkSj eafnj osQ HkDrksaesa fxursgSaA jktLFkku esafc'uksbZ xkoksaosQ vkl ikl vkidkys fgj.k] fpadkjk] uhyxk; vkSj eksjksaosQ >qaM ns[k ldrs

gSatksogkosQ leqnk; dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSavkSj dksbZmudksuqdlku ugha igqpkrkA

fgeky; esa izflfpidksvkanksyudbZ{ks=kksa esaou dVkbZjksdusesa gh dke;kc ughajgk vfirq ;g Hkhfn[kk;k fd LFkkuh; ikSkksa dh tkfr;ksa dksiz;ksx djosQlkeqnkf;d ouhdj.k vfHk;ku dks liQy cuk;k tkldrk gSA ikjaifjd laj{k.k rjhdksadksiquthZfor vFkokifjfLFkdh o`Qf"k osQ u, rjhdksadk fodkl vc O;kid

gksx;k gSA fVgjh esafdlkuksadkcht cpkvksvkanksyuvkSjuonku;usfn[kk fn;k gSfd jklk;fud moZjdksaosQ iz;ksx osQ fcuk Hkh fofok iQly mRiknu }kjkvkfFkZd :i lsO;ogk;Z o`Qf"k mRiknu laHko gSA

Hkkjr esala;qDr ou izcaku dk;ZozQe {kfjr ouksaosQizcak vkSj iqufuZekZ.k esa LFkkuh; leqnk;ksadh Hkwfedk osQego dks mtkxj djrs gSaA vkSipkfjd :i esa budk;ZozQeksadh 'kq#vkr 1988 esagqbZtc mM+hlk jkT;usla;qDr ou izcaku dk igyk izLrko ikl fd;kA ou

foHkkx osQ varxZr ^la;qDr ou izcaku* {kfjr ouksaosQcpko osQ fy, dk;Zdjrk gSvkSj blesaxko osQ Lrjij laLFkk, cukbZtkrh gSa ftlesaxzkeh.k vkSj ou foHkkxosQ vfkdkjh la;qDr :i esadk;ZdjrsgSaA blosQ cnys;s leqnk; e; Lrjh; ykHk tSls xSj&bekjrh oumRiknksa osQ gdnkjh gksrsgSarFkk liQy laj{k.k ls izkIrbekjrh ydM+h ykHk esaHkh Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSaA

Hkkjr esai;kZoj.k osQ fouk'k vkSj iqufuZekZ.k dhfozQ;k'khyrkvksa lslh[k feyrh gSfd LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa

dks gj txg izko`Qfrd lalkku izcaku esa 'kkfey djukpkfg,A ijarq LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks iSQlys ysus dhizfozQ;k esa eq[; Hkwfedk esavkusesa vHkh nsj gSA vr%os gh fodkl fozQ;k, ekU; gksuh pkfg, tkstuekulij osaQfnzr gksa] i;kZoj.k fgrS"kh gksvkSj vkfFkZd :i lsizfriQfyr gksaA

vki viusvkl ikl osQ fdlh ,sls jhfr&fjokt osQ ckjsesa,d ys[k fy[ksa tks i;kZoj.k cpko vkSj laj{k.k esaenndjrs gSaA

AglaSem S
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24 ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

isM+ ,d fo'ks"k vlhfer n;kyqvkSj mnkjiw.kZthokkjh gSatks vius lrr~ iks"k.k osQ fy, dksbZekx ughadjrk vkSj nku'khyrkiwoZd viusthou dh fozQ;kvksadks HksaV djrk gSA ;g lHkh dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj Lo;aij oqQYgkM+h pykusokysfouk'kd dks Hkh Nk;k iznku djrk gSA

xkSre cq (487 bZ-iw-)

vH;klvH;kl vH;klvH;klvH;kl

1. cgqoSdfYid iz'u

(i)buesalsdkSu&lh fVIi.kh izko`Qfrd ouLifrtkr vkSj izkf.ktkr osQ kl dk lgh dkj.k ughagS\

(d) oQf"k izlkj (x) i'kqpkj.k vkSj bku ydM+h ,df=kr djuk

([k) o`gr Lrjh; fodkl ifj;kstuk, (?k) rhozvkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj 'kgjhdj.k

(ii)buesalsdkSu&lk laj{k.k rjhdk leqnk;ksadh lhkh Hkkxhnkjh ugha djrk\

(d) la;qDr ou izcaku (x) cht cpkvks vka nksyu

([k) fpidks vkanksyu (?k) oU; tho i'kq fogkj (santuary)dk ifjlheu

2. fuEufyf[kr izkf.k;ksa @ ikSkksadk muosQ vfLrRo osQ oxZ lsesy djsaA

tkuoj@ikSks vfLro oxZ

dkyk fgj.k yqIr,f'k;kbZgkFkh nq yZHkvaMeku taxyh lqvj ladVxzLrfgeky;u Hkwjk Hkkyw lqHks|xqykch fljokyh ck[k LFkkfud

3. fuEufyf[kr dk esy djsaA

vkjf{kr ou ljdkj] O;fDr;ksa osQ futh vkSj leqnk;ksa osQ vkhu vU; ou vkSj catjHkwfeA

jf{kr ou ou vkSj oU; tho lalkku laj{k.k dh n`f"V lslokZfkd ewY;oku ouA

voxhZo`Qr ou ou Hkwfe tksvkSj vfkd {kj.k ls cpkbZ tkrh gSA

4. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesa nhft,A

(i)tSo fofokrk D;k gS\ ;g ekuo thou osQ fy, D;ksa egoiw.kZ gS\

(ii)

foLrkji woZd crk, fd ekuo fozQ;k, fdl izdkj izko `Qfrd ouLifrtkr vkSj izkf.ktkr osQ kl osQdkjd gSa\

5. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj yxHkx 120 'kCnksa esa nhft,A

(i) Hkkjr esafofHkUu leqnk;ksa us fdl izdkj ouksa vkSj oU; tho laj{k.k vkSj j{k.k esa;ksxnku fd;k gS\foLrkjiwoZd foospuk djsaA

(ii)ou vkSj oU; tho laj{k.k esalg;ksxh jhfr&fjoktksa ij ,d fucUk fyf[k,A

AglaSem S
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