rain water harvesting & a case study of urban flooding in agra
TRANSCRIPT
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
KhandelwalConserve Water, Preserve Water
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
RAIN WATER
RAIN
WATER
WATER WATER EVERY WHERE BUT NOT A DROP TO DRINK
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
• An Introduction to water crisisAn Introduction to water crisis
• Brief on Rain Water Harvesting Brief on Rain Water Harvesting
• Examples .Examples .
IndexIndex
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Water- Water- Do we need to give the word a Do we need to give the word a thought.thought.
• Water is an important ingredient Water is an important ingredient for human Existence.for human Existence.
• Planet Earth contains 320 million Planet Earth contains 320 million cubic miles of water, enough to cubic miles of water, enough to cover the entire globe 1000 feet cover the entire globe 1000 feet deep.deep.
• Yet fresh water is a very scarce Yet fresh water is a very scarce global resource.global resource.
• Only 0.02% of the Earth's water is Only 0.02% of the Earth's water is available for drinking.available for drinking.
• Only Availability of Water on Planet Only Availability of Water on Planet Mars can prove the existence of Mars can prove the existence of Life.Life.
• You Can Stay without Food for a You Can Stay without Food for a day but not without Water and Air.day but not without Water and Air.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Water- Water- why are we getting so much why are we getting so much concerned?concerned?
• ““Water water every where but not a drop to drink”.Water water every where but not a drop to drink”.
• Immense Exploitation of our Natural resourcesImmense Exploitation of our Natural resources
• Industrialization and Development has exploited our nature and Industrialization and Development has exploited our nature and Natural Resources for their benefits.Natural Resources for their benefits.
• Rivers a source of drinking water are polluted.Rivers a source of drinking water are polluted.
• Lakes and Ponds are either polluted or reclaimed.Lakes and Ponds are either polluted or reclaimed.
• Underground water being the last resort is now being tapped Underground water being the last resort is now being tapped rigorously for all our daily needs.rigorously for all our daily needs.
• When Rivers can Dry, Lakes are filled will underground water last When Rivers can Dry, Lakes are filled will underground water last for ever.for ever.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Rain Water
• It’s the primary Source of Water.It’s the primary Source of Water.
• It’s the Purest form of water It’s the Purest form of water available for drinking purposes.available for drinking purposes.
• But it is not utilised and it go But it is not utilised and it go waste into the drains and gets waste into the drains and gets contaminated.contaminated.
• Its is than drawn out from rivers Its is than drawn out from rivers and lakes filtered and purified and lakes filtered and purified and than pumped to our and than pumped to our household for our daily needs.household for our daily needs.
• Rain Water gets logged in our Rain Water gets logged in our urban areas causing urban urban areas causing urban flooding and health chaos.flooding and health chaos.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Rain Water
• Cheerapunji receives about 11000mm of rainfall Cheerapunji receives about 11000mm of rainfall annually compared to 570mm rainfall annually at annually compared to 570mm rainfall annually at Agra. Agra.
• Cheerapunji suffers from acute drinking water Cheerapunji suffers from acute drinking water shortage as the rain water is not conserved for shortage as the rain water is not conserved for and allowed to drain away. So is our city, most of and allowed to drain away. So is our city, most of the household or rather 75% are dependent on the household or rather 75% are dependent on the tubewells and bore wells. The rate at which the tubewells and bore wells. The rate at which we are extracting the Underground source of we are extracting the Underground source of water is depleting the Levels of underground water is depleting the Levels of underground wateraquifiers and soon the water levels wateraquifiers and soon the water levels underground are going to diminish for our future underground are going to diminish for our future generations to come.generations to come.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water HarvestingRain Water Harvesting
• With the accent on conservation rather than With the accent on conservation rather than distribution, Rain Water Harvesting provides a distribution, Rain Water Harvesting provides a very effective technical solution to this problem of very effective technical solution to this problem of Water Crisis. Water Crisis.
• Water availability is no longer dependent on Water availability is no longer dependent on expensive and unreliable lift water schemes, or expensive and unreliable lift water schemes, or insufficient perennial springs. insufficient perennial springs.
• Rainwater harvesting systems are proving to be a Rainwater harvesting systems are proving to be a very simple solution to the water problem as it very simple solution to the water problem as it catches the water where it falls. catches the water where it falls.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- An IntroductionAn Introduction
• In general, water harvesting is the In general, water harvesting is the activity of direct collection of rain activity of direct collection of rain water. The rainwater thus collected water. The rainwater thus collected can be stored for direct use or can be can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into ground water.recharged into ground water.
• Rain is the first form of water that we Rain is the first form of water that we know in the Hydrological cycle, know in the Hydrological cycle, hence is the primary source of water hence is the primary source of water for us.for us.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
•To overcome the inadequacy of surface water to meet our demands.
•To arrest decline in ground water levels.
•To enhance availability of ground water at specific place and time and utilize rain water for sustainable development.
•To increase infiltration of rain water in the subsoil which has decreased drastically in urban areas due to paving of open areas.
•To improve ground water quality by dilution.
•To increase Agriculture production.
•To improve ecology of the area by increase n vegetation cover etc.
Need to Augment Ground Water Resource
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Khandelwal
Design Considerations
•Hydrology of the Area – nature and extent of Aquifer, Soil Cover, Topography, depth to water level and chemical quality of ground water
•Availability of Source Water- Monsoon Runoff
•Area Available for Recharge.
•Hydrometer logical Character- Rainfall Duration, General Pattern and intensity of Rain fall
Potential Areas
•Where Ground water levels are declining
•Where Substantial amount of aquifer has been de-saturated.
•Where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months
•Where due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into subsoil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- How to Harvest Rain How to Harvest Rain WaterWater
• How to harvest rain?How to harvest rain?
• Harvesting SystemHarvesting SystemBroadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposesBroadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes
• 1.1. Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or below ground below ground
• 2.2. Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater recharging)recharging)
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Methods & TechniquesMethods & Techniques• The Methods of Ground Water recharge mainly are.The Methods of Ground Water recharge mainly are.Urban AreasUrban Areas• Roof Top Rain Water/Storm runoff harvesting throughRoof Top Rain Water/Storm runoff harvesting through• A. Recharge PitA. Recharge Pit• B. Recharge TrenchesB. Recharge Trenches• C. Tube wellC. Tube well• D. Recharge well.D. Recharge well.Rural AreasRural Areasa.a. Gully PlugGully Plugb.b. Contour BundContour Bundc.c. Gabion StructureGabion Structured.d. Percolation TanksPercolation Tankse.e. Check DamCheck Damf.f. Recharge ShaftRecharge Shaftg.g. Dug well Dug well h.h. Ground Water DamsGround Water Dams
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Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- How to Harvest Rain How to Harvest Rain WaterWater
Rainwater can be harvested from the following surfacesRainwater can be harvested from the following surfaces• Rooftops:Rooftops: House, Commercial Complexes institutions etc. House, Commercial Complexes institutions etc.
• Paved and unpaved areasPaved and unpaved areas i.e., landscapes, open fields, i.e., landscapes, open fields, parks, stormwater drains, roads and pavements and other parks, stormwater drains, roads and pavements and other open areas open areas
• Waterbodies:Waterbodies: The potential of lakes, tanks and ponds to The potential of lakes, tanks and ponds to store rainwater is immense. store rainwater is immense.
• Stormwater drains:Stormwater drains: Most of the residential colonies have Most of the residential colonies have proper network of stormwater drains. If maintained neatly, proper network of stormwater drains. If maintained neatly, these offer a simple and cost effective means for harvesting these offer a simple and cost effective means for harvesting rainwater.rainwater.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- Store or RechargeStore or Recharge
• Whether to store rainwater or use it for recharge:Whether to store rainwater or use it for recharge:Depends on the rainfall pattern and the potential to do so, in a Depends on the rainfall pattern and the potential to do so, in a particular region. The sub-surface geology also plays an important particular region. The sub-surface geology also plays an important role in making this decision. role in making this decision.
• In places like Kerala, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Bangalore where In places like Kerala, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Bangalore where rain falls throughout the year barring a few dry periods, one can rain falls throughout the year barring a few dry periods, one can depend on a small sized tank for storing rainwater, since the depend on a small sized tank for storing rainwater, since the period between two spells of rain is short. period between two spells of rain is short.
• Wherever sub-strata is impermeable recharging will not be Wherever sub-strata is impermeable recharging will not be feasible. Hence, it would be ideal to opt for storage. feasible. Hence, it would be ideal to opt for storage.
• In places where the groundwater is saline or not of potable In places where the groundwater is saline or not of potable standards, the alternate system could be that of storing rainwater.standards, the alternate system could be that of storing rainwater.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- Should weShould we Store or Store or Recharge?Recharge?
• In Agra where the total annual rainfall occurs during 3 or 4 In Agra where the total annual rainfall occurs during 3 or 4 months, Hence groundwater recharge is usually practiced. months, Hence groundwater recharge is usually practiced.
Rainfall Pattern of AGRA
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Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting- Rain Water Harvesting- Potential and ScopePotential and Scope
Potential of rooftop water availability in Agra
Roof Area in Sq.mRoof Area in Sq.m Annual rainfall in (liters)Annual rainfall in (liters)Quantity of rainfall Quantity of rainfall
available for harvesting available for harvesting (liters)(liters)
5050 29,55029,550 17,70017,700
100100 59,00059,000 35,40035,400
500500 295,000295,000 177,000177,000
10001000 590,000590,000 354,000354,000
(Note: a. Annual average rainfall of AGRA=590 mm; b. runoff coefficient is assumed as 0.60;Sq. m to be read as square meter). An analysis done based on the rainfall availability and demand supply gap shows that even 50 per cent of the rainwater harvested could help in bridging the demand supply gap
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting through Recharge Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting through Recharge PitPit
Recharge Pit May be of any Shape or Size. Desirably 1-2 m Wide and 2-3 m Deep
Back filled with Boulders, Gravel and Coarse sand in Graded Form.
Suitable for Small Structures and Residences
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Khandelwal
Roof Top Harvesting Through Recharge TrenchesRoof Top Harvesting Through Recharge Trenches
Recharge Trenches May Be of any Shape or Size. Desirably 0.5-1 m Wide and 1-2 m Deep and 25-100 m Long depending on the capacity of recharge
Back filled with Boulders, Gravel and Coarse sand in Graded Form.
Suitable for Medium Structures and 0f 1000-2500Sq m
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Khandelwal
Percolation Pits
Recharge Trenches
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Roof Top Harvesting Through Tube wells and Dug Roof Top Harvesting Through Tube wells and Dug wellswells
Redundant Tubeless and Bore wells Can effectively be used for the Recharging Facilities.
It Serves as a very effective measure to cater to recharging facility for campuses and complexes
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Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting Through Contour BundsRain Water Harvesting Through Contour Bunds
Suitable for Low Rain Fall Areas where monsoon run off can be impounded by constructing bunds on Sloping Ground
Flowing Water is intercepted before it Attains erosive velocity.
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Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting Through Gabion Structures Rain Water Harvesting Through Gabion Structures and Damsand Dams
It is kind of check dam commonly constructed along streams to conserve stream flow
The excess water overflows this structure storing some water to serve as a source for recharging
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting Through Percolation Tanks Rain Water Harvesting Through Percolation Tanks and Shaftsand Shafts
Percolation Tank is artificially created surface water body in a highly permeable land so that surface runoff is made to percolate and recharge the ground water storage.
A Recharge Shaft Can Serve as the Most Efficient and Cost effective techniques to recharge unconfined aquifer overlain by poorly permeable strata
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Khandelwal
Role of CitizensRole of Citizens
• The most important role in this Has The most important role in this Has to be of the Inhabitants.to be of the Inhabitants.
• The initiative by each individual/ The initiative by each individual/ Social Organizations and Resident Social Organizations and Resident Welfare Associations for augmenting Welfare Associations for augmenting Rain Water Harvesting Scheme.Rain Water Harvesting Scheme.
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Khandelwal
Role of AuthoritiesRole of AuthoritiesThe Local Authorities have to play the most strategic role The Local Authorities have to play the most strategic role
in the initiative for Implementation of this Scheme .in the initiative for Implementation of this Scheme .
Proper guidelines should be framed for the Proper guidelines should be framed for the implementation of the RWH both at micro and macro implementation of the RWH both at micro and macro level.level.
Awareness Programmers for disseminating the Awareness Programmers for disseminating the importance of RWH for sustainability.importance of RWH for sustainability.
Incentive and Rebates in Taxes for promoting the Incentive and Rebates in Taxes for promoting the Implementation processImplementation process
Creating Panel of consultants and Experts to monitor the Creating Panel of consultants and Experts to monitor the Implementation ProcessImplementation Process
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Khandelwal
Rain Water Harvesting for overcoming Urban Rain Water Harvesting for overcoming Urban Flooding in the Areas of Ram Nagar and MG roadFlooding in the Areas of Ram Nagar and MG road
Objective
Objective of the study is to counter the problem of urban flooding during Rains at the junction of
Bagh Muzaffarkhan CrossingNagar Nigam CrossingRam Nagar Colony and Front of St. Paul’s Church and VC Residence
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Identifying the Sources of Problem1. The flow of sewer lines is combined with Rain Water Drains for all the
constructed areas. Hence during the rain the amount of water passing through these sewer exceeds its capacity thereby over flowing at the low lying junctions.
2. The storm water drains provided of the catchment of the surface runoff also becomes insufficient to cater to the sudden down pour because of its decreasing capacity due to siltation and choking due to garbage dumping.
3. Rain water from rooftop of the Ram Nagar Colony , bagh Muzaffarkhan, civil lines , Nehru Nagar, shah talkies , Surya Nagar, Hariparbat and parts of Wazirpura , Sanjay Place and near by Areas flows into the sewage Drain culminating at the Junction of Ram Nagar Crossing / Nagar and Sanjay Place.
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Khandelwal
Sanjay Place
NagarNigam
VCCOmplex
St. Johns
ADAHous’g
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Khandelwal
4. The surface drain of the Area as marked in the Enclosed Map Describes the Surface Run Off the Adjoining areas being directed towards the trough region created in the front of Nagar Nigam and Ram Bagh Colony Road
5. The Problem of flooding occurs due to excessive flow of the nearby surrounding rainwater flowing into the sewer from the adjoining areas, the capacity of the drains to cater to the flow being not sufficient results in the overflow of the drains and flooding junctions in low level areas.
6. The level of the water in the final discharge drains thereby stopping the outflow and results in water logging in low lying areas untill the water level decreases in the final discharge drains and letting the water flow from the low lying areas
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
Approach to the problemIdentifying the water catchments affecting the area of urban flooding.Determining the quantities of the flow of water during the Rainfall.Water sampling and testing for the contents and contamination of the surface runoff and overflow from drains and sewage. At all points considered for recharging.Determining the geological strata’s and aquifer levels, quality, content and properties.Identifying areas and points for recharging of the storm water.Developing viable technologies for filtration and treatment before recharging in accordance to the water sample test reports.Formatting guidelines for the operations and maintenance of the system developed.
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
ARCHITECTAnurag
Khandelwal
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Design of drain based to only allow the flow of water and not the sewage and garbage.
2. Designing systems using locally available technologies for easy maintenance and Operations.
3. Integrating the storm drains in the street fabric and existing buildings thereby making its implementation easier.
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Khandelwal
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Khandelwal
Settling Tank
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A Story of A well doing Water A Story of A well doing Water HarvestingHarvesting
A well In Front Of Sheela Talkies
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In Shambles and Poor State
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Filled with Garbage from the Nearby Residences and Garbage of Commercial Set up in the Area
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The Well in Infested with Garbage.
Poisioning the Under Ground Water Source.
The Water in the radius of around 500m in toxicated high Percentage of Chemicals and is so acidic that it burns the vegetation if used.
