agra digested
TRANSCRIPT
Roxas and Company, Inc. vs. DAMBA-NSFW and DAR
FACTS:
Roxas & Co. is a domestic corporation and is the registered owner of three haciendas. On July 27, 1987, the
Congress of the Philippines formally convened and took over legislative power from the President. This Congress
passed Republic Act No. 6657, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) of 1988. The Act was signed
by the President on June 10, 1988 and took effect on June 15, 1988. Before the law’s effectivity, on May 6, 1988,
[Roxas & Co.] filed with respondent DAR a voluntary offer to sell [VOS] Hacienda Caylaway pursuant to the
provisions of E.O. No. 229. Haciendas Palico and Banilad were later placed under compulsory acquisition by …
DAR in accordance with the CARL. On August 6, 1992 [Roxas & Co.], through its President, sent a letter to
theSecretary of …DAR withdrawing its VOS of Hacienda Caylaway.The Sangguniang Bayan of Nasugbu,
Batangas allegedly authorized the reclassification of Hacienda Caylaway from agricultural to non-
agricultural As a result, petitioner informed respondent DAR that it was applying for conversion of Hacienda
Caylaway from agricultural to other uses. The petitions nub on the interpretation of Presidential Proclamation
(PP) 1520 reads: DECLARING THE MUNICIPALITIES OF MARAGONDON AND TERNATE IN CAVITE
PROVINCE AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF NASUGBU IN BATANGAS AS A TOURISTZONE, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES Essentially, Roxas & Co. filed its application for conversion of its three haciendas from agricultural
to non-agricultural on the assumption that the issuance of PP 1520 which declared Nasugbu, Batangas as
a tourism zone, reclassified them to non-agricultural uses. Its pending application notwithstanding, the
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) issued Certificates of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs) to the farmer-
beneficiaries in the three haciendas including CLOA No. 6654 which was issued on October 15, 1993 covering
513.983 hectares, the subject of G.R. No. 167505. Roxas & Co. filed with the DAR an application for exemption
from the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) of 1988 on the basis of PP 1520 and
of DAR Administrative Order (AO) No. 6, Series of 1994
3 which states that all lands already classified as commercial, industrial, or residential before the effectivity of
CARP no longer need conversion clearance from the DAR.
ISSUES:
Whether PP 1520 reclassified in 1975 all lands in the Maragondon-Ternate-Nasugbu tourism zone to non-
agricultural useto exempt Roxas & Co.’s three haciendas in Nasugbu from CARP coverage;
RULING:
PP 1520 DID NOT AUTOMATICALLY CONVERT THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE THREE
MUNICIPALITIES INCLUDINGNASUGBU TO NON-AGRICULTURAL LANDS.
Roxas & Co. contends that PP 1520 declared the three municipalities as each constituting a tourism zone,
reclassified all landstherein to tourism and, therefore, converted their use to non-agricultural purposes.The
perambulatory clauses of PP 1520 identified only "certain areas in the sector comprising the [three Municipalities
that] havepotential tourism value" and mandated the conduct of "necessary studies" and the segregation of
"specific geographic areas" toachieve its purpose. Which is why the PP directed the Philippine Tourism Authority
(PTA) to identify what those potential tourismareas are. If all the lands in those tourism zones were to be wholly
converted to non-agricultural use, there would have been noneed for the PP to direct the PTA to identify what
those "specific geographic areas" are.In the above-cited case of Roxas & Co. v. CA, 9 the Court made it
clear that the "power to determine whether Haciendas Palico,Banilad and Caylaway are non-agricultural, hence,
exempt from the coverage of the [Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law] lies withthe [Department of Agrarian
Reform], not with this Court." The DAR, an administrative body of special competence, denied, byOrder, the
application for CARP exemption of Roxas & Co., it finding that PP 1520 did not automatically reclassify all the
lands in theaffected municipalities from their original uses. It appears that the PTA had not yet, at that time,
identified the "specific geographic areas" for tourism development and had no pending tourism development
projects in the areas. Further, report from the Center for Land Use Policy Planning and Implementation (CLUPPI)
indicated that the areas were planted with sugar cane and other crops. 11 Relatedly, the DAR, by Memorandum
Circular No. 7, Series of 2004,12came up with clarificatory guidelines and therein decreed thatB. Proclamations
declaring general areas such as whole provinces, municipalities, barangays, islands or peninsulas astourist
zones that merely:(1) recognize certain still unidentified areas within the covered provinces, municipalities,
barangays, islands, or peninsulasto be with potential tourism value and charge the Philippine Tourism Authority
with the task to identify/delineate specificgeographic areas within the zone with potential tourism value and
to coordinate said areas’ development; or (2) recognize the potential value of identified spots located within the
general area declared as tourist zone (i.e. x x x x)and direct the Philippine Tourism Authority to coordinate said
areas’ development;could not be regarded as effecting an automatic reclassification of the entirety of the
land area declared as tourist zone. This is sobecause "reclassification of lands" denotes their allocation
into some specific use and "providing for the manner of their utilizationand disposition (Sec. 20, Local
Government Code) or the "act of specifying how agricultural lands shall be utilized for non-agricultural uses such
as residential, industrial, or commercial, as embodied in the land use plan." A proclamation that
merelyrecognizes the potential tourism value of certain areas within the general area declared as tourist zone
clearly does not allocate,reserve, or intend the entirety of the land area of the zone for non-agricultural purposes.
Neither does said proclamation direct thatotherwise CARPable lands within the zone shall already be used for
purposes other than agricultural.Moreover, to view these kinds of proclamation as a reclassification for non-
agricultural purposes of entire provinces, municipalities,barangays, islands, or peninsulas would be unreasonable
as it amounts to an automatic and sweeping exemption from CARP in thename of tourism development. The
same would also undermine the land use reclassification powers vested in local governmentunits in conjunction
with pertinent agencies of government.C. There being no reclassification, it is clear that said
proclamations/issuances, assuming [these] took effect before June 15, 1988,could not supply a basis for
exemption of the entirety of the lands embraced therein from CARP coverageD. The DAR’s reading into these
general proclamations of tourism zones deserves utmost consideration, more especially in thepresent petitions
which involve vast tracts of agricultural land. To reiterate, PP 1520 merely recognized the "potential tourism
value" of certain areas within the general area declared as tourism zones
. It did not reclassify the areas to non-agricultural use.A mere reclassification of an agricultural land does not
automatically allow a landowner to change its use since there is still that process of conversion before one
is permitted to use it for other purposes
Spouses Castellano vs. Spouses Francisco (GR No. 155640)FACTS:
Since 1955, spouses Francisco had been in possession of a parecel of land in Nueva Ecija. In 1976, pursuant to
PD No. 27,respondent Florentino Francisco (Florentino) was issued Certificate of Land Transfer. Spouses
Francisco alleged that in 1989, dueto extreme poverty, they borrowed P50,000 from petitioner Eugenia
Castellano (Eugenia) and, in return, Eugenia would cultivateand possess the property until full payment of the
loan. Spouses Francisco promised to pay within three years or until 1992. Their agreement was not reduced into
writing. According to spouses Francisco, in the latter part of 1992, they offered to pay the loan butEugenia
refused to accept payment. Spouses Francisco later learned that Eugenia was able to secure Emancipation
Patent No.489877 and Transfer Certificate of Title in the name of Erlaine, Eugenia's son.In 1997, spouses
Francisco filed a petition for cancellation of Erlaine's emancipation patent before the DARAB. Spouses
Franciscoclaimed that ownership of the lot was transferred in Erlaine's name without their knowledge and
consent. Spouses Franciscoasserted that all the documents necessary for the valid transfer of rights were
fabricated and falsified.
[7]
In their answer, the Castellanos stated that spouses Francisco later informed them that they would no
longer redeem the land. A transfer action was later initiated by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Team
Office and, on 15 October 1992, the Regional Director of the DAR, Region III, issued an order approving the
transfer action in favor of Erlaine. The Castellanos denied that there was fraud and maintained that the standard
procedure for a transfer action was followed. Regional Adjudicator ruled in favor of the Castellanos. It ruled that
there were no irregularities in the transfer proceedings leading to the issuance of Erlaine's emancipation patent.
The Regional Adjudicator declared that the waiver of rights executed by Florentino and his heirs,
duly acknowledged before a notary public, enjoyed the presumption of regularity and validity. No evidence was
presented to contradict the same. The mistake in the status of Florentino describing him as a widower was a
mere oversight which Estelita Francisco later on ratified. Spouses Francisco appealed the decision to
the DARAB. DARAB dismissed the appeal for lack of merit and affirmed the Regional Adjudicator's Decision.
DARAB stated that it is the issuance of the emancipation patent in favor of the tenant beneficiary that vests him
with absolute ownership of the land. The DARAB ruled that, with the issuance of Erlaine's emancipation patent,
Erlaine had a superior right over spouses Francisco, who were mere holders of a certificate of land transfer. The
DARAB also stated that the issuance of Erlaine's emancipation patent enjoyed the presumption of regularity and
validity that is not overcome by the filing of an information for falsification of public document. Spouses Francisco
appealed to the Court of Appeals. CA reversed DARAB’s decision. The Court of Appeals ruled that Erlaine's
emancipation patent should be canceled because it was issued in violation of PD No. 27. Under PD No. 27,
spouses Francisco could not make any valid form of transfer except to the government or, by hereditary
succession, to their heirs. Since the basis for the transfer action and the issuance of Erlaine's emancipation
patent was spouses Francisco's alienation of their possessory right infavor of Erlaine, the transaction is void.
ISSUES:
Whether Erlaine's emancipation patent is valid.
RULING:
Erlaine's emancipation patent is valid. The Court of Appeals ruled that Erlaine's emancipation patent was void
and should be canceled because spouses Francisco could not validly transfer ownership of the land to Erlaine.
The Court of Appeals ruled that spouses Francisco's transfer of the rights or possession to the Castellanos
violated PD No. 27 and is therefore void. Indeed, the sale or transfer of rights over a property coveredby a
certificate of land transfer is void except when the alienation is made in favor of the government or through
hereditary succession. In this case, however, the Court of Appeals failed to consider that the basis for the
issuance of Erlaine's emancipation patent was Florentino's voluntary surrender of the land to the Samahang
Nayon, which qualifies as surrender or transfer to the government.
Petitioner's voluntary surrender to the Samahang Nayon qualifies as a surrender or transfer to the
government because such action forms part of the mechanism for the disposition and the reallocation of
farmholdings to tenant-farmers who refuse to become beneficiaries of PD 27.
Under Memorandum Circular No. 8-80 of the then Ministry of Agrarian Reform, the Samahan shall, upon notice
from the agrarian reform team leader, recommend other tenant-farmers who shall be substituted to all rights and
obligations of the abandoning or surrendering tenant-farmer. In this case, Florentino's intention to surrender the
land to the Samahang Nayon was clear. He executed a waiver of rights and voluntarily surrendered ownership
over the land to the Samahang Nayon which in return, Samahang Nayon issued Resolution No. 6 acknowledging
Florentino's surrender of the land and recommending three farmers, including Erlaine, to the DAR as agrarian
reform beneficiaries. Florentino executed another salaysay stating that he had no objection to the transfer of the
land in Erlaine's name because he already returned the land to the government. The records also show that the
proper transfer action was undertaken. Therefore, Erlaine's emancipation patent is valid since it was issued
pursuant to Florentino's voluntary surrender of the land to theSamahang Nayon, not pursuant to spouses
Francisco's alienation of their possessory right to Eugenia
BEJASA vs. CA
FACTS:
This case involves two (2) parcels of land in Oriental Mindoro. The parcels of land are indisputably
owned by Isabel Candelaria. On October 20, 1974, Candelaria entered into a three-year lease
agreement over the land with Pio Malabanan(hereinafter referred to as "Malabanan"). In the contract,
Malabanan agreed among other things: "to clear, clean and cultivate the land, to purchase or procure calamansi,
citrus and rambutan seeds or seedlings, to attend and care for whatever plants are thereon existing, to make the
necessary harvest of fruits, etc. Malabanan hired the Bejasas to plant on the land and to clear it. The Bejasas
claim that they planted citrus, calamansi rambutan and banana trees on the land and shouldered
all expenses of production Candelaria gave Malabanan a six-year usufruct over the land, modifying their first
agreement. As per the agreement, Malabanan was under no obligation to share the harvests with Candelaria. In
1983, Malabanan died. Candelaria constituted respondent Jaime Dinglasan (hereinafter referred to as
"Jaime) as her attorney-in-fact, having powers of administration over the disputed land. Candelaria
entered into a new lease contract over the land with Victoria Dinglasan, Jaime's wife with a term of one year.
Bejasas agreed to pay Victoria rent of P15,000.00 in consideration of an "aryenduhan" o r " pakyaw na
bunga"
agreement, with a term of one year. The agreement is below quoted: During the first week of December 1984,
the Bejasas paid Victoria P7,000.00 as agreed. The balance of P8,000.00 was not fully paid. Only the
amount of P4,000.00 was paid on January 11, 1985. After the aryenduhan expired, despite Victoria's
demand to vacate the land, the Bejasas continued to stay on the land and did not give any consideration for its
use, be it in the form of rent or a shared harvest. Candelaria and the Dinglasans again entered into a three-year
lease agreement over the land. The special power of attorney in favor of Jaime was also renewed by Candelaria
on the same date. Jaime filed a complaint before the Commission on the Settlement of Land Problems
("COSLAP"), seeking ejectment of the Bejasas. COSLAP dismissed the complaint. Jaime filed a complaint
with the RTC against the Bejasas for "Recovery of possession with preliminary mandatory injunction
and damages." The case was referred to the Department of Agrarian Reform ("DAR"). DAR certified that the
case was not proper for trial before the civil courts. The trial court dismissed Jaime's complaint, including the
Bejasas' counterclaim for leasehold, home lot and damages. Bejasas filed with the RTC a complaint for
"confirmation of leasehold and home lot with recovery of damages against Isabel Candelaria and
Jaime Dinglasan. Trial court ruled in favor of the Bejasas. First, they reasoned that a tenancy
relationship was established. This relationship can be created by and between a "person who furnishes the
landholding as owner, civil law lessee, usufructuary, or legal possessor and the person who personally cultivates
the same." Second, as bona-fide tenant-tillers, the Bejasas have security of tenure.Respondents filed their
notice of appeal. Court of Appeals promulgated a decision reversing the trial court's
ruling.Reasoning:First, not all requisites necessary for a leasehold tenancy relationship were met. There was no
consent given by thelandowner. The consent of former civil law lessee, Malabanan, was not enough to create a
tenancy relationship.When Malabanan engaged the services of the Bejasas, he only constituted them as mere
overseers and did not make them "permanent tenants". Hence, petitioners elevated the case in SC.
ISSUE:
Whether there is a tenancy relationship in favor of the Bejasas.
RULING:
The elements of a tenancy relationship are:
(1) the parties are the landowner and the tenant; (2) the subject is agricultural land; (3) there is consent; (4) the
purpose is agricultural production; (5) there is personal cultivation; and (6) there is sharing of harvests.SC held
that there is no tenancy relationship between the parties. Malabanan and the Bejasas. True, Malabanan
(as Candelaria's usufructuary) allowed the Bejasas to stay on and cultivate the land. However, even if we
assume that he had the authority to give consent to the creation of a tenancy relation, still, no such relation
existed. There was no proof that they shared the harvests. Candelaria and the Bejasas. Between them, there is
no tenancy relationship.Candelaria as landowner never gave her consent.The Bejasas admit that prior to 1984,
they had no contact with Candelaria. They acknowledge that Candelaria could argue that she did not know of
Malabanan's arrangement with them. True enough Candelaria disavowed any knowledge that the Bejasas during
Malabanan's lease possessed the land. However, the Bejasas claim that this defect was cured when Candelaria
agreed to lease the land to the Bejasas for P20,000.00 per annum, when Malabanan died.SC do not agree.
In a tenancy agreement, consideration should be in the form of harvest sharing. Even
assuming that Candelaria agreed to lease it out to the Bejasas for P20,000 per year, such agreement did not
create a tenancy relationship, but a mere civil law lease. Even assuming that the Dinglasans had the authority
as civil law lessees of the land to bind it in a tenancy agreement, there is no proof that they did. Again, there was
no agreement as to harvest sharing. The only agreement between them is the "aryenduhan", which states in no
uncertain terms the monetary consideration to be paid, and the term of the contract. Not all the elements of
tenancy being met.
SALMORIN vs. ZALDIVAR
FACTS:
On July 15, 1989, respondent Dr. Pedro Zaldivar, as legal possessor of a lot in Antique, entered into an
agreement (Kasugtanan) with Salmorin designating him as administrator of the lot with a monthly salary
of P150. Salmorin allegedly did not comply with the terms of the Kasugtanan when he failed to till the vacant
areas. This compelled Zaldivar to terminate his services and eject him from the lot. When Salmorin refused
to vacate the property, Zaldivar filed a complaint for unlawful detainer against him in the MCTC. In his answer,
Salmorin alleged the existence of a tenancy relationship between him and Zaldivar. Thus, he claimed that the
case was an agrarian matter over which the MCTC had no jurisdiction. MCTC found that the case was in the
nature of an agrarian dispute and dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction Zaldivar appealed to RTC which
ruled in his favor. The RTC found that the consent of the landowner and sharing of the harvest, which were
requisites for the existence of a tenancy relationship, did not exist. Thus, it ruled that the MCTC had jurisdiction
over the case and ordered the reinstatement of Civil Case. Salmorin appealed the RTC decision to the CA but
the latter upheld the decision of the RTC. He now seeks a reversal of the RTC and CA decisions.
ISSUES:
Whether or not there is a tenancy relationship between the petitioner and the respondent.
RULING:
Contrary to the findings of the MCTC, both the RTC and the CA found that there was no tenancy relationship
between Salmorin and Zaldivar. A tenancy relationship cannot be presumed. In Saul v. Suarez, we held: There
must be evidence to prove the tenancy relations such that all its indispensable elements must be established, to
wit: (1) the parties are the landowner and the tenant; (2) the subject is agricultural land; (3) there is consent by
the landowner; (4) the purpose is agricultural production; (5) there is personal cultivation; and (6) there is sharing
of the harvests. All these requisites are necessary to create tenancy relationship, and the absence of one or
more requisites will not make the alleged tenant a de facto tenant. All these elements must concur. It is not
enough that they are alleged. To divest the MCTC of jurisdiction, these elements must all be shown to be
present. Tenancy is a legal relationship established by the existence of particular facts as required
by law. In this case, the RTC and CA correctly found that the third and sixth elements, namely,
consent of the landowner and sharing of the harvests, respectively, were absent. We find no
compelling reason to disturb the factual findings of the RTC and the CA. The fact alone of working on
another's landholding does not raise a presumption of the existence of agricultural tenancy . There
must be substantial evidence on record adequate to prove the element of sharing. Salmorin’s attempt
to persuade us by way of a certification coming from the Barangay Agrarian Reform Committee attesting that he
was abonafide tenant of Zaldivar deserves scant consideration. Certifications issued by municipal agrarian
reform officers are not binding onthe courts. In a given locality, merely preliminary or provisional are the
certifications or findings of the secretary of agrarian reform (or of an authorized representative)
concerning the presence or the absence of a tenancy relationship between the contending parties;
hence, such certifications do not bind the judiciary. SC noted that agricultural share tenancy was declared
contrary to public policy and, thus, abolished by the passage of RA 3844, as amended. Share tenancy exists:
Whenever two persons agree on a joint undertaking for agricultural production wherein
one party furnishes the land and the other his labor, with either or both contributing any one or
several of the items of production, the tenant cultivating the land personally with the aid of labor
available from members of his immediate farm household, and the produce thereof to be divided
between the landholder and the tenant .
17
Saul vs. Suarez (G.R. No. 166664)
FACTS:
Petitioner Domingo C. Suarez owns hectares agricultural land in South Cotabato. A complaint
for reinstatement with preliminary mandatory injunction, recovery
of possession and damages was filed against him and T’boli Agro-IndustrialDevelopment, Inc.
(TADI) before the Office of the Provincial Adjudicator, Department of Agrarian
Reform Adjudicatory Board(DARAB), by respondents Leo B. Saul, Roger S. Brillo, Efrain S. Brillo, Eleno S.
Brillo and Ignacio G. Pelaez. Respondents alleged that they were agricultural tenants in petitioner’s land on a 25-
75 sharing agreement; that after two croppings, petitioner voluntarily offered the land for sale to the government
under a Voluntary Offer to Sell (VOS) that they signed the documents for the transfer of the land under the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as farmer-beneficiaries, and petitioner, as landowner; and
that the sale was approved by the local Land Valuation Office of the Land Bank of the Philippines(LBP).
Respondents claimed that while the VOS was being processed, they were summarily ejected from the property
by TADI after the latter entered into a Grower Agreement with Contract to Buy with petitioner thereby depriving
them of their landholdings. Petitioner filed an Answer contending that respondents were installed as
tenants, not by him, but by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in South Cotabato. He admitted
that he voluntarily offered his land for sale to the government under the CARP but denied knowledge of the
certification issued by the LBP. He denied the existence of a grower’s contract between him and TADI over the
subject land. For its part, TADI claimed that its grower’s contract with petitioner covered parcels of land different
from those being claimed by respondents. Regional Adjudicator dismissed the complaint for lack of merit. The
adjudicator found that respondents failed to prove their alleged tenancy over petitioner’s land. While they were
identified as potential farmer-beneficiaries of the land subject of the VOS, they only have an “inchoate right” to
the land since its coverage under the CARP has yet to be completed. On appeal, the DARAB Central Office
rendered a Decision reversing the Regional Adjudicator. It observed that petitioner admitted that respondents
were his tenants. It further held that: ... it is in fact immaterial whether the subject landholding is covered by the
alleged grower’s contract or not. What is clear in the instant case is the fact that herein appellants were illegally
ejected from their respective tenanted lands. If indeed the subject land is not covered by the grower’s
contract, if there’s any, the act of defendant-appellee TADI in ejecting the tenants-appellants was beyond
authority, hence, illegal. Assuming arguendo that the subject landholding is truly covered in the said contract, the
contracting parties are required under the law to respect the tenurial rights of the tenants therein.
[11]
Petitioner elevated the matter to the Court of Appeals which affirmed the DARAB. Upon denial of the motion
for reconsideration, petitioner filed the instant petition. Petitioner contends that there is no basis in holding that
respondents were his tenants. He denies having admitted that they were his tenants, and insists that there is no
proof to prove the existence of tenancy relations. He asserts that he did not eject respondents from their
landholdings by entering into a grower’s contract over the subject land with TADI.
ISSUE:
Whether or not, the respondents are bona fide agricultural tenants under the law.
RULING:
There is nothing in the records to suggest that respondents were petitioner’s bona fide tenants prior to their
designation by the DARas potential farmer-beneficiaries under the CARP. There is no evidence to prove tenancy
arrangement between petitioner and respondents before the former’s voluntary offer to convey the land to the
government. In holding that respondents were bona fide tenants of petitioner, the DARAB and the
appellate court relied solely on the alleged admission in petitioner’s answer to the complaint, to
wit: 3. Defendant admits the averments in paragraph IV of the complaint. The fourth paragraph of the complaint
states: 4. That plaintiffs were instituted sometime in 1993 and were given three (3) hectares each
respectively, while for plaintiff Roger Brillo was given 2 hectares; the sharing of the parties involved was 25-75in
favor of the tenants; after for two croppings defendant D. Suarez approached and offered the land
by Voluntary Offer to Sale (VOS) last November 1993 in our favor (plaintiffs-tenants) and the papers for VOS
was processed in the office of Department [of] Agrarian Reform (DAR) Koronadal, South Cotabato;
[16]
We find that the above admission was taken out of context. While petitioner admitted that respondents were
tenants in the land, he qualified in paragraph 2 of his answer that it was the DAR who installed them as
such. Clearly, it was the DAR who placed respondents in actual possession of the land upon petitioner’s offer to
transfer the same to the government. Other than this supposed admission, there is no evidence on record to
prove the tenancy relations. Respondents did not substantiate their claim with evidence to show that they were
agricultural tenants in petitioner’s land. They did not allege actual cultivation or specify thecrop produced
thereby. Neither did they mention how much of the produce was delivered to petitioner or submit receipts to
prove the purported 25-75 sharing of harvests. They did not state, much less prove, the circumstances of their
agreement with petitioner as to the alleged tenancy relationship. Thus, there is no basis to the claim that they are
agricultural tenants on the property.SC held that a tenancy relationship cannot be presumed. There must be
evidence to prove the tenancy relations such that all its indispensable elements must be established, to wit: (1)
the parties are the landowner and the tenant; (2) the subject is agricultural land; (3) there is consent by the
landowner; (4) the purpose is agricultural production; (5) there is personal cultivation; and (6) there is sharing of
the harvests.
All these requisites are necessary to create tenancy relationship, and the absence of one or more
requisites will not make the alleged tenant a de facto tenant.
It is clear therefore that the subject matter of the grower’s contract did not include the land subject
of the VOS. Thus, petitioner could not have caused respondents’ ejectment from the subject property by virtue
of his transactions with TADI, since whenever authorized the latter to plant on the subject land. Respondents’
ejectment from the land was not pursuant to the contract petitioner had entered into with TADI who appears to
have entered the land without petitioner’s consent. Thus, it was error for the appellate court to affirm
DARAB’s conclusion that it is “immaterial whether the subject landholding is covered by the
alleged grower’s contract or not.” It is, in every sense, material to the determination of the case because
petitioner is sought to be held liable for respondents’ ejectment due allegedly to the contract. If the disputed land
is not the subject of the contract, as in fact it is not, then respondents cannot claim that petitioner illegally ejected
them from the land. Consequently, they have no cause of action against petitioner, since the latter did not commit
any act that resulted in their dispossession.
In this case, there is no showing that there exists a tenancy relationship between petitioner and
respondents .Likewise, respondents have no tenancy relationship with TADI, against whom they
principally have a cause of action. The controversy is civil in nature since it involves the issue of material
possession, independent of any question pertaining to agricultural tenancy. Hence, the case falls outside the
jurisdiction of DARAB; it is cognizable by the regular courts. WHEREFORE, t h e i n s t a n t p e t i t i o n i s
GRANTED. T h e c o m p l a i n t i n D A R A B C a s e N o . X I - 2 4 9 - S C - 9 5 i s hereby DISMISSED
.
Soliman, et al vs. PASUDECO (GR No. 169589)
FACTS:
The property subject of this case is situated in Pampanga, with an area of ten (10) hectares, more or less,
previously coveredby Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) and formerly owned by one Dalmacio Sicat (Dalmacio).
Dalmacio offered to sell the subjectproperty to respondent Pampanga Sugar Development Company
(PASUDECO), a domestic corporation engaged in sugar milling,to be used as a housing complex for
PASUDECO's laborers and employees. The land was offered for sale at the price of P8.00 per square meter. On
January 26, 1970, Dalmacio reduced the price to P5.00 per square meter. In a meeting held on April 15, 1970,the
Board of Directors of PASUDECO issued Board Resolution No. 057 authorizing the purchase of the subject
property at P4.00per square meter. Dalmacio and his tenants jointly filed a Petition with the then Court of
Agrarian Relations (CAR) seeking approval of the voluntary surrender of the subject property with payment of
disturbance compensation. On the same date, the CAR rendered a Decision, approving the voluntary surrender
of the subject property by the tenants to Dalmacio, thus, terminating their tenancy relationship effective May 21,
1970, the date when the parties entered into the agreement. On May 22, 1970, a Deed of Sale
with Mortgage was executed between Dalmacio and PASUDECO. Thereafter, the documents
needed for the conversion of the land to residential purposes were prepared, However, due to
financial setbacks suffered after the imposition of Martial Law in 1972, PASUDECO deferred the construction
of the housing project. PASUDECO averred that no person was authorized to occupy and/or cultivate the subject
property. On the other hand, the petitioners have a totally different version. Petitioners claimed that, sometime in
November 1970, they started working on the subject property with a corresponding area of tillage. A
Certification was also issued by the Samahang Nayon in favor of petitioner Joaquin Soliman with
respect to the remaining area of 1.5 hectares. Likewise, the Barangay Chairperson of Macabacle, Bacolor,
Pampanga, certified that the eight (8)petitioners had been the actual tenant-tillers of the subject property from
1970 up to the present, and that petitioner Baldomero Almario (Baldomero) was issued Certificate of Land
Transfer (CLT).
The Ocular Inspection and the Investigation Report issued by the Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO) on
March 13,1990 showed that since 1970, petitioners cultivated the subject property, allegedly managed by the
late respondent Gerry Rodriguez(Gerry), manager of PASUDECO from 1970-1991. Petitioners alleged that in
1970, Gerry made one Ciriaco Almario (Ciriaco) hisoverseer/caretaker, tasked to collect lease rentals from
petitioners. In turn, Ciriaco remitted the rentals to Gerry. On May 14,
1990,C i r i a c o c e r t i f i e d t h a t p e t i t i o n e r s w e r e t h e a c t u a l t e n a n t - t i l l e r s
o f t h e s u b j e c t p r o p e r t y . M o r e o v e r , petitioners deposited their alleged rentals with
the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP), as land amortizations, in varying amounts,from 1989 to 1993, as shown
by the official receipts issued by LBP. Thus, petitioners averred that from 1970 up to 1990 or for aperiod of
almost twenty (20) years, they had been in actual and peaceful possession and cultivation of the subject
property. The real controversy arose when PASUDECO decided to pursue the development of the property into a
housing project for itsemployees. Petitioners filed a Complaint for Maintenance of Peaceful Possession with a
Prayer for the issuance of a PreliminaryInjunction against Gerry before the PARAD to restrain him from harassing
and molesting petitioners in their respective landholdings.Petitioners alleged that Gerry, together with armed
men, entered the property and destroyed some of their crops. Traversing thecomplaint, Gerry raised as one of
his defenses the fact that PASUDECO was the owner of the subject property. Thus, on November 26, 1990,
petitioners filed their Amended Complaint impleading PASUDECO as a party-
defendant. Meanwhile, PASUDECOasserted that petitioners were not tenants but merely interlopers,
usurpers and/or intruders into the subject property. Trial on the merits ensued. In the process, the PARAD
conducted an ocular inspection and found that the subject property was planted with palay . There were also
several dikes or pilapil dividing the subject property. The PARAD also observed that there wasa big
sign installed therein, reading “Future Site of PASUDECO Employees Housing Project.”The PARAD dismissed
petitioners' complaint and denied their application for the writ of preliminary injunction. ThePARAD
held that petitioners had not shown direct and convincing proof that they were tenants of the subject property.
Petitionerscould not show any receipt proving payment of lease rentals either to PASUDECO or Gerry. In
addition to the absence of sharing,the PARAD ruled that there was no consent given by PASUDECO in
order to create a tenancy relationship in favor of thepetitioners. Aggrieved, petitioners filed a Notice
of Appeal with the DARAB. DARAB rendered its Decision in favor of the petitioners, reversing the
findings and conclusions of the PARAD. The DARAB held that, without the approval of the conversion application
filedby PASUDECO, it could not be substantiated that the subject property
was indeed residential property intended for housingpurposes. Because of this, and the fact that
petitioners tilled the subject property for almost twenty (20) years, the same remainedagricultural in character.
Moreover, the DARAB held that, contrary to the findings of the PARAD, the elements of consent
andsharing were present in this case. The DARAB, citing Section 5 of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 3844, ratiocinated
that petitioners enteredthe subject property in 1970 upon the request of Ciriaco who, with the consent of Gerry as
manager of PASUDECO, was authorizedto look for people to cultivate the subject property. Petitioners cultivated
the same and shared their harvests with PASUDECO,received by Gerry through Ciriaco. Later on, when Gerry
refused to accept their lease rentals, petitioners deposited the money withLBP. The DARAB opined that
these pieces of evidence established the fact of consent and sharing. While express consent was notgiven, the
fact that Gerry accepted the lease rentals for a considerable number of years signified an implied consent which,
in turn,bound PASUDECO.CA reversed the DARAB's ruling and reinstated the PARAD's decision. The CA held
that, while the subject property wasagricultural, there was no tenancy relationship between the parties, express
or implied. The CA concurred in the findings of thePARAD and found no credible evidence to support the
contention that petitioners were de jure tenants inasmuch as the elements of consent and sharing were absent.
CA reiterated that tenancy is not merely a factual relationship but also a legal relationship; hence,the fact that
PASUDECO, being the owner of the subject property, was uninvolved in and oblivious to petitioners' cultivation
thereof,tenancy relations did not exist. Thus, the CA concluded that in the absence of any tenancy relationship
between the parties, thecase was outside the jurisdiction of the DARAB. Petitioners filed their Motion for
Reconsideration, which was denied by the CA in its Resolution.
ISSUE:
Whether petitioners are de jure tenants of the subject property.
RULING:
Tenants are defined as persons who — in themselves and with the aid available from within their immediate farm
households— cultivate the land belonging to or possessed by another, with the latter's consent, for purposes of
production, sharing the producewith the landholder under the share tenancy system, or paying to the
landholder a price certain or ascertainable in produce or money or both under the leasehold tenancy
system. Based on the foregoing definition of a tenant, entrenched in jurisprudence are the following essential
elements of tenancy: 1)the parties are the landowner and the tenant or agricultural lessee; 2) the subject matter
of the relationship is an agricultural land; 3)there is consent between the parties to the relationship; 4) the
purpose of the relationship is to bring about agricultural production; 5)there is personal cultivation on the part of
the tenant or agricultural lessee; and 6) the harvest is shared between landowner andtenant or agricultural
lessee. The presence of all these elements must be proved by substantial evidence. Unless a person
hasestablished his status as a de jure tenant, he is not entitled to security of tenure and is not covered by the
Land Reform Program of the Government under existing tenancy laws. Tenancy relationship cannot
be presumed. Claims that one is a tenant do not automatically give rise to security of tenure.The
pronouncement of the DARAB that there is, in this case, tenancy by operation of law under Section 5 of R.A.
No. 3844 isnot correct. In
Reyes v. Reyes SC held: Under R.A. 3844, two modes are provided for in the establishment of an agricultural
leasehold relation:(1) by operation of law in accordance with Section 4 of the said act; or (2) by oral or written
agreement, either express or implied. By operation of law simply means the abolition of the agricultural
share tenancy system andthe conversion of share tenancy relations into leasehold relations.
The other method is the agriculturalleasehold contract, which may either be oral or in writing. Rather,
consistent with the parties' assertions, what we have here is an alleged case of tenancy by implied
consent. As such,crucial for the creation of tenancy relations would be the existence of two of the essential
elements, namely, consent and sharingand/or payment of lease rentals.
After a meticulous review of the records, we find that the elements of consent and sharing and/or
payment of leaserentals are absent in this case.
Tenancy relationship can only be created with the consent of the true and lawful landholder who is either the
owner, lessee,usufructuary or legal possessor of the property, and not through the acts of the
supposed landholder who has no right to the property subject of the tenancy. To rule otherwise would
allow collusion among the unscrupulous to the prejudice of the true and lawful landholder . As duly found by the
PARAD and the CA, Gerry was not authorized to enter into a tenancy relationship with thepetitioners. In fact,
there is no proof that he, indeed, entered into one. Other than their bare assertions, petitioners
rely on thecertification of Ciriaco who, likewise, failed to substantiate his claim that Gerry authorized him to
select individuals and install themas tenants of the subject property. Absent substantial evidence showing
Ciriaco's authority from PASUDECO, or even from Gerry, togive consent to the creation of a tenancy relationship,
his actions could not give rise to an implied tenancy.
[49]
Likewise, the alleged sharing and/or payment of lease rentals was not substantiated other than by the deposit-
payments withthe LBP, which petitioners characterized as amortizations. We cannot close our eyes to the
absence of any proof of payment prior tothe deposit-payments with LBP. Not a single receipt was ever issued by
Gerry, duly acknowledging payment of these rentals fromCiriaco who, allegedly, personally collected the same
from the petitioners. Notably, the fact of working on another's landholding,standing alone, does not raise a
presumption of the existence of agricultural tenancy. Substantial evidence necessary to establishthe fact of
sharing cannot be satisfied by a mere scintilla of evidence; there must be concrete evidence on record adequate
to provethe element of sharing. Thus, to prove sharing of harvests, a receipt or any other credible evidence must
be presented, becauseself-serving statements are inadequate.
[50]
The certifications attesting to petitioners' alleged status as de jure tenants are insufficient. In a given locality,
the certificationissued by the Secretary of Agrarian Reform or an authorized representative, like the MARO or the
BARC, concerning the presenceor the absence of a tenancy relationship between the contending parties, is
considered merely preliminary or provisional, hence,such certification does not bind the judiciary. The onus
rests on the petitioners to prove their affirmative allegation of tenancy, which they failed to discharge with
substantial evidence. Simply put, he who makes an affirmative allegation of an issue has the burden of proving
the same, and in the case of the plaintiff in a civil case, the burden of proof never parts. The same rule applies
to administrative cases. In fact, if the complainant,upon whom rests the burden of proving his cause of action,
fails to show in a satisfactory manner the facts upon which he bases hisclaim, the respondent is under no
obligation to prove his exception or defense.
[52]
Petitioners' assertion that they were allowed to cultivate the subject property without opposition,
does not mean thatPASUDECO impliedly recognized the existence of a leasehold relation.
Occupancy and continued possession of the land willnot ipso facto make one a de jure tenant,
because the principal factor in determining whether a tenancy relationship exists is intent. This much we said in
VHJ Construction and Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals, where we held that: Indeed, a
tenancy relationship cannot be presumed. There must be evidence to prove this allegation.The
principal factor in determining whether a tenancy relationship exists is intent. Tenancy is not
a purelyfactual relationship dependent on what the alleged tenant does upon the land. It is also a legal
relationship .As we ruled in Chico v. Court of Appeals
[347 SCRA 35 (2000)]:"Each of the elements hereinbefore mentioned is essential to create a de jure leasehold or
tenancyrelationship between the parties. This de jure relationship, in turn, is the terra firma for a security of
tenurebetween the landlord and the tenant. The leasehold relationship is not brought about by a mere
congruence of facts but, being a legal relationship, the mutual will of the parties to that relationship should be
primordial." Thus, the intent of the parties, the understanding when the farmer is installed, and their
writtenagreements, provided these are complied with and are not contrary to law, are even more important.
WHEREFORE , the instant Petition is DENIED and the Decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED
Jeremias vs. Estate of Mariano (GR No. 174649)
FACTS:
Irene P. Mariano (Irene), a widow, owned two parcels of land covered by Transfer Certificates of Title (TCTs) with
an aggregate area of a little more than 27 hectares. In 1972, the said parcels of land were placed under the
Operation Land Transfer program pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 27, and accordingly, the tenanted portion
of the landholdings were subdivided amongidentified tenant-beneficiaries, and a subdivision plan was made. One
of the more than 40 tenant-beneficiaries of the two titledproperties of Irene P. Mariano, who were already given
emancipation patents, was Santiago Jeremias, father of petitioner LeopoldoJeremias (Leopoldo), whose
apportionments consisted of three lots within TCT. On 26 June 1988, Irene P. Mariano died intestateand was
succeeded by her two children, Jose P. Mariano and Erlinda M. Villanueva. In an unsigned hand-written letter
dated, Helen S. Mariano, wife of heir Jose P. Mariano, and despite the fact that the estate of thelate Irene
Mariano remained unpartitioned and still under intestate proceedings, allegedly instituted Ruben
Vias (Ruben) as atenant.Sometime in 1991, Danilo David P. Mariano (Danilo) was appointed as administrator
of respondent Estate of Irene P. Mariano.Danilo, lodged before the PARAD two separate complaints for
ejectment and damages against Leopoldo and Ruben. In the complaint against Leopoldo, respondent Danilo
averred that sometime in July 1993, he discovered that the former entered theland, which lands were inside the
Estates landholding covered by TCT No. 6887, and planted various agricultural products, withouthis knowledge
and consent. Respondent Danilo further alleged that Leopoldo was not a tenant of Irene. It was his father,
SantiagoJeremias, who was her tenant in lots, which are also inside the property covered by TCT
No. 6887. After Leopoldos refusal tovacate said lots despite oral and formal demands, respondent made a
formal complaint for ejectment with the Barangay AgrarianReform Council (BARC), which proved futile since the
parties failed to amicably settle the case. In his answer, Leopoldo denied he unlawfully entered the lots.
He claimed that he cultivated and farmed these lots upon thepermission and tolerance of Irene P.
Mariano, the registered owner.
He likewise averred that being the son of Santiago Jeremias
,the tenant of Irene P. Mariano,
he lawfully acquired the right to cultivate said lots by virtue of succession
. In the case against Ruben Vias (Ruben), respondent Danilo alleged that in June 1993, he came
to know of the fact of Rubens intrusion and cultivation of Lots No. 25 and No. 48 which are within the
landholding covered by TCT No. 6886. When respondentmade verbal and formal demands for Ruben to vacate
the areas, the latter declined to heed the demands. Ruben, on the other hand, answered that his cultivation of the
areas was pursuant to a hand-written letter of Helen S. Mariano instituting him as a tenantof said lots. PARAD
ruled in favor of the respondent and ordered Leopoldo and Ruben to vacate the subject lots. Leopoldo and
Ruben filed a notice of appeal with the PARAD. In their Appellants Brief before the DARAB, they
assailed thePARADs reliance on the subdivision plan in ruling that the lots that were the subject
matter of the controversy were nottenanted. They asserted that the PARAD should not take all the
annotations in the subdivision plan as the absolute truth, since theywere not privy to its preparation; there was a
possibility therefore, that they were not notified by the authorities of the date of thesurvey; hence, it could happen
that the lots they tilled as tenants were not identified or listed in their names. Leopoldo lamented thePARADs
failure to give weight to the receipts of rentals and certification from the Land Bank of the Philippines in his favor.
Although these receipts and certifications did not indicate the farm lots the payments pertained to,
he insisted that such doubt must be resolved in his favor in line with the constitutional and agrarian statutes
mandate that interpretation must be on the tenants side. For his part, Ruben stressed that the proviso in the letter
instituting him as tenant in Lots No. 25 and No. 48, which stipulated that hewould vacate the same was neither
legal nor binding on him since it violated Section 49 of Republic Act No. 1199,otherwiseknown as the Agricultural
Tenancy Act of 1954. DARAB promulgated its decision which favored Leopoldo and Ruben, by reversing and
setting aside the PARAD decision. Under the belief that all the lots of respondent Estates landholdings
covered under TCTs No. 6886 and No. 6887 were tenanted, the DARAB was of the opinion that
respondent could not claim that the disputed lots (within TCTs No. 6886 and No. 6887) could not be
legally retained by respondent Estate, since the area of respondents landholdings exceeded 24
hectares; and under Presidential Decree No. 27, landowners are not entitled to retention if they
own more than 24 hectares of rice and corn lands.
The DARAB said that even if respondent merely owned tenanted rice and corn land totaling less
than 24 hectares, still it had noright of retention, since he had other lands used for residential,
commercial and other urban purposes wherein it derived sufficient income to support itself
. Under Administrative Order No. 4, Series of 1991, a supplemental guideline of Presidential Decree No. 27,the
right of retention cannot be had by a landowner even if he has less than 24 hectares of rice and corn lands if he
additionallyowns lands for residential, commercial, industrial or urban purposes, from which he derives adequate
income to support himself andhis family. The DARAB considered the subdivision plan as a mere scrap of paper,
and it could not be used as evidence, becausesaid document was not signed by the
approving officer who made it. Moreover, the DARAB ruled that the letter signed by Mrs.Helen
Mariano, the wife of Jose Mariano, a co-owner of the subject lots, effectively made Ruben a lawful possessor and
cultivator.The DARAB explained that since Helen Mariano signed on behalf of her husband, the principal, then
she became the agent of her husband. Considering that the husband did not repudiate the act of Helen Mariano,
such agency subsists. Hence, the institution of Ruben to till the lots in question must be respected. Petitioners
filed a motion for reconsideration but it was denied by DARAB. Dissatisfied, respondent appealed the judgment
to theCourt of Appeals. The Court of Appeals promulgated a decision in favor of respondent. It
reversed and set aside the verdict of the DARAB andreinstated the decision of the PARAD. Leopoldo
filed a motion for reconsideration as well as Ruben’s heirs but it was denied by CA.To support his stance,
Leopoldo maintains that he cultivated Lots No. 1B3D, No. 1B3E, No. 1B3H and No. 1B3Q since the 1960swith
the consent and permission of the late Irene P. Mariano. The Heirs of Ruben are of the posture that Ruben
became a tenant of Lots No. 25 and No. 48 pursuant to a written letter instituting him as such.
ISSUE:
Whether or not they are tenants of the lands belonging to respondent and, consequently, entitled to security of
tenure.
RULING:
Tenancy relationship arises if all the following essential requisites are present: 1) that the parties are the
landowner and the tenant or agricultural lessee; 2) that the subject matter of the relationship is an agricultural
land; 3) that there is consent between the parties to the relationship; 4) that the purpose of the relationship is to
bring about agricultural production; 5) that there is personal cultivation on the part of the tenant or agricultural
lessee; and 6) that the harvest is shared between the landowner and the tenant or agricultural lessee.
[9]
Claims that one is a tenant do not automatically give rise to security of tenure.
[10]
The elements of tenancy must first be proved inorder to entitle the claimant to security of tenure. A tenant has
been defined under Section 5(a) of Republic Act No. 1199, otherwise known as the Agricultural Tenancy Act of
thePhilippines, as a person who, himself, and with the aid available from within
his immediate farm household, cultivates the land belonging to or possessed by another,
with the latters consent for purposes of production, sharing the produce with the
landholder under the share tenancy system, or paying to the landholder a price certain or
ascertainable in produce or in money or both, under the leasehold system.
This Court had once ruled that self-serving statements regarding tenancy relations could not establish the
claimed relationship. Thefact alone of working on another’s landholding does not raise a presumption of the
existence of agricultural tenancy.
Substantial evidence entails not only the presence of a mere scintilla of evidence in order that the
fact of sharing can be established; there must also be concrete evidence on record that is
adequate to prove the element of sharing. [14] In fact, this Court likewise ruled that to prove sharing of
harvests, a receipt or any other evidence must be presented; self-serving statements are deemed
inadequate.
In this case, there is no substantial evidence that the petitioners were installed by the owner of
the lots in question as agricultural tenants on the property. There is, likewise, no evidence that
the petitioners shared with the landowner the harvest and/or produce from the landholding.
There is no evidence on record, other than the self-serving declaration of Leopoldo and his
witnesses, that indeed, the landowner had authorized him to till the disputed lots. Leopoldos
failure to adduce a significant morsel of evidence that he was authorized as an agricultural
tenant of the contested lands makes his supposition - that he has legal right to work on the
said lands - frail and empty.This makes him a usurper, devoid of any right to remain in the
premises of the properties in question.
Rubens evidence is likewise remotely substantial. The hand-written letter allegedly instituting Ruben as tenant is
unsigned. ThisCourt has ruled that the unsigned handwritten documents and unsigned computer
printouts, which are unauthenticated, areunreliable. This is mere self-serving evidence, which should be
rejected as evidence without any rational probative value, even inadministrative proceedings. The letter
presented by Ruben, being unsigned, falls within this category of evidence. It hardly has anyprobative value;
hence, it barely bolsters his hypothesis. Presidential Decree No. 27 provides:
This shall apply to tenant-farmers of private agricultural lands primarily devoted to rice and corn
under a system of share-crop or lease-tenancy, whether classified as landed estate or not
.For lands to fall under the coverageof the said law, the same must be tenanted private agricultural
lands. Thus, in Daez v. Court of Appeals, the Court said that Presidential Decree No. 27 would not
apply if: (1) the land is not devoted to rice or corn crops even if it is tenanted; or (2) the land is untenanted even
though it is devoted to rice or corn crops. There is no question that Irenes landholdings with a total area of a little
more than 27 hectares, of which the disputed lots form apart, were subjected to agrarian reform in 1972 under
Presidential Decree No. 27. However, it is also established by the records of the case that disputed lots were
classified as untenanted by the Bureau of Lands.
This important piece of evidence, absent any substantial evidence to the contrary, only leads to
the conclusion that the lots which are the subject matter of the controversy arebeyond the pale of
the said statute.
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Court of Appeals, reinstating the decision of the Provincial
Agrarian Reform Adjudicator of Camarines Sur, is herebyAFFIRMED
.
Ceneze vs. Ramos (GR No. 172287)
FACTS:
Petitioner Welfredo Ceneze filed an action for declaration as bona fide tenant-lessee of two parcels of
agricultural landowned by respondent Feliciana Ramos. Petitioner alleged that in 1981, Julian
Ceneze, Sr. (Julian, Sr.), petitioner’s father,transferred his tenurial rights over the landholding to
him with the consent and approval of respondent and that, since then, petitioner had been in actual and
peaceful possession of the landholding until April 12, 1991, when respondent forcibly entered and cultivated the
land for the purpose of dispossessing petitioner of his right as tenant. The complaint prayed that
judgment be rendered declaring petitioner as the bona fide tenant-lessee of the landholding. In her defense,
respondent denied that a tenancy relationship existed between her and petitioner, asserting that she had never
instituted petitioner as a tenant in any of her landholdings. She averred that petitioner had never been in
possession of the landholding, but admitted that it was Julian, Sr. who was the tenant of the landholding. When
Julian, Sr. migrated to the United States of America (USA) in 1985, respondent allowed Julian, Sr.’s wife to
cultivate the land, but she herself migrated to the USA inJune 1988. Respondent later allowed Julian, Sr.’s son,
Julian Ceneze, Jr. (Julian, Jr.), to cultivate the landholding, but he likewisemigrated to the USA in 1991 without
informing respondent. From then on, she took possession of the landholding, cultivated it andappropriated for
herself the harvest therefrom. On April 8, 1991, she reported to Gloria Calpito, Municipal Agrarian Reform
Officer (MARO) of Manaoag, Pangasinan, the abandonment of the landholding by Julian, Sr., his wife and his
son, Julian, Jr .
[5]
On December 19, 1997, the Provincial Adjudicator rendered a decision in favor of petitioner. Provincial
Adjudicator reliedon the following documents: (a) Certification issued by Perfecto Dacasin, Barangay Agrarian
Reform Committee (BARC) Chairmanthat petitioner is a bona fide tenant of the subject landholding and that he
was ejected from it sometime in April 1991; (b) Affidavit executed by Julian, Sr., stating that, with respondent’s
consent and approval, he transferred his tenurial rights to petitioner before he migrated to the United States in
1981; and (c) Joint Affidavit of Epifanio Castillo, Romulo Camesario and Maximo Caquin, tenants
of ad jacen t l andho ld ings , a t tes t ing tha t pe t i t i oner was a tenan t o f the landho ld ing s ince
1988 , and tha t they he lped inharvesting palay products and delivering to respondent her share in the
harvest. On April 21, 2004, the Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board (DARAB) affirmed the
decision. Respondent elevated the case to the CA through a petition for review. On December 29,
2005, the CA resolved thepetition in favor of respondent landowner and dismissed petitioner’s complaint. In a
Resolution, the CA denied petitioner’s motion for reconsideration for lack of merit. Petitioner filed this petition for
review,alleging that the CA decided the case not in accord with existing law and jurisprudence when it held that
petitioner failed to establishthat he had a tenancy relationship with respondent.
[10]
ISSUE:
Whether the petitioner had a tenancy relationship with the respondent.
RULING:
In resolving this petition, the Court is guided by the principle that tenancy is not purely a factual relationship
dependent on what the alleged tenant does upon the land; it is also a legal relationship. A tenancy relationship
cannot be presumed. There must be evidence to prove the presence of all its indispensable elements, to wit: (1)
the parties are the landowner and the tenant; (2) the subject is agricultural land; (3) there is consent by the
landowner; (4) the purpose is agricultural production; (5) there is personal cultivation; and (6) there is sharing of
the harvest. The absence of one element does not make an occupant of a parcel of land, its cultivator or planter,
a
de jure tenant. From our own assessment of the evidence at hand, we find that petitioner failed to establish the
existence of a tenancy relationship between him and respondent. To prove a tenancy relationship,
the requisite quantum of evidence is substantial evidence, or such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. The Certification of the BARC Chairman and the
affidavits of Julian, Sr. and of the tenants of the adjacent landholdings certainly do not suffice. By themselves,
they do not show that the elements of consent of the landowner and of sharing of harvests are present. To
establish consent, petitioner presented the Affidavit executed by Julian, Sr. However, the affidavit —which was
not notarized— cannot be given credence considering that it was not authenticated. It is self-serving and
unreliable. There should have been other corroborative evidence showing that respondent
consented to and approved of the transfer of tenurial rights to petitioner.The other tenants’ Joint
Affidavit, likewise, fails to prove that petitioner is a tenant, more particularly, that there was
personal cultivation and sharing of the harvest. In this affidavit, the affiants stated that they “helped hand in hand
with [petitioner] in harvesting and threshing our
palay products and helped him in delivering the share of [respondent] every year.” The affidavit is ambiguously
worded, considering that the affiants are also tenant-lessees of respondent and they could be referring to their
own harvest. Moreover, as noted by the CA, the affiants’ averment that petitioner became a tenant of the
landholding since 1988 runscounter to petitioner’s allegation that he became a tenant in 1981. In any case, the
fact alone of working on a landholding does not give rise to a presumption of the existence of agriculturaltenancy.
Substantial evidence requires more than a mere scintilla of evidence in order that the fact of sharing can be
established;there must be concrete evidence on record adequate enough to prove the element of sharing.
[16]
To prove sharing of harvests, are ceipt or any other evidence must be presented, because self-serving
statements are inadequate. In this case, petitioner failed to present a receipt for respondent’s share in the
harvest, or any other solid evidence proving that there was a sharing of harvest. To recap, petitioner is not a de
jure tenant entitled to security of tenure. There being no tenancy relationship between the parties, the DARAB
did not have jurisdiction over the case. We, therefore, sustain the ruling of the CA, dismissing
petitioner’s complaint. WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Court of Appeals Decision are AFFIRMED