raimi & associates, inc. leed-nd: a tool for public health, environmental quality and community...
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Raimi & Associates, Inc.
LEED-ND:A TOOL FOR PUBLIC HEALTH,
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND COMMUNITY DESIGN
Comprehensive Planning for Healthy Cities and CommunitiesOctober 26, 2006
Raimi & Associates, Inc.
AGENDA
LEED Rating System (5 min)
LEED-ND Overview (5 min)
Public Health and the Built Environment: Report Summary (5 min)
LEED-ND Rating System (20 min)
Implications for Comprehensive Plans (10 min)
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WHAT IS LEED?
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Developed by the US Green Building Council
A leading-edge system for designing, constructing, operating and certifying the world’s greenest buildings.
Goal: TRANSFORM THE MARKET! 289 Certified Projects
2,069 Registered Projects
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LEED PRODUCTS
LEED-NC: LEED for New Construction and Major Renovations/Additions (for commercial and institutional buildings, released in 2000)
LEED-EB: LEED for Existing Buildings (released 2004)
LEED-CI: LEED for Commercial Interiors (released 2004)
LEED-CS: LEED for Core and Shell (public release: 2005)
LEED-H: LEED for Homes (public release: 2006)
LEED-ND: LEED for Neighborhood Developments (public release: 2006)
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WHAT IS LEED-ND?
ND = Neighborhood Developments
A LEED rating system being developed through a partnership between: US Green Building Council
Natural Resources Defense Council (Smart Growth)
Congress for the New Urbanism
A rating system that combines elements of smart growth, urbanism, and green building
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LEED-ND TIMELINE
2003 - Partnership began
2004 - Core Committee formed
May 2005 – Draft Public Health Indicators Report
Sept 2005 – Public Comment Period on Draft Rating System
Fall 2005 – Fall 2006 – Revisions to Rating System Based on Public Comments
Pilot-Test Projects (2007)
Refine Rating System (2008)
LEED-ND Launch (2009)
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WHY IS LEED-ND NEEDED?
Land Use Patterns Impacts
Natural Environment
Natural Resources
Energy Use
Transportation Patterns and Choices
Public Health
Social Networks
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LAND CONSUMPTION
Increase in developed land from 1982 – 1997: 34%
Average annual increase in developed land: 2.3 to 2.6%
Increase in urbanized land relative to population growth: 2.65 times
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DRIVING
Annual growth in VMT: 3.1 %
Average time commuters spend in traffic: 36 hours per year
Total pavement in US: 34,500 square miles (think Illinois!)
Miles of public roadways: 4 million
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CLIMATE CHANGE
Air temperature has risen 0.5 to 1.1 degrees since the late 19th Century
20th Century was warmest on record since 1400
Sea level has risen 10 cm in last 100 years
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WILDLIFE
Number of species of plants and animals native to US: 20,500
Plants and animals threatened with extinction: 32 %
Development encroaching on wildlife
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PUBLIC HEALTH - OBESITY TRENDS IN ADULTS
19961991
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%
2004
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“UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT”
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RESEARCH OVERVIEW
Public Health Areas Studied
Physical Fitness
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health
Traffic Accidents
Social Capital
Mental Health
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Regional location
Population and employment density
Mix of land uses
More types of land uses
More retail land uses
Transit access and availability
Connectivity
BUILT ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS
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Access to parks and trails
Slower speeds on roads
Sidewalks, crosswalks
Attractive and interesting streets
Bike lanes, bike trails and safe bike storage
BUILT ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS
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ORGANIZATION
3 Categories
Smart Location and Linkage
Neighborhood Pattern and Design
Green Construction and Technology
Prerequisites and Credits
9 Prerequisites
47 Credits
100 Points Total
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PREREQUISITES
Smart Location
Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
Imperiled Species and Ecological Communities
Wetland and Water Body Conservation
Agricultural Land Conservation
Floodplain Avoidance
Open Community
Compact Development
Construction Activity Pollution Prevention
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SMART LOCATION
Locate on an “Infill” site.
OR
Locate near transit - 50% of DU’s or building entrances within ¼ mile walk of bus or ½ mile walk of BRT, light rail, heavy rail or ferry.
OR
Locate near mix of uses - ¼ mile walk distance of 4 uses or ½ mile walk distance of 6 uses
OR
Lower VMT Rates - Prove that the average rate of VMT per occupant of the project is lower (or will be lower) than the average rate for the metro region as a whole
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COMPACT DEVELOPMENT
Average residential density of 7 DUs per acre or greater
AND
Average non-residential FAR of 0.50 or greater
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SMART LOCATION AND LINKAGE CREDITS
Brownfields Redevelopment
Preferred Locations
Reduced Automobile Dependence
Bicycle Network
Housing and Jobs Proximity
School Proximity
Steep Slope Preservation
Site Design for Habitat or Wetland Conservation
Restoration of Wetlands or Habitat
Conservation Management of Habitat or Wetlands
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Project Location Infill and previously developed
Infill only
Adjacent and previously developed
Previously developed only
Adjacent only
AND
Street Network Grid Density (street centerline miles per square mile)
40 +
30-39
20-29
10-19
PREFERRED LOCATIONS (10 points)
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Locate near transit
OR
Locate in area with lower
than average VMT
AND car sharing (1 point)
Total rides available per weekday Points earned
60 – 124 2
125 – 249 3
250 – 499 4
500—999 5
1000 or more 6
Percent of average regional per capita VMT or SOV mode share
Points earned
71% to 80% 2
61% to 70% 3
51% to 60% 4
41% to 50% 5
40% or less 6
REDUCED AUTO DEPENDENCE (7 points)
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NEIGHBORHOOD PATTERN AND DESIGN CREDITS
Compact Development
Diversity of Uses
Diversity of Housing Types
Affordable Rental and For Sale Housing
Reduced Parking Footprint
Walkable Streets
Street Network
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NEIGHBORHOOD PATTERN AND DESIGN CREDITS
Transit Facilities
Transportation Demand Management
Access to Surrounding Vicinity
Access to Public Spaces
Universal Accessibility
Local Food Production
Community Outreach and Involvement
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Entry location
Building height-to-width ratio
Sidewalks
Street design speed
Building setback
Street-level building facades
On-street parking
Ground floor retail
Street trees
WALKABLE STREETS (8 points)
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Residential Density (DU/acre)
Non-residential Density (FAR). Points Available
10 to 20 0.75 to < 1.0 1
21 to 30 1.0 to < 1.5 2
31 to 40 1.5 to < 2.0 3
41 to 50 2.0 to < 2.5 4
51 to 60 ≥ 2.5 and higher 5
61 to 70 ≥ 2.5 and higher 6
> 71 ≥ 2.5 and higher 7
COMPACT DEVELOPMENT (7points)
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AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Affordable Rental Housing
15% of rental units at 50% area median income (AMI)
30% at up to 80% AMI
1 point each; 2 for both
Affordable For-Sale Housing
10% of for-sale housing at up to 80% AMI
20% at up to 120% AMI
1 point each; 2 for both
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LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION
Allow food-producing gardens
AND
Option 1: Dedicate space to neighborhood farms and gardens
Option 2: Purchase shares in a local Community Supported Agriculture Program
Option 3: Locate within ¼ mile of an existing farmers market.
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Locate project within a 1/2 mile walk distance of
2 uses (1 point)
4 uses (2 points)
7 uses (3 points)
10 uses (4 points)
List of uses are defined as those that reduce auto use and increase walking
DIVERSITY OF USES (4 points)
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Certified Green Buildings
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Reduced Water Use
Building Reuse and Adaptive Reuse
Reuse of Historic Buildings
Minimize Site Disturbance Through Site Design
Minimize Site Disturbance During Construction
GREEN CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY CREDITS
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Contaminant Reduction in Brownfield Remediation
Stormwater Management
Heat Island Reduction
Solar Orientation
On-Site Power Generation
On-Site Renewable Energy Sources
District Heating and Cooling
Infrastructure Energy Efficiency
GREEN CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY CREDITS
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Wastewater Management
Recycled Content and Reused Materials
Construction Waste Management
Comprehensive Waste Management
Light Pollution Reduction
GREEN CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY CREDITS
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CASE STUDIES
Dockside Green, Victoria, BC
11-acre brownfield site located in the heart of the City of Victoria
Four distinct character areas for a comprehensive mix of uses
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CASE STUDIES
Dockside Green, Victoria, BC
Carshare program & mini-transit
On-site renewable energy
Potable water use reduction in buildings
100% sewage treatment on-site
No potable water use for irrigation
Green roofs
LEED buildings
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CASE STUDIES
Dockside Green, Victoria, BC
Market assisted housing
Community advisory group
Large plaza/community amphitheater
North / south trail connection through the middle of the site
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CASE STUDIES
King Farm, Rockville, MD
430 acres near existing development
Mixed-use, TND with historic architectural characteristics of the City of Rockville
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CASE STUDIES
King Farm, Rockville, MD
Community shuttle bus
Locally provided materials
Adjacent to Shady Grove Metro station
Tree plantings
Affordable housing
Integrated network of sidewalks
Numerous pocket parks
Most homes with shallow setbacks and front porches
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CASE STUDIES - SCORECARD
Dockside Green
King Farm
Prerequisites
Location Efficiency 2/2 2/2
Environmental Preservation 5/5 4/5 (unless easement is purchased)
Compact, Complete & Connected Neighborhood(s)
3/3 3/3
Resource Efficiency 0/0 0/0
Totals 10/10 9/10
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CASE STUDIES - SCORECARD
Dockside Green
King Farm
Credits
Location Efficiency 25/28 13/28
Environmental Preservation 10/13 6/13
Compact, Complete & Connected Neighborhood(s)
27/42 21/42
Resource Efficiency 21/25 3/25
Innovation & Accredited Professionals 5/6 4/6
Totals 88/114
Gold
47/114
Certified
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100 Points Total
Points By Category
Smart Location and Linkage (30 points)
Neighborhood Pattern and Design (40 Points)
Green Construction and Technology (30 Points)
POINT ALLOCATION
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Preferred Locations (10)
Walkable Streets (8)
Compact Development (7)
Reduce Automobile Dependence (7)
Diversity of Uses (4)
Housing and Jobs Proximity (3)
Street Network (2)
Bicycle Network (1)
Access to Surrounding Vicinity (1)
Access to Public Spaces (1)
Access to Active Public Spaces (1)
CREDITS WITH GREATEST IMPACT ON HEALTH
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3-STAGE CERTIFICATION
1. Preliminary Review – Pre-entitlement
2. Plan Certification – Post Entitlement
3. Certification of Completed Neighborhood Development – Post Construction
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
4 Goals
Efficient growth
Multimodal transportation
Housing choices
Natural resource protection
Required Components
Land Use
Transportation
Water Resources
Parks and Open Space
Implementation
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#1: FOCUS AT A VARIETY OF SCALES
Region: Metropolis, City and Town
Neighborhood, District and Corridor
Block, Street, Building
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#2: LOCATE DEVELOPMENT IN APPROPRIATE LOCATIONS
Downtowns
Corridors
Mixed use centers
Transit-oriented development
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#3: UNDERSTAND BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMMUNITY
Divide city into its component parts
Map land use, design and form characteristics
Understand differences and similarities; strengths and issues
Understand if, how and when areas will change or stay the same
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#4: REDUCE RELIANCE ON LAND USE MAP
Map future patterns and structures to better represent
Mixed use
Transportation and land use integration
Relationship between urban and rural
Desired character and function of different parts of the city
Focus on 3 dimensional results of 2 dimensional plan
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#5: THINK IN NEW WAYS ABOUT INFRASTRUCTURE
Think in new (and old) ways about infrastructure
Treat streets and transit as shapers of place
Design networks to support walkability and desired block pattern
Create a foundation for context sensitive design
Address connectivity
Plan for transit service
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#6: INCORPORATE HEALTH THROUGHOUT PLAN
Add chapter on public health
Incorporate health into all components
Parks and Recreation
Open Space Protection
Housing
Plan for implementation
Zoning (form-based and conventional)
Government budgets
Street standards
Design guidelines
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Built Environment is strongly linked to health outcomes
LEED-ND can be used as a public health tool
LEED-ND and health report can be used to guide planning and budgeting decisions
Comprehensive plans
District/neighborhood plans
Street design standards
Parks and open space plans
Indicators for change
Budget priorities of governments
CONCLUSIONS
Raimi & Associates, Inc.
Matt Raimi
Raimi & Associates, Inc.
510-666-1010
OR
www.usgbc.org/leed/nd
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION