radical america - vol 2 no 5 - 1968 - september october

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 2 No 5 - 1968 - September October

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ept_Oct, 68 Vol.,no.5

CONTET

James P. O"Brie THE NEW ET19-.t kss CICAGO .

Rbert Starin Dae ic, LACKLBEATION HSTOROGRA . .

Frankln Rosemon, HOME TO T-N SIM.

d.a. ev, VISALZDAMERAN GD #2

RAYER 'TO TE " .

Joel Bec, UNEAL NCEBGAP O..

. . . . . .

GRATONAL . ,

1

3

24

29

3

Mk Naisn, T T: FALUR ON THE EFT 6

rt Glb, L LEATION ,& HE NON

James Gi [ert, MGS OF THE SOCLSTCOLA CONEENC

bc cover:R. Crb OXES

6

RADCAL AMRA a b-onh journa o radiism. Genera dtor Pal Bule. Cltural dtorsCan Georgaks, Dave agner, Hnk Haslach. AssociatesGeorge Arhu eattle, Tom Chrisofel C.,Paul Mattck,r. (Bosto, Don Kelve Boston, MarNaison (New Yk Ci), Nick Norrs Chcago) Jamesricket (an Dieo).CD e n .3 ro Chcag ems,ClelaPoes; e .9-3 rom Morni MacneGu; ncrete em on .3, rom D.A levy, ! Tbteto te Man; cmics on .33, and ack coveroried wih ermission from Yelow DQ; hotograhso .1 romNew eft Notes n p.9 and romrkers Oure -


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The New lef 1965 -67

James P. O'Bien

Ths is e second part of wh hs ow com three-pr ssy, w bogphy on he AmeicnNew Lef. fs sgmet ppee n My-Je

issu el wih h pod fom the eryivl rigs ss of 1960 to egg ofge-sce Vienm w proests i 5. I wsung is eer peo i opno, rous ss o poic civism d cuundepene cme ogeher to orm wh codgenunly e clled ew s or e wo yers

wh folowe h ey pod, t s mu less

jsco for rtng hm s coe utSpce lmos re e oly eso ht the pesestlme sops e sprng o 197 ine ocontung o e prese

e ogpicl oes cnty, renothng moe th th I ve pce m s fooots soey o oveee hey o osschory fooots ougt t o--povde ull ckig

for stmnts m he tle sf hetice s se i rge pt on corstos whfes o r:y own oseons The meisce re oes wch sm o me o onvey gooses o pic spects o th New t

D N C

By e fl o , he wo ogztons wch moe tn y ohes e defid e New Lftts for emoctc ocy te eonont Coonng Comme dgomk cngs wch dd e de o sp hssequent hsoes For , the ohso mso!s dcson to egn sysemic omg of


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ort V it am i Fbrary, 96 was xtrmlyimprt at P rvios t ti s st p p i t war ,V it am prt sts i t U S ad b fw a adatt ratd l ittl i t r st W , i D mb r 964

t SD S at i o al o i l ad sdl a prot st mari Wasigt for April, o o ad atiipat alarg tr t Y t mor ta 1000 ppl am, mstf tm std t s T mar gav a trm dos bo os tto at i war s t imt , a d at t sam t im it ma SD Sw idly k w f or t f irst tim T mb r f SD Saptrs grw frm arod to ovr a drd wititr mts , a d mmb rs ip m ipid to svraltsa d At t s am t im , SD S E o omi R s arad Atio Prjt ERAP votd i t sprig of 96t disbad itslf as a atioally oordiatd prgramt at i al ERAP ff i i A Arbor wa s l os d dow ,a d dir tr R i D avis wt t work i t ONrj t i iago i s id t ma a rtr mtf t m ity rga i z i g program, s i t arlydat f a fw ERAP pr j t s was mr a ovrb ala dby t brg i g f OI ad by t i it iati o of w

prj t s i ra i s , Oakla d , ad swr arly two drd smmr voltrs work i tvaris projts i 96. But t t d y i t mstsssfl projts, s as ts i lvla ad wark , wa s f r t ERAP orga i z rs to rag iig s l adrsip amo g t poor popl tmslv s T rl of SD i fr i sig at i oa l o ordiati ad ladrsip to t projts was orrspodigly

dimi i sd * s , altog a wl far motr frm lvl a d wa s amo g t spakrs at t SDS V itmar, a altg D S prs id t P al P ott r st rs s i is s tat gras s rots orga i i g was t kyt a gig t systm tat prodd V it am , ** SD S

* R igt w t bst i stry f ERAP i s by R i ardRot st i , ER Evolt i o of t Orga i r s ,

Radial Amria, MarApril 968 od G itli , aimportat ladr of t w ft wo workd witON i i ago a d w wr it s for t S aFra i s oExprssTims, is writig a book abot ommityorga i z i g ffort s amo g t poor

** P ottr s sp , a vry mprtat statmt f SD Stikig o t war, was latr prit as a pamplta d w idly di stribtd by SD


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was alreay omig to be araterize more by itsat i -war st a ta by it s omm it orga i z i g at ivi t ie s It may be s i g if i a t tat otte r , wo wo rei te Clevel a pro e t , wa s s e ede as SD Spres i et i J e b C arl gle sb y, o e of te ori gi a to rs o f te t ea i movemet a be st ow a s ael oe t speaer a wr it er aai st te war . *

SNCC , at t i s t ime , w a s as o i a perio ofreoriet at io E s al at i o i V ie t am a le s s imme iate impat o SNCC ta o SDS , partly b e ase terewere far more pressig isses i te Sot a partlybease SNCC worers by 1965 a alreay beomeigly septial abot te Demorati amiistatioSNCC o spo s ore te Apri l 17 Vietam protest, btrig 1965 its septiism was exaerbate more byit s ow ire t exper ie e s ta by o e r over tewar . Te C i D evelopmet G ro of M i s s i s s ipp i CDGM , forme early i te year by e rs o s lose t oSNCC ra a imagi at ive He a Start rogram b t ato fi gt for it s l ife agai st a ar o overty brea

ay eaf of offeig M i s si s s ii polit i ia s **More importat was te fate of te MississippiCallege, i wi te NCCorigiate Miissippi ree om D emorat i arty a ope to seat test ate s o gre s s io al elegat i o Te alleg e raito iet oppositio from te ite ose as well asfrom t e o gre s s o al lea er sip , a aft er i emots te D was able to sere oy 4 o vote s ,

* See e spe i ay i s Te V iet am ar orl evoltio a Ameria Caimet, prite by SDS iApril 195, as well as is spee i November oftat year, ite beow

**Se e A ew K op i , Burearay s o g rm Tooeay a Start i M i s s i s s ippi? , N ew Repbl i ,Augst 21 1965 or sbseet repots o tetria ls of CDG M , see G eral Rose fi el s tree-partart i le i Te M ovemet , at Happee to teMississippi Cil Developmet Grop, Mar, April,a J u e 1966 a at atters, MississippiCi l re a ol it i s , D i s set , M ayJ e 1967


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far short of a majority . * SNCCs impatience and un willingness to work in harmony with the Johnsonaministration began to wory many liberals and itsimage as one of the five "respectable" civil rightsgrops (along with the NAACP Urban Leage SouthernChristian eaership Conference and CORE) began to be eroe **

This was also a time when the role o whites inthe civil rights movement began to be reevaluate

within SNCC . The experience of the Mssissipp Smmerproject in 1964 when most of the summer volunteers

went back to the comparative safety of the North after

the summer ws over had create some resentment Noprogram on that scale was planne for 1965 thoghvolnteers were welcome in the SNCC projects (hichoperate at that time in Arkansas southwest Georgiaan the Alabama lack belt as well as Mississippi) *** The smmer o 195 also saw the large-scale riotng inWatts os Angeles in which over thirty Negroes werekille y police an national garsmen For many

militants ats ms have seeme like the death knello the nonvioen civil rights movement . os Angelesalreay ha all the civil rights laws which anyone haaske from the feeral government but black residentshad still thoght it necessary to rise up against theracism an poverty in which they lived***

* here is an excellent article with a long title

beginning "The DP Challenge in The MovementJuly 1965 Arew Kopkind "Seat BeltorMississippis Five " Ne Republic Jly 24 1965 is also a goo smmar

** The sorrow with which liberals viewed evelopmentsamong young civil rights act ivts is ably expresse in Pat Watters "Encounter with the Fure " New South May 1965

*** See Elzbeth

erland Mississippi Summer of Discontent " Nation October 11 1965 as ell asnmeros articles in The Movement for 1965 . Overthe last for years he Mvement published monthlyin California has been e es single source ofinormaion and commentary from the eft .

**For a sympathetic accont of Watts by a SNCC worker(contine on page 5)


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Otsie f SDS an SNCC there as a scatteringf ther Ne Left grops actie in 96 he SthernStent Organizing Cmittee

SSOC) as cse t bth

SNCC an SDS Fone in 96 it ke mainl amngsthern hite stents he Northen Stent Mement cntine smascale organizing actiities innrthern cities ften in coperatin ith SDS heW E . B DBis Cbs of merica fne in Cifrniaan ner strng Cmnist party infence ithot being a classi fnt grp attracte sme fling bt i nt serisy rial SDS anhere bt n the

est Cast Mch ess of a Ne Left grp in rientation bt more imprtant than the DBois Clbs asthe rtskyistriente Yong Sciaist liance YS)he S rke ithin ca antiar cmmittees acampaigne t hae the antiar mement as a heapt a psitin faring tight erican ithraalfrm Vietnam ather than negotiatins he May nMement thogh argey contrle b the Maist

Prgressie Lab Part exercise an inflence on theNe Left that as t of prprtin t its nmberssince it as the only grop hich pt majr stress nthe Vietnam ar as an exampe f a generalie mericanimperialism *

***cntined fom page 4) see Jimm Garrett heNegro et in L-Frm the Insie " he MementSeptember 96 - '-

*here has been itte tse cmmentary n any fthese grps s tat their n pbicatins are the best srces of infratin n the SSOCs NeSth Stent has been cnsistently interesting hile May 2ns Free Stent pbishe seera issesf high qaity--the paper kept p pbicatin eenafter May 2n itsef ha been issoe he NrthernStent Mement pt t Freem North YS the YngScialist an the Dis Clbs he nsrgent DgJenness' el ne pamphlet War eoltin inVietnam printe in 96 giv the YS perspectien the ar Cntine n page 6.


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e sue f 1965 ecuged "sse ee ee cu cnfn d c s fes " b e nme ee g ben fe ued *Nee e Lef s ee g f gzgsues egu ueses u e quf e educn B e f f 196 s e n Ve s u

STAGE O PTESTS

Q ug e been, e "Assebf ee see Pe e " Augus f 65e e begg f e esfc f e ee e f f e Led bSug L Lbe c e D ege be Ps (who e e e f be ses eed e ssss Se ec eAugus es bu bu usnd es- s sng f e use f decg ece e ee f V e e 350 ee ee

aesed f cg c dsbedence ef f e e s Tg sued b n gus exce e cfs ee f N-Ve Ac e sg cn e ee f cs sg effec f se e A e f e e e gse ug e es eded b -c f s s s ed e sb s N

g ee E e e-qaes ds scs e eeg f eg f enss cSDS e Ve D ee f Beee ce f Ocbe 15 16

As ue u e dO cbe es s c dess f g ses ee e es 93 ces gu e cu

succeee bgg e ee

*A sec ee f e ee es fNe Y s Jue "Te ee esAc e f e cs " Te Nn Agus 161965

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dew a st andng ovaton 'he outcry aganst D proposed antdraft

pogam even the general oard of e most leal Potestant denomnaton, the Unted hurch ofChst, denounced D' plan showed clealy thesenstvty whch was attached to he dat When

Davd Mller, a young Catholc pacfst, uned hsdaft cad at the Whtehall Iducton taton n ewor, n volaton of a law passed y Congess thatsumme, the clamo was equally geat Undoutedlyfea of legal epesson was an mportant facto nthe decsve vote whch the D memeshp castaganst the antdraft pogam

Wth more memers than eve efore, and wthgeater prestge wthn the antwar movement thanany other goup, D was nevetheless n a state ofconfuson aout ts denty Dstrustful of lagemaches, whch seemed chefly to oost the morale ofthe aleady commtted, and unwllng to confront thegovernment drectly on the daft ssue, D was

wthout a real program Ths, coupled wth a eadown n communcaton etween the natonaloffce and the chapters durng the css perod of

Oglesys speech was prnted n a nume of lealand adcal ournals, ncludng Leraton, January1966 and was also pnted as an D pamphlet undethe ttle rapped n a ystem ee also ndrew

Kopnd, adcalsnthe March, ew epulc, Dec 11 1965 -he closest thng to an offcal D pogam may

have een a document whch natonal secreta PaulBooth and former natonal secretary Lee We presented to an antwar conferece n ovemer eprted n O Generaton, May 1966 as Fom Ptest o adcal Poltcs, the pape argued

that the ant-wa movement had to uld a roasocal movement that wold reach people on ssuesthat affected them dectly hs approach wasnothng new to D


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ae Ocober and eary ovember, en greaer urgencyo four-day membership conference schedued forChrismas vacaion a he niversiy of Iinois .

his meeing had been caed a he reques of Haber, who aong ih m ayden and a handfu ofohers had made SDS ino a viabe organizaion in196162 I was hped ha he December Conference woud hep pu he organizaion ogeher and enabei o discuss he basic issues invoved in is organizing aiviies . Insead, he conference invovedie more han a series of frusring a some

imes aerbi isussions and a decision o repacehe mimeogrphed monhy Buein wih a prined weey, ew Lef Noes . * I has been mos universy rof SDS naiona meeigs, sice he prouciv Pine Hi covenion of 196 h he ony befis have come from ifoma discussions ousidehe fmewor of he meeig isef . Be ha as imy, SDS enere he w year, 1966 wih no very

a ie of where i was goig . he PogressiveLabo ays eiso o issove he ay oeme s PL membes ino SDS coud hy have bee much onsoio .

BC POWE

In anury 1966 SCC oo a furher decisive

sep in is brea wih ibera respecabiiy bydenoucing he Vienam war in erms ha seemed opu i i he posiio of enouraging af resisce.he saeme, aoped a a SNCC confeene i aa, ae he governm for is hypocrisy inaimig o efed freeom in Vieam . I wen on osay h "We re in sympahy wih, and suppo, hemen i his ouy who are unwiig o respond o

miiry af which woud comp hem o coribue

*See To Giins percepive "Nos o he Pahoogyof he N . C in New Lef oes, Fbruary 4 and 11966 . Jonhan Eisen aso ha crii arice in

Th civi, arch 1966


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he les o nted Ses esson n Venam nhe name o the feedom we n so lse n hscouny * Conete esponse o ts sttement cme wn dys, s the Geo House o Repesentates

eused o set Juln Bond, SNCCs ommunctonsdeco wo hd een eleced o the House om Ne dstt n Atln . Bond, exlued solely onte ss of the SNCC nw stemen, ppeledhs ase and eentully won a 9-0 edc fom heSupeme Cou , ** tht the leslue hd oledhs feeom f speeh

A the sme tme, dscussons wee takn

plce wtn SNCC whch led to ts emeence n tesumme of 1966 s "Blck Powe onzton . Aa onfeene n te spn, afte lon delbeon,Stokely Camael ws eleced SNCC hmn toeplce ohn ews Pt of e ssue ws th ewsnssted tht e would ttend oomn hteHouse Coneen on cl poblems, nst te

wshes of othe SNCC memes ut a moe as ssue ws e queston of te ole o whes whn tel ts moement . Cmchel ws loselyssoced wth the owndes County Feedom Oanzon, whc e had helped o ound and whc wsemptn to elec an ll-lck slte o offeholdes n Alms mos dneous couny . Theowndes County oups symol was e lck pnteews ws muh moe aole o the e of llnces wh lel whe oups n ode to wn a se of

powe n he Souh, whle Cmcel onsdeed he as plem to be one oanzn lk people, wh allnes meely en hndnce htpon n addon, ews ws wee muh moeclosely o te de of nnolene, een unde pocn, nd Cmaels elecn ws wdelynepeted s ek fom ha tdon y SNCC

I ws on the Meedh Mc" n June t

he chnes n SNCC ecame cysllzed, nd he spl *SN sement s pned n The Moemen,

ny 1966.

**See Heet Shpo, ln nd Gespy eslo, Nn, e 7, 966.


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between NCC and oher cv rghts groups cae ntothe open . Jaes Meredh the Ar Force veeran whohad ntegrated the Unversy of Msssspp n 962,had now announced hs nenon to wak aone hrough

Mssssp to hep encorage he sae' s Negroes osand up agans oppresson hen Meredh was gunneddown and hsptazed on the second day of hs archoher v rghs leaders hasened to Msssspp oresue the wak where Meredh had been forced oeave off he march fro ha pont was arked byfrequen nstances of enson beween Carhae andoher NCC eaders and Marn Luher Kng and ohereaders of he ohern Chrstan Leadershp Conferencet was on hs arch ha NCC frs popuarzed hesogan of "Back Power a sogan whch was de berately counerposed o the od rayng cry ofreedom

From that pont on Back Power becae a boneof contenton wthn bera and rada crcles asMartn Luther Kng and other moderaes crtzed thenew ourse taken by NCC armhae defned he oncept dfferently a dfferen tmes ofen refusng togve t any defnon; f hs was no a deberaeeffort to make the whe press ook foosh as tred to nterpre "Back Power nevertheless hadhat effet and the outhern den OrganzngCommtee aepted NCCs new ourse as a caengeo them to step up her organzng efforts aong

whtes n programat ters NCC was bankng

heavly o the success of the Lowndes Conty reedoOrganaon n the November eecons * In he urbanareas of the North where black conscousness hadalready gone beyond the od v rghs formuasNCCs new mltancy had a ceran appea bu NCChad no rea organzaona base

*here are sevea artes worh readng on the

development of he Back Power oncep wthn NCC n96 O speal nterest are "Intevew wh the Aabama Back Panther Pary Organzer he Moveentebruary and March 966 ; okey Carmchae " eant " New ork Revew of Books ept 22 966Black Qrpostonaper for he NCC Aana

connued on page 3


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At t n of the mmr NCC got a tat of what it nw program an it new imag col mean inmaking it vlnerabl to police harrament t haalray exprinc plenty of thi in the Dep Soth

bt now ha to face it a a fact of lif evrwhere A miniatr riot in the Vine City area o Atanta wa blame on SNCC workr by the maor that city while in ilaelphia the ce charge thr SNCC worker ith poeion of ynamite SNCC wa notriven ot of Vine Ciy where it ha a oliyetablihe organizing program bt in hilaelphiathe ynamit accation thogh they wer beqently roppe wre enogh to qah th organization.

SDS VS SSS

For SDS in early 1966 the mot importantthing that happen wa the Selectiv Service Sytemeciion to give pecial tanarie exam to malecollege tent to hlp termine ligibility for

Contined from pag 12)rojct no availabl a a pamphlet from SSOC Anrew Kopkin "The Ftre o Black ower " Neepblic Jan 7 1967 an tokly Carmichal " ainterview The Movemnt Febrary 1967 Harol Jacoblatr analytical article SNCC an Black ower "ntrnational Socialit ornal Agt 1967 i cer

tainly orth reaing . E Clark Back anther' ower " roriv Labor Oct -Nov 1966 i anxtenive articl on the Lowne Conty Freom Organization On the Mreith march ee al GoThe Mereith March " Ne Soth Smmr 1966 Bayartin gave th morate Ngro laer cae againtSNCC in "Black owr' an Coalition olitic "Commentar Sptembr 1966 For th rpone of the

white Ne Lft to SN new core ee "SDS Statemnt on SNCC " Nw Lft Note May 27 1966 E HamlettBlack Concios"ew Lt Not May 27 1966an Mike Millr " There a Change in SNCC? TheMovement Jly an Agt 1966. The bt book Blackower i nfortnately in Italian obertoGiammanco' antholoy otr Negro

* Footnote on page 14).


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the raft The SDS natina office rew up its wnVietnam Exam" with mtipehoice questins atthe war an American picy n the first examinatinate, in eary ay , these were istriute t stuent

at near 800 oeges SDS ha cnsiee a ca fa bycott f the Seective Sevie exams, t haturne this wn n the reaistic grouns that fewstuents wo be iey t eparie their 2Seferents to vinicate a mral principe. A mreppula issue was that f cass aning, by whichunivesities fuishe raft bars with infrmationabout the ass staning f mae stuents The iea

as tat oa boars wu e ae to pic ff stuets i the bottom nethir or onequarter f theirass ate in the spring there were sitins againstass a t Roosevet, Chicago, Stanfr, theivesity of Wiscnsin an severa other schs

This as the fist time that the issue of the Vietnam h bee tie up with the univesities, an atpaes ie Wisonsin the sitis attracte a mch

greate variety of stuets tan ha tae pat indemonstrion in th past**thewise, things were relativey uiet among

te ite New eft . A secn ave f natnay ooinate oca ietnam protests in ate arch rewmre partiipants than in ctober but reate muhess of a stir Stuent activists in Bereey wererawn in arge numbers int the ampaign of Ramparts

managig eitor Rert Scheer t win the Demcaticnominatio fo Cngress Rnnig on a stong antiwarpatfm agaist a ibera inumbent, Sheer gt 4pe et of the vote iuing a marity in theaa ghetto The ca SDS goup i t supprt

*Footnote from page )See au Goo, "A Tae f Tw Cities, " The Natin ,Nv 2, 966 ; aticia Watters, "SNCC in Tre:

A Report from Atanta, Disset, NvDe 966 anBi Winge, SNCC in Piaephia The Cps eareWar, Natina Garian, Agust 27, 966

**See prtiulary Jac Kittreges report on theWisonsi sitin, New eft Notes, ay 27, 96


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the Scheer campagn on the gronds at longem 'organzng and edcaonal efos were beng sacr-fced to electoral sccess * In Massachsetts SDSmembers dd ake pa n the ndependent senatoalcampagn o Thomas Boylston Adams ; e Adams campagnwas more radcal than was Adams msel Otherelectoral campagns whch attraced he energes ofNe Left acvsts nclded one waged n Manhatan ' s19h Congressonal strct n whch the Commtteefor Independent Polcal Acton ran James Wensteno Sdes on he Left and a scaterng o others .**O the old EA projects JOIN and te Neark

Commnty non Project (NCP) contned to be qteactve whle n Clevland and to a lesser extentBoston former EA workers contned to play mportantorganzng ole s n e poor commne s One newprogram as ntated n the smmer o 1966 theMnneapols Commnty Unon Proj ec *

The SDS natonal conenton hed n lateAgst at a relgos camp near Clea Lake Iowa as

the larges hat ad so far been held and t was

* See Andrew Kopknd Ant-Vetnam Poltcs" NeRepblc Jne 4 1966 and Bddy Sen and Davdellman The Scheer Campagn Sdes on theLeft an . -Feb . 967. The SenWellmantcleaalable from the Radcal Edcaton Projecthas been very nflental n warnng of the

dangers n electoral poltcs ** CIPA pblshed an excellent bweekly nespaper nconnecon wh enstns campagn enttledsmply 9 I olded rght ater the Noemberelecton bt n ts fe or so sses t acheedsome of he best radcal repotage and analyssgeared to a general commnty readershp that heLet has c ome p wth n the 60s

***See e ames EA Report JOIN Ne eftNotes Agst 24 1966; "Cleveland to Bil-dracy " Aprl 24 1966 CUP " NLN " October 1 1


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crany on of th mos mporant Comn atr smmr n whch SNCC ha cad on th ba commntyo oranz sf an hch h proporton of SDS

mmbrs nad n commnty oranzn amon th pooras mch smar than a yr arr th convntonhad o confront h fact ht typ oranzn noonr fnd SDS . At h sam tm h moo thnSDS was hos o ar ant-ar monstratons anaso nray span to an-r ctorapotcs ha mr at Car La was "rrn toh camps " s h focs for oranz n . hs t rn

had bn prsagd by h Vnam xams an cassranst-ns h prvos sprn b h naon offcndr a ooh had bn atracd o h da of"n pos " campagns sh as Scr s . At CarLa th mos nfna poson ppr was onahord by Car Davson mp ravr n h ratans rgon nd "Sn Syndcasm ornvrsy Rform Rvstd . " Davdson ho s

cd v-prsn of SDS ary on th strngho hs papr ard n t tha SDS haptrs shodna campsw movmns o an what r cmo ad snt powr . " H hd hat socywas dpndn on a constant spy of pab manpowrn ordr o carry on acvts th Vnam rand ha n oco arnts raons wr an mportanfacor n-nabn nvrsts o rn ot graats

ho od f nr no th sysm hrfora fgh for por whn h nvrsy n hhsdns od dman th aboon of grads n ofnrfrn h thr xtrarrcar vs ob an mporan mns of hann socy . Davson spapr was an mportant atmp o appy o a nvrsynvronmn h SDS-SNCC oncp ha pop shodhav a manngf voc th "dsons tht ffct

hr vs whch ha mny bn vop norganzn among h poor hr was rc onton hath draft wod b an mportan ss rn thnsng schoo yr hnc n part Davsons strsson aboshn ras hh o mnt th bassfor cass ran bt h bs ss s h to bpor whn h nvrs . SDS s no at hssag ray to o hd th vn th rtvy md


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ant-rat program which t h turne own in theall o 965 *

17

hat happene in late 966 in a sense, was

that the war sneae up agan on SDS Although n

successl attempts wee mae at Penn State, isconsin,an elsewhere to put the eas o StentSncalism" into eect on a campus-we ass, analthough most SDS chaptes poal ere inole none orm o another o stuent powe agtaton,this not ecome the man thust o SDS as anorganation Instea, rt resistance - n a mchmoe racl orm than peiosl contemplate

ecame ominant A secona theme was a growngnumer o ctions taen SDS chapers to protesto supt campus appeaances representates othe mltr o o war contactos Ths, althoughSDS urnishe some o the asc ieas ehin the"stent power ight, as well as much o its campusleaeship, SDS as an oganation not see asan in o national coornatng o n this

respect

DRT RESISTANCE

Drt resstance pror to the winte o 966-67 ha een most entrel an inual matte .

The stress ha een on iniiual gestues ooppositon to the war, an except o the aoie

SDS pogrm in the all o 965 there was no strategor usng ant-rat actt ethe to stop the waro to in aout sic changes in societ The Ma2n Moement as earl as 964 ha ciculate sttements reusal to ght in ietnm, an ha gotten

*Daison's paper is printe n New et Notes,Sept 9 966 or a report on the lear ae

onention, see Jc A Smith, SDS eas Bac tothe Grassroots, " ational Garan, Sept 7 966Incental, Paul Booths "National Secretar' s

Report" n New et Notes, June 7 966 ges agoo pcture o whre SDS stoo n the summer o1966


20/72

gnture frm ve a thuand daftge men n theprng f 95 numbe vetern leder f thepece mvement, ncludng Byrd utn, hd gned

n dverment n Lbetn cllng n men who wereppoed t the wr n gound f cncence t eueductn Nethe f thee ttracted much tentn f lurry f drft-cd burnng n the ummer f 965had led Cngre to pa a law gnt h pactce,and n the fll f that year vd Mller and then ahandful f ther had defed the law by burnng therdaft card avd tchell, a young New oe, re

fued nductn n 965 nd then appaled h convctn n the grund that the Vetnam w wa llegalunder the term f the Nuemburg tl houghMtchell gt hrt hft rm the fedel cout, heued the publcty from h cae t tr up opptont the war and the drat A group centered aund hmpublhed a bulletn, owndaft, whch hd new of


21/72

19

an-draft actvtes as e as f Mtchels ncase In the summer f 19 hree yung slders a Frt Hd exas refsed rders fr dty n Venam .

he hree James Jhnsn Denns Mra and DavdSamas - - receved cnsderae pcy thn thean-ar mvemen as the Frt Hd hree 1 By theend f 96 there had een saed nstances fher sders refusng g t Venam as e asa grng numer f curt cases f men h refsed sm t ndctn . he me he nmer mercan trps fghtng n Venam cntnued t

se despte ptmsc reprts y admnsranand mtary ffals au the prgress f theghng By the late a f 19 there were5 ercan trps aready n Venam andmnhy draft cals ere rnnng at a 4, permnth

In ecemer 19 he SDS natna cuncafter nneteen hrs deate n a drat reslutnpassed y 51 a radca vers f t . he

rdng f the resutn was mprtant t ecaus he prgram t caled fr and the grunds gavefr ppstn t the dra . It attacked the Venam ar as eng dreced agans the "Venamese pepen her strugge fr sedeermnatn " and

en n t arge that cnscrptn n any frm scercve and andemcrac and tha t s sed y he nted Saes Gvernmen t ppress pepe n hented States and arund the rld . " I annuncedSDS ppstn t a aempts t refrm the drasch as y a tery snce nne f the prpsed refrms uld change the asc nare r prpse f thedra. It rged frman ant-draft unnscmpsed pepe pledged t resst cnscrptn

th a prgram amed a reachng ut t the cmmnyas a he . he resn as pedged nana SDS

asss al efrts rganze thn he armedfrces t ths as sde he man drt f theen as a he . *

* mch has een rten a drat resstanceers prr 9. ake ve t ar he nned n page

i


22/72

20

Athough a e cu atidrat gru hadgotte started eore he D rogra a adesuch as a grou o 32 h ged a e o stteet at the ersy o Chcago D

hch gae the ressace oeet ts gresietus . Je ega Dee Jcoso ad oher rthe D tioa oce rke csey th aatirat grous hh cketed d eaeted aiuctio ceters oere dr couseig r ayuths ad hd eer sekig hereer hey udid a audee o hy I o . At th ethere as great ucertaty as to hether he eder

goermet oud rsecute eoe ho ged e oto" stateets or ho urged others ot to oere ith the ra . here a a atohere o rk adeteriatio the drat uios as e as ahoe tht the ar ght e orce to a ha y thereusa o a suiety arge uer o e to umit to iuio . At the se te D rgazers

(Cotiued rom age 19Caig Agast the Drt i Liertio Deceer1967 is orth readg as are seera artce te atioa uarda Jck A . th "uort outsor s Reusig to Fh i Vieta" Juy 9 ;Wiiam A Prie "RessDrat Cases or " August20 Jak A . ith ar Foe oe ord Croaoo Drt No ad am A . Prce egres

Resist Fightg a hte s ar,I

o. 5 BerarWerau rote a ar accout o oe drt reuser Fur Was to o: y Rdd et to Jai Equreetemer 96 taughto s arte A e rCoassoate Sodarty atoa urd Auut6 196 as a ortat ea r the iiato oa rat resistace oee .he D resoutio is rte i e et otesJauar 13 1967. ata eretary reg Cert hasa artie the sae isue Fro Prote to Resstae hich exree he roti ay hich

ay i D sa the e rgra. ee he Wscos Dra Restace o er

e ith Jody Chder Coectios rch 25, 196ad the seca sue o e Lef Noes Dr

Resistace rch 27, 96respecar he ace oCre: e o t o Cse Study . '


23/72

constant pontd ot th raton o th draft toth strctr o soct , and qotd th SctSrc Sstm as boastng hat h draft was a mnsof thrstng pop nto dfrab jobs hch wrn th "nona ntrst *

h frst sgn that hr was a drgnc ofponts thn h rt rsstanc momnt cmn Apr n conncton th h Sprng Mobzatonagnst h wr h Mobzton tsf had bnd th a grat d of skptcsm b SDS - tas th argst o a th arg tnam dmonstratons , wt mor an 00, 000 marchng n N Yorkan 65 000 n San Francsc o - - bt natonaconc mng n ar Apr had rctant ndors t h Corn SDS grop, wch at tham as rnnng th most xtns draft-rsstancprgram n t contr, pt ot a ca or fndrd mn to brn tr draft cards at th NYork march Th propos ran no a grat da ofopposton from or nt-drat grops, on h

grnds hat draft car brnng was a smboc gstrwch was o no practca ad n da-to-a organzng , an that thr was no pont n confronng tha nncssar . Ths crtcsm prssd a pont whch ws to bcom gnra whn SDS Aogh rcd on a sma rspons to tsca, th Corn grop dcdd to go aha th tspans, n sotng k 150 mn brnd thr draft

cars on t hp ao n Cntra rk on Apr5 At th m, togthr th arg trnosor th Nw ork and Sn Franso protsts, h masscr brnng probab was mportant n makng thant-wr momnt sb onc agan to h pbc .

hras th draft rsstanc momnt as narg pr nrtrd b th natona SDS drshp,nothr form of cmps rsstnc to th r r p

wth scarc an naton coordnaon at a.Bgnnng a Brk n Dcmbr an contnngthrogh t sprng o 1967 tr was a srs ofconrontaton btn stnts nd rcrtrs forth armd srcs, th CA, n th Do Chmca*S Ptr Hngs xcn artc , n thMnpor Chnnrs, N ft ots, Jn 201967


24/72

Comn, a of naalm At Bl, tdntttd to t an nt-daft tabl nxt to aa cng tabl n th tdnt non bldng

ft olc w clld n and nn at mad,o tdnt lld ndmlatd dmand fo t hch wnt on fo f da. Shtl bfo,Had SDS mmb hd ondd th ca of DfnScta Robt Mcamaa and focd hm to ngg n hctc tonand-anw on, dng whchcmaa boatd that at th ag h had bn a lottogh. Dow Chmcl ct confontd b

tdn at nmb of cm dng th wnt andn, bgnnng at Bown nt n anah ajo t-n gant Dow at th nto con nd at al Calfona chool Althoodd Gln wot n atcl n w Lft ot nach cll fo a natonal SDS ogm of ngnt' t wth th mlt, and lthogh

mn o th locl confontaton w otd n w ot, th got lttl ntonal blct and wf fom bng at of an SDS tatg. h dd,ho, how nt-a ntmnt on th cm waton and o ltnt than bfo, and that whch lnd th nt to wa wcaabl f aong a wd on*

*On th Bl t Jam Pta, Tholtc of Bacac, baton, b

and

Jff Ltg, Bl Stdnt, h Mvmnt,Jan S alo Robrt M. GntThMcamaa Incdnt at Havad, Dnt, Mach-Al ohn t, Colmb: How It Hand, wft Notes May 1, 196; dd Gtln, Rtancndth Momnt, w Lft ot, Ma


25/72

y ognss s as bg as any smono-- k yo w ognsss monoh-- am agos as Ab LnonSkng n my oow ysand ogng many ms o os ms agans a Sandbg ando dn o dsonlA ngs an b sn angng o bdgssong down Sbwa nns,

ookng p gs o sasgng gas and nks o pnandsagng wpng wh h da qns o bowy / a m ogvnaam ogngogng poo assassnad spswh da n ys Iogng mono monans o son

and s / h a ony monoh monanso son and sb y s sa s o o m / og hogk Ab Lnon mg a donad d o s s bndng ngmao baganbasmnbgnsshad h d o pk no hago

* yo os yo ys a ngh yo an a sas sddng a a s bgnss*

t 1 rysshago 1967

23


26/72


27/72

5

hmslvs o b nsomd no h Sambos hawhs magnd o wnd hm o b obvosly hasgra barng on h bck lbaon movmn oday

n a lagr sns howvr Rawcks analysso slav ssanc Arcan clral svvals ndh abolons movmn s so nd and sonsond ha h ms b drcly challngd Thoghw dsag wh hm many ons w wll consd only wo clr and h Undgrond Ralroad

n h s lac no sos sdn now

dobs ha nogh Acan cl svvd o rvn ol dcrlaon no ha sbsnalnmbs o slavs ssd h nslvmn lknshas adly bn ovn wong on hs on orh las dcd and Rawck sms ony o b lalngaway a an alady dyng cas* h moanson s how sch ssnc ocdd nd howsch cl ndd Thogh ol choos h own

oms o sggl as L R . ms says hhsoan s sk s no only o dscb hs orms b lso o nr whhr hy cold b cvn h con o h m Som mods o ssncnd clr a orms ladng only o mooppsson; ohs ar rvolonay hlpng oovrhrow h sysm Th dsncon bwn hsmods ms always b mad and h mos cvand plclly conscos oms o srggl shold bnalyzd To ndrsand h al hsorcal oo so back powr h r rvolonary hros sholdb dnd nd h ncal ons xposd nshor wha was h ponal or volonry rans ormaon n hos oms o sl-acvy whch hslaves hmslvs chos and cold sch acvy lado sav rvolon?

oncnng slav clr Rawck hmsl -hogh h dos no alz - - provds h ky o ndrsandng hs roblm Whn h mnonsha on cn nvr rmov clr alhogh on cnransorm Rawck hns a h rmwork whnwhch slavs had o opra Sav cr wascrany Arcan n s orgns and rdons bonc ranspland o h Soh bcam somhng


28/72

nqel Amean and a e same me nqel blak- an AfroAmeran pod Slave le was no

woll mposed b wes nor was pel Afan

n order o svve ad o adap o e ondonsmposed pon b e domnan we lre eRoJones' Bles eole provdes a good analss of sproess

Moeove e Be Rabb sores menonedb Rawk are exellen xamples of s poess of ransformaon ese sores w ognaed n Afra alwas onern a weak b lever eae wosrvves b owng s powerfl anmal negbos- a perfe analog o lfe nde slave Consposl absen fom ese ales owever ae ose Afran sores n w seng and oageare e vres of e warors or e ponsroodles and lons w exs n e Afanone Te lal foms endng o srvve n e ned Saes dd no onve an mage of powe ormer w mg ave allowed slaves o overome r resson Raer e sores a dd svve oneed e mage of e slaves onl as eold exs nder bondage ndeed s leseems defensve and adapve wen ompared o efeelng of speror fond n ose Haans woswore aordng o one song o desro e wesand all a e possess; le s de ae anfal o eep s vow "

Conernng slave ressane Rawk' s explanaon of w largesale ebellons faled s m

oo smpe a slaves n Nor Amera were never respe fa onmbered b wes wo n anarea d sessfll old off an aak nl elp me from elsewere o oe Rawk' sambgos formlaon does no do se o eobjeve real Slaves ompsed fll onerd

of e soern poplaon and n e planaonBlak el e formed an ovewelmng mao n e So Caolna low-on - o gve b oneexample of ondons w obaned elsewere -slaves onsed e vas mao of mosdsrs Even n ban Caleson blaks gealonmbered wes og e fs alf of e


29/72

nineteent cenry Tat an oppressed grop srarel d sc n ecellent potenial base orrevolionary civiy was srel indicaed b Denmarkeses conspirac in 82 b on Browns plans orgerrilla warre in 8 and b ose slaves wocy seized eir seaisland panations dringte ivil War . nlike Rawicks , an adeqae accono w large-scale rebellions iled wold ave toinclde sc relities s te brl and sbtlemecnisms o wie conrol as well as e problem oniying te blck commni **

Reled o s , Rwick ' s view o ebolitionis movemen nd te blacks role in it iswoelly lcking in anlsi s . Tere ere in ctseverl disinc antislavery eors, eac o wicwas sppored by blacks ne o ese in wic manyree blcks engged as William Llod Garrison ' smorl-religios crsade or immediae emncipation.Keeping e slavery isse beore e nionsconscience was e cie progrm o ese gia

ors , wo signiicnly were led b wies . Eceptor tis progrm, te Garrisonins d lile ndersanding o power, and eir pilosopicl andcicl paciism sggests eir complee misndersanding o ow saver wold ave o be abolised

Srongly sppored b norern Negroes was endergrond Railroad ravel wic Rawick so greatldmires . However, wile e ndergrond Railrod

did provide escape roes or osands o slaves,it cnnot objectively be considered s revolionrc iviy . og i r he So b draining ovalable slave cpitl, te railroad in eect operted as a saetvalve or slaver by releasingpotent ial rebel leders - e art isans, indstrialslaves, and ose wi initiative wo comprised eblk o e gitives Unless tese gitives tem

selves orgnized revolionary ctiviy mong eirblck broters still in bondge , or among norternor nadin blck commnities, te rs o eUndergrond Railroad was blnted Te datodaresistance, wic Rawick mentions and wic didpermeae bondage , cold neer be come a liberaionmovemen witot organization Bt ow mny


30/72

28

arre Tubmans reurned Soh me and agan Andhy dd only a handul of free blacs jo JohnBros band? The Undergroud Ralroad experecemerely proves ha exparaes ho do no reurnhome do no mae revoluons I hs senseRacks asseron hat buldng escaperoues ashe mos mporan blac selacvty s a bt anclmac

ally t s myserous ha Rack als ometo anoher aboltons endency ha assuppoed by blacs hose conscousness as perhapsmos advaced of all Th s group as ypfed byavd Walker a souher black ho n 29 appealedo he coloured ctzens o he orld o overthroslavey by Hery Hghland Gare another black ho 143 reeraed he maryred Walkers revolutonaryappeal; j , ad by he blackadhe folloers oohn Bo ho frs helped sop he spread ofslaey o Kasas and hen aemped o aack ado orgae agans bonage hn he Souh Ideed

f oday s black lberaon mus have hsorcalheroes s dfful t o avod he conclus oha ese revoluoares along h he slaverebels rosser Turner and especally esey as ellas her almosforgoen slave coconspraors are he mos kely canddates

OTNTS

* r rece rcsm of Elns hypohes s seeugee Genovese e al The Legacy o Slavery andhe Roos of Blac Natonalsm l' Studes on the LefNovemberecember 966; Geovese also suggests ha ls merely demonsraed he lmng case no the general one o ervle character n anotherarle Cvl War Hsor December 967; n hesame ssue George rederckso and Chrsopher

Lasch aemp to defne polcal slave ressance **O he ueson of dscplnng slaves see for

example Rober Sarobn ' s arcle n the Jornalof Nero H sory Aprl 968 or dsunty thnhe slave communy see hs orthcomng pece onhe accommodaonst role of slave drvers ad DaleTomchs hsory honors essay on house servasnversy of Wscosn Madson 968


31/72

OGE TO T-BNE SLI

Tnk o the snow tt could once ave fallen on you gaveeen beore you ieTnk o te iways laun n and out o te empty eyesasleep n New Yokte boles o wos wic you urle tou te. silent lasso soitudete water too eep to toucte caenar too a away to mean anytnte dr tat kept swnin opente o tat kept owlnte roads tat kept leain noweete world a no beinnin o youbu it ende al te timeI I wee you I'd ave aue at temset tei oses eemde tem wakte wte clown ead in te mnt teeta orse tampl in a lass accodnminit s sometn more tan a azo n an ol in two

sometin more tan a blnd man eatn an nYou kne t you ted to tell uTe eples arson o you yesset ie to te pastevey word you wot make mos useeYou ved on wat you ew in you blagadn o tomoowsTe sleepwalke des n te mddl o te teetTe streetca cover t ps it bloodand says ello passin il

eyes cloedtow away a lovewtout a word se speaks o tero arknesso a oin an an a strawberry mae o stoneand e too des

e volet an tat als on te beckonn nds o saowsIn litaps o ame and canaresIn te meieval wind tt setles in cacke irors

In te saret lea o o tat nails lautr to a woen enceou redened te pas o speecn tems o cutley n eatTo reeYou ed everytn you coul ae beenpeern o b reen jal te coces slept n opene enepesY we across te erba s

9


32/72


33/72

Vpt , fCe \" A PLAt.'

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31


34/72

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35/72

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36/72

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37/72

35ANOo- wI\_' ".eQ c

- o SP n.6 S"Or'C G\ l&p(A,It:

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38/72

The Suthern Tenants mers Unn and th ( 1 0

ark . as

Th so of ouhn Tnans asUnon n naal oganzaon of shaond nn fs whh os o aonal onnn sson lluns wh skng laboh h onls nd h laons of d l ognzng dvs n h ' 30 s Bough og n 93 b als a woks n hssss hs unon donsad h unquoons o adl ognzaon whh hdsson hd ond n h al soh a son lss onfl had long bn sssd bl d sons Bgnnng s a of Nw all ogs non gw no a ssovn ad h onsuon of souhng ong soas lns and h lnaono h oll and donl dsabls wh oo and bla ass obsvs of hon loa on

o n Aan ads h FU sbolzd al of h old ous d of a bla lln whh old onv h sohnokng ss no owful fo fo dal hang B s U hd o o ad fo oh adalos o agn s ow h da nd no ang An allan wh h labo ovn whhh non lds hod would od nw ngnd a n ndndn osd buaua budon h unon s ffas whh dnd of svol on s h os owfl ass oganaons on a naonal sh h ouns Pa ndh ongss of ndusal Oganzaons ossssd ao w whh ad h nabl o a hunon s onbuon Ono a ovn wh haddvlod soas onsousnss h noosol al h osd an oganzaonal


39/72

37

tteg wic vue un buine ctice veitic e n finnc i tbi it bve evutin miitnce n te tw e it feune tei infuee, te F w it n eete

b fctin cnfict, enit tugge, nci tife

RO OF VE

te eigt miin ece n tenntfme n ten cttn nttin, te eein igne bt unee ffeing n fit

e f ibetin e tic ecine in cttnice wi c te ci i initite ve te ce e eee icme f bew bitence tvtin, evictin, n fecue wee cmmnfte Bt te me event et ev bw t teeeive tenitic tem f b cntwic minte te nttin tem ince teen f ecntucti n. bnutc vet te

nte, fm evete t e bn, te ceivene f te u ci e begn t bee mecnt wne n tei teite, eccuiewit tei wn finnci tube, itte tie tuevie te bc n wite tennt witin teiuview un f b e me te igwf te t, eeing ete, eeing w F tefit time ince te 189, f it becme

cmmn t f te uten cene e ew De , tng eenent un tenut f it eect in, tee in mtic t ete e t te emize egin ecnm Bgiving nte i cec t emve cege fmuctin, it eciitte i jum in ctnice wic ete te en cnfience f tenwning c But te cii f te tennt w

n inten ifie e cege ecti n vi inffee wefu incentive t i te nttin fit ece b u n te fit tw e fte i ctu jutment ct , tun f tenntwee evicte fm tei me, euce in ttu tcu be, fce t uvive n intemittentn guging mini tee eief gnt One


40/72

ii oub if h Civi a ha atua rou sfing an aueiation in rooion to heuaion han he AAA ha ne in h few shortas of is lif uh was he eaning of New Dealiberalis o he souhen shaeroe

n h is f this hati organiion ofh lantation ono, a on aose to haengebh h l ss of suboinaion an he rationali zing shees f he New ea reforers n theon bt of Aransas, wo oung soiaists na L. ihel an a Eas aing uon the aief oiais at aer Noran Thoas eie torganize a unin of shaeo an enan faeswh ha bn evite or eue in status urin hni ng a of he Agiuua Ajustnt At .Thi oliia wo aong h shareoers h onine h ha h isonten u wi an eean ha ba an whi tenans igh b wiing ooea in h isis oiaist Pat laersanous vl a ass base fo hi ritiqu of

h ew al is unii ai an suort Inh sring f 194 ih an as oganizeeings hrughu astn Aansas urging sharos o unie an oganiz ihin a few onhsth ha evle a soi following of tw to thrhousan ebers an ha aunhe a roagana atan th New ea s ottn rog ha a goernentffiias ve unofotabe

The ear ativiies of he union foowingoialist Pat aitions, hasiz ga anuaina wo abov ass aion On th avie ofhir oiais aons th union ars ieteaos al of hei ogani at in s nrg ino anaionwi aaign to eose he bruait of thelantaion sste an the inequiis of he Newa s agiuua oi ies uis wer launhe in

stae an feral ours o s h egait of theotn onra seaing tous arange to obi izlibera an aia grous bhin the union ' s effort,bs an ahets witen o raatize he harshis of h shaeror s lif . oiaist inhr he aaign tene to assue a tne hatwas anaisti an efoist in haa. tsosu f injusi or f organization


41/72

39

became a appal cnscience Th en resul man hmas spches elquen hugh he werews he evlpme f a "Shrecrpper ' s Lbb" psecu he unin s cs in ashingtn

his icipien pternism hweve wsi esr b the enthusiastic almstien respnse the nin rgnizing camaigns

he eries unin meings were rganize quielfte scrl b he SFU s fur wh feath a milia psur wu bring wn the repressin f he plaes an wul ivi hecrppes b rac gl nnvilen mehs werestresse rppers were avise rganiz arun

eising feeral prgms a public iz e heirgrievance hr ugh peaceful emnsains But ameeting fer meeting unin leaers wee surisean stirr b he sigh f lg-humble crppersemning h seizure f the lntatins an thebanishmen f he wnes wh ha s lng ppessethem itchell an st suheners hemselves


42/72

40

n the chien o mes, the otent o eoutonay mss moemet that cou sweep thoughthe so uth n the summe an fa o 1934, they

ought thei oganzing to the open an ega toeae the coppes f o m t ant oca ct ion .n th is new ogn i ing ie , unique s t

e gan t o emege , one whc h ha not e en see n n theouth s ince the ays of the opui st s . At ms sme et ings c ae thoughout e ast en Aanss , whtean a c ogani ze s , sh a ing the same pto ms ,to auences o thousans o tenats to put ase

acia anosites an unte against the pantationownes . Funament a st mn ist e s an e aches , thenatua" eaes o the tenant ouaton, ecame theo st ei ate un on ogai ze s . en pante s moeto est ac ogan z e s , mo s o whte shae coes s omet me s e to e ate them om a .y the eginning o 195 , the unon ha a memeshof moe than 10,000 in 80 oca unts

ace with a nge o oems staggeng inaet theaene with epss t eey pont,he unon emege as "tota instituton tht asoe the ente ife ocess o its memeship anmane a oyaty that was pssonte an une-st a ine . To mae an mpa ct on the egaat ion othe shaecoppe s ife , the union ha to ogan i zeagnst s choooas , e ef agenc ie s , cout s , e athogams , an poic e oce s s we as the pnte .ith a o the se genc e s in the c ont o o the s ameca s s an amn stee w ith the s inge o e ct ie ofe ei ng the shae coe o ci e an ignot , t hestugge o puc seices seee as unamenta asthe atte fo conto of the ant at i on system .

STRKE !

ung the summe 1935 , the union eaesfet confent enough to unch thei ist msscamaign , a cotton ice ' s stie n the es ofE ste n Aans as e ang the w o y hn i s , at es n e uni on newspes , an y thatsyste of negoun communicaton that poo peopeeewhee seem to eeo, the union e tens o


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hosnds of sharecroers o of their fieds in anae o raise wages fro 50 t o $ . 25 er hndredonds of c oon and o wi n write n conracs . As a

deosraion of worker soidariy nd sis oorga i ions , the s rike w as rerkby effe c ive shrecroers in a vas area of he De syedaw y fro wor bt negot i a i on s w ih the ne rsdid no ense . or os of he croe rs , sayingo on srike en hidin in the sw or barricadingheseve s in hose s , nd he ony b argaining h ato ok ace w s nonve rb a and indire c . Afe r onh ong wr of nerve s , arked b con s ide r ab eboodshed os of he shrecroers rerned o work consideraby higher wages, b wiho wrienconrac s .

Athogh hrdy a aragon of nned and di s -cined cion, this srike rovided he non wihan enoros inecion of energy on sever differenfront s . i rs , i gave owerf st is to henio n s organi z in drive The srike b roght thenion ino direc conac with tens of thosands ofnorgnized sharecroers, ny of who oined heni on when he s rike w as over . n ddi io n, eec onoic scc e s s of he nion ' s caaign , nre ce denedin recen sohern hisory, broht bo the organ-iion of nion ocas in secions of the conryh te str ike did no eve n och harecroer ssonneosy organied chers in kho,Mi s s ori, Tenne ss ee and Mis s i s sii . By he end of95 he nion caied ebershi of 25000 n aoiica eve, he srike hd n eqy iornic The dr i c iy of the sharec roe r ' sroes and he braiy of he error which greeedi f ocsed harsh b e a of i ght on the New De ' sgr i cr rogras eore rs ege ry c a aogedhe shooings, he brnings nd he whiings whichfoowed he c orse of he nion ' s caign, ro -voking caharic disy of concern by ibersfor he igh of he sharecroer " The res sresb e ce inens e e nogh o exrc a eas soicre sonse fro he New De : wh en h e srike hdended ooseve annonced hat he ws iniiing corehensive review of he robe of enncy ando ined feder cois s i on o sdy i .


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Duing t nxt , t union continud togow in i , in militancy, and in oliti c al impct .Tn touand nw mmb w addd, anot cottoni ck ti ogaid, a mo opiticatd

ol iti c al pogm dvlopd t union gw ini, it clifid it poition a movmnt ofmanc it i on . Union li t tu a ild agint toll tax, t diciminato adminitation offdal ogam, t dna of unmploymnt f;uit, ptition tik nd boycott w mloydt o ma t t nant ' pow flt . But a t Nwal pondd wit fom to ti attac on t

outn ocial tm, t union lad bgan tociv om of t limitation of ti ogania-ti o n ow Ro o vlt ' tnancy o gam wa atif xaml of ymbolically gatifying alia- iJ nai ng t tat ' a of aity ay- t fom % to % and oviding tat tiditibution b dict wa an on cognition oft union attack on t but ad littl

aing o long a nt contolld t admini-tation of t ogam on a fdal, tat andconty vl . T apoiat ion of f ift milli ondola y to ac impovid tnant onub i tnc fam wa a ni c gtu to t cop u t o lf dt mint i on b ut w only a uxot i cdivion in a cto of t conom w lg- c al uni t alon could b pofi tabl . T lant a -

tion conomy \a mcaniing and ducing it ndfo labo mll cal gain in incom and powwon ogam of ti kind would b wipd away lidut by t b oad w of t cnologi c al cang Ro o vt ' W on Rul Poty aff imd tunion ' nd to mak funct i onl contol of tlantation ytm nd it political uppot animmdiat goal of t union campaign not j ut

a a iooic o ligiou idl, but a a condition of any final nd mannt impovmnt int copp ' tatu .

Howv, t TU lad clal obvdtat t cont inuat i on o t union ' gowt alongcunt li n would n ot a civ t at goal Nomatt ow ag t un i on gw , n o matt ow


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organi zed its const ituenc y be cae it wold cont inueto e an interest group worthy only o temporaryconce s s ion so long as it s powe r remained regional

For the success o its program the union needed tobecome part o a national radical movement capaleo deeating the ew Deal coalition and smashing thepower o the plante r in the nati onal aren a TheSocialist Party and the religious groups who hadsuported the union up to now could not supply sucha orce . For an all iance to transorm mer ic anpolitics the TFU began to turn to a newly vitalized

wing o the labor movement the CIO .

THUDER O THE LET

For most Depressionera radicals the growtho e CIO as an nspirational event that eokedgreat deams o pol iti c al succ e s s Born o a owe rstruggle in a c ollabor at io nist lab or moveent led

by a Republican and a disciple o Samuel Gompersthe oeent becae i two shot year s the sel conscous advocate o the unorganized and uneloyedworker and a soetimes biter critic o the policieso the ew Deal Fight ing lockout s Pinkerton ' sagents and ederal tr oos the CIO organi z ed oumillion workers into industrial unions and seemed toradica lize everyone conneted w ith it By 93 John

L Lewis a man who had egun his eort with thehope o "winning the merican worker rom the ismsand philo sophi es o oreign lands 2 had begun toe spouse a program whi ch seeed ant icap it al ist Proclaiming that it as the responsibility o thestate to provide every able bodied worker withemployment i the corporations which controler ican indust ry ail to provide it ew i s called

or he organization o 2 5 million workers in nationwi de industria l unio n and the orat ion o a armer-labor aliance to radicalize the Democrats ordevelop a thi rd pol it ic al party Thi s programl imited though it was se eed to oer a hope ouniting the merican working class into a consciousolitc l orce

The STFU with more otimism than the acts


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wul justify, saw itself playing an imprtant rlein the C Crusae . If ewis ser iusly intene treate a thir party whih ul break thrugh theew Deal stalemate n questins f unemplyment anb seurity, the unin eaers reasne theallegiane f suthern wrkers t their nservativeplitial leaership wu have t be brken by in-te ns ive rgani ati n The TU be gan t see it se lf

a an vane uar fr the labr mvement in thesuth supprte b it s mre affluent an pwerfulrethren in return fr the plitial appeal it wul ing t thei r rgani ing rive s . It was w ith suhps in min that the unin leaers egan t ressewis fr iret affiliatin with the CI, a relatinshi ih they epete wul prvie muh neeefus t epan n s liify the unin rgani at i n

Hever althugh the plitial rhetri fthe CI seeme t sggest an imprtant plae fr thein its rgnatinal eisins reflete ifer ent ynami . The e ient fa ilure f ap ital is m trtinle tse a impresse ewis (wh if anpprtunst was an intelligent ne ut hi s naturalstratei respnse was t uninie everb inentrlie nustrial units rather than t transfrm apit ali sm plit i ally frm abve When the TUeaers et ewis they were surprise at the kin fue ti ns he aske What kin f ue s ul the un inpay? Hw lng wul it t ke be fre it ul be mesel supprt ing The p lit i al appeal f the uninan the quality f its prgram seeme less imprtantt ew i s than it s pt ent i al finan ia st abi lity .While prai s ing the unin ' wrk, he arefully aviemmitt ing the C t s upprt it .

ew is ' evasi n ref lete quaity f e Cmvement wh ih th e uni n eaers , in the ir enthus iasm,ha tt ally faile t se e it s epenene upn l -letive bargaining as bth an enmi an plitialt e hni que The C buit it s rgani z ing r ive arunthe regnitin f vast iustrial unins as the slebargaining agents f wrkers in Amerian inustriesthe great majrity f its strikes were fught runissues f unin regnitin rather than wages rwrking niti ns The s e highy entra iz e units


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bcaus o h inlunc o h Counis Pary, hos powrul and disciplind radical grouping in hovn urng h Popular ron p ri od, and n

is wor n h CIO, h C . P unciond wih a spliprsonaly, ach sid o which was xcssivlys ild and als In h ir publ ic rol s , Couni ssoo h posion o brual pragaiss, coorablwh h os narrow and procapialis dniion oorganng if it suc cdd in building uni ons . Inhir priva rols, on h ohr hand, pary brssruggld o aain h axu orhodoxy in wha

h cocvd o b Marxis hory, an nrpriswhc , nohing l s , c ould ainan h no i on a s par c ipan s wr rvolu ionari s Thi sdual , cdngly sharp i n any C I O coun i s s ,word agans h dvlopn o a popular socialisology n h gra ndsria l uni on s In h caso souhrn nan arrs unio n, or who hsrug or socais a a ar o survval , i

r ard h d s uc o o a ovn .

ITROU FFILITIO

In March o 137, whn h CIO inally nrdh ld o agriculural orgaaion, i was h CPrah r an h TFU whi ch oo h in i a v , and dd so n a annr whch would b accpabl o

h os consrvaiv bus in s s uni oni s Rahr hanh CIO graning di rc ai li a on o h TFU ororng a na onal ar w orr s ' dra on , CPsragss proposd an inrnaional union o organi ar worrs and cnnry worrs siulanously,argung ha h prsn c o h la r would giv horgaaion a br chc o bcoing slsuppori ng w i s approvd h plan and appoin d

onald Hndrson, a proinn counis horicianand h had o h a ional Rural Worrs ' Coi ,as inrna onal ' s i rs pr sdn Th TFU,invid o par i c pa in h nw organi a on calld h Unid Cannry, grculural Procssingand lid Worrs rica, UCPW or shor ) ,wr od ha hs was h only way ha hy couldb as sur o a conn c on wih h CIO


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T o te STFU leaer s frstr ate by te ( to tem)expable reltae of te CIO to sppot terorgazato a ts program te formato of te

UCAW was a gtmare wose reaty tey oleer qte a ept . oa Hee rso wose tkgte strtre of te Iteatoal reflete ws abtter a ope rt of metos a stye by wte STFU operate wo a opely eare s esreto see te o broke p . I Heers o ' s ew pot te STFU s greate st aeemet ts eelopmet of a epeet soast ososess

base o agrara a relgos symbolsmas aageros polt al eat o Lke may omm s tsof s tme Heerso belee tat a tre reoltoary ososess ol oly stem from astral proletarat a tat moemets wrew ter base from rops oter t a strtworkg ass a to be sjete to rg eoogal a orgazatoal otrol. Hs 1935 artle

C omm st te Rral as s e s a te Work of OrParty" a ware of te ee to te agrara oemets to a proletara base orer to preetpolt a alat os a orga zat oal o ll apse "a te strtre of te Iteratoa seeme es ge t o eet pre sely tat obj et e 3 Te TFUleaers kew tat f tey ke p wt teIteratoal ter orgaato wol be er

ostat pressre to ajst ts program a tatsto C . P. et es Bt spte o f te se obt s te STFU repare t o aff l ate It really a oo e . By j og te Iterat oal a workgt o per sae te CIO of te mportae of te o sw ork te STFU ol at least keep ae te possblty o a poal reoetato w ol geme ag t o t s lo al strggles

CLI A FALL

Te relatosp wt te Iteratoal ose te terest of ogtem strategy proe to beee more repres s e ta te STFU eaers mge


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UNIO RGANIZER

he era fraeork o he UW, oeled oha of C uo h b ure, lf e drh h r le oro of orgg

ol ro he oe e uo aff aedSber 1937 ) orga a o a ub e e o ad h rooked eo d of d rugld g l o rere

e fr erou eo eer oer eu o du ad oug roure-aeoog l eural que o oe oud hk heIraol e eer loa of he F a harer,

aou book a l of ruree forr o he Ie raol Mber ere o u 25 er oh l a 5 er o CI ure r ol e reare ere o fllou blae hee quadrule, kee oe, eoe o dr eaurer, ( F offe Me) oe o Ieraol haquarer (Calfor a) o o CI heaquarer (

Whgo ) he roeure ere he ba orga ao ee o he CI oe a Hederoaed e hou e g a roe u heuo org er rebelle a a u aa oere quree he ouher hare roer, ervedof euo, buree b eb, a o ooo he due or o he aerork h h he CI


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emne f n inustri rer fter seeing thehrter mterils ithel wrte enersn he snvine tht the STU i nt hve ten llseretries wh ul hne them One rgnize r ' s

suggestin ws tht the e ept fr the net 5 e,uring whih time the rppers might e sufiientleute t hne them 4

enersn ' s respne t the unin s mplintws tht th the ue n the unting preure h t e rigru ppie 5 hen the uninleers went t Leis t prtest this eisin, thewere t tht mpine ws prenitin f their

prtiiptin in the CI elpe, the uninleers instrute their rgnizers t restruturethe units in line with interntinl iretive At the sme time , the revive their mpign t win seprte filitin frm the CI

The ttempt t pp the inte rntin sguieines, s the unin eers ere, egn tunermine the sis slirit whih the mvement

h evepe O ll eve the STU hel nepne it s memership tw si tehniues :rgnie tin t inrese the shrerpper'sstnr f living n prtetin in times f risi;n the ultivtin, thrugh rituls, mss gtheringn emnstrtin , f n mt religiu eief inthe j ustie the unin ue n the ult imteues f its prgrm fre the unin memer

t p high ues u hiner its ert in thefirst imenin fr it u siphn mjrprtin f the enmi gins tht the unin wsle t win, ut t ureurt ie the unin sstruture u e mre e et , fr it wur energ rm the emtin ns ih hethe unin memers tgether n whih were , in theng run, the sis the unin ' strength

B the summer 1938, nine mnths ter thefilitin h urre, the STU ws in seriusifiut A reessin f nsiere mgnitueh mpite the ues ' eting rie rmti reuing the eetiveness f the unin ' enmi prgrm r the irt time in its fivee hitr, the U epeene s ren the shrerpper hih re upn, rther thn


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0

added to, hs tny cash ncome In addton theremoteness o the unons eadersh rom acttesn the ed, mosed by ong and rutess negota

tons wth the CIO and the nternatona, broughtsuscons o msconduct to a dangerous lee Almost ha the unon locas went nacte, watngor the od ersonaed stye o eadersh toree, and serous raca tensons began to deeo In one secton o Arkansas, E B McKnney, a areytemnster who was one o the unons organers, had

become so ncensed by the declnng eecteness o

the unon's rogram and the ncreasng dstance othe unons mostly whte execute board that he began to adocate the ormaton o an aback unonMcKnnys roosa dd tte more than get membersdemoraled, but t warned unon eaders that thermoement oud be destroyed unless they restored therogram and the srt whch had been ts orgna bass It was cear to them the SFU was n no oston to ratonale tsel along ndustra unonlnes . In August o 938 the unon halted tscamagn to collect dues and membersh reorts orthe UCAPAWA oce

Henderson a ormer Columba nstructor whohad neer organed n the South, was nurated byths acton He ound t nelcable that a massmoement could be mobled around deoogy, and henterreted the unons dcutes as a sgn oncometent leadersh Ater gong to the CIOdrectors or conrmaton, he normed the unonleader that a searate alaton or the SFU wasunthnable, and that ts reatonsh wth the CIOwas contngent uon ts conormty to the rues othe Internatona At the same tme, he mobedthe C . P . aaratus or a takeoer o the unon rom

wthn

Durng the succeedng three months, oentactona conlcts entered the SFUs ranks,arayng the unons eort to ree ts ocarogram A ouar unon organer, the Re Caudeams, aoed a aer descrbng aeged CP ansto take oer the unon to a nto the hands o J R . Butler, the Fs esdent hen ams as


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suspe ded from the orga z at o by the TF exe cu-tve board he appeaed to oca chapter

51

the r support t o ender son further confusg thedemora zed membe rshp The n De cembe r theIteratoa provoed addtoa tesos y cttgun o repre se tat o o the CAPAWA Execut ve oardto haf of t s prev ous eve a pu shment f ort s fa ure to coe ct due s ad membe rshp reports .The STF retaated by fng a protest wth the Cad by s sung pre ss reeas e s deouc g enders o

The fa brea came the eary months of3 durng a severe ad uexpecte d e c oomc cr s s

Paters the boothee rego of Mssourspurred by reforms te whch reasedte nant s share of party paymet s shfted therabor system from sharecroppg to wage aborevctg 20 te nant s the proce s s Whe unoorgazers spontaneousy ed the evcted famest o a camp o the h ghway betwe e t . Lou sad Memphs a tter st rugge eme rged fo r e

oyaty of te demonstrat ors . ACAPAWA ffsorganzed a separate reef drve from that of eTF ad egan to opey see support for ts st r ct trade uo n po st o Owe Whtf ed theeader of the M s s our group bouced e a shtte -coc betwee t . Lou s ad Memph s ate nate ywooed by uo ad C P offcas I Februarythe TF eade rs ost the r pate c e . They wrote

etters to the CI executve board decarg thatthe Interatoa had sustaed a systematc campagto destroy ts effectveess ad wared that theuo woud be forced to eave the CI uess tceaed up the stuaton the Iteratoa . 6oo afterward ederson aounced that he wascag a speca conveto to reorgaze the TFand expe t s eader shp

The CI drectors at ths pot entered thedspute ad the posto they too dcated therpreoccupato wth the bureaucratc sde of uoorgazato and ther dstace from the probemswhch the sharec ropper f aced Athough they ds -approved of eders o ' s pa t o c a for a duacoveto they woud ot stop hm uess the uo


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2

eades ageed t abide b te PAWA cnstitutinand eet utstanding due s and bigatins e unineades' cpaints tat tei veent cud nt

suvive witin suc a faewk wee deeed ieevan;ende sn' s acti n a fe witin te bunds fstandad tade-unin pactice and ad been ceaed inadvance b eadquates fte ten da fnegtiati n it becae cea tat te s appact ganizing was a t siia tat f endesnand tat neite wud aw te unin t peate nsu itabe tes On Mac , Mitce annunced tatte unin was beaking its ties wit te

Duing te next few nts Mitce cse tcaenge endes n s dive t egani ze te unin Runding up wateve a ees e cud findMitce cased te dua cnventin tk it veand ed i s supptes ut 7 Hendesn was eft wita andu cppes st te fwes fWitfied ad McKinne it n asis an inteacia veent e was neve t ake a seius efft

t eganize in cttnBut te SU ad been ast equa devastated

te di spute n a suve f te ie d Mitcefund n t active cas ut f a tta f 00

wic te unin ad at te peak f its stengt8

e factin figt ad bee s cnfusing t te pepetat te ad sip sut dwn and quit f te tiee ing di sgusted wit a unin s e acia

sidait upn wic te unin ad based its pga eve ad been bad satteed b te figt e best ack ganizes ad eft te veent disiusined wit its decinig eve f pefance andte wite s ad gne inactive Bt fina and stiptant te ast eigius sense issin f

wic te unin ad dawn its stengt ad beenutte de sted te cis is te unin s

eai es t das its e es ad been sustained b tepe tat te wee fcs witin eica wiccud satte te d pantatin sste and win adecent ie f te saecppe n its uins Nw n suc pe cud be aintained e st adica ass fces f cange in te sciet te and teuni st Pat ad std aat f te unin sstivings ad steed it wit fs ad cused


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it wit obligat io s Nt o t di st at o ri z owr tr ors o suiit strgt to tras-orm t otto oomy ito a r ad ordrd

systm o produti o From 1939, t STFU oindit s wo r t o duat i o ad l obby ing s rvig as aliaiso btw sarropprs ad dra tnayprograms it ad rgardd as opssy iadquattwo yars bor

T ANNG FR T FT

T dstrution o t Sutr TatFarmrs Uion pitomizd t basi imitatio o tmost dynami organizing dri stagd by radias it tirt is t ampaig o t C it wxptios radials witi t C wr wiling toiv wit a dinitio uio orgaizing tat madit impossibl itr to orgaiz worrs wo weroutsid o a idustrial systm or to ontrato poitia orgaiatio tat allgd apitaistist itut ions I parti uar CI C ommui st s wosould av now btr wr so ord witdvoping a worig ass bas tat ty supportda stratgy o uioizatio wi ad b on-siousy dsigd to ratioaiz a apitalist omy Ad wn ty am in ontat wit a movmnt wi oud ot appy su a stratgy wosoomi probms wr so svr tat not vn a

tmprary soution od b ound witi pitalismty alowd ad ouragd its dstrutionb aus its support rs wr ot as s i proltarias

T osqus o ts ailurs av bnvy s ri ous and vry last ig Fi rst o al tywrd agaist t dpmnt a broady basdradia party ad t growt o a popular soialistos i ousns s T obs s s io may radials w it

atiitis wi ratd powru iaially staborganizations d tm to gt t ry ralopportuitis to dissmiat a ooprativ ati-apitalist idoogy amog t Amria aboringpopuat i As t gr owt o t STFU id iat s wrrs i t most osrat iv t raditi oaist istions t soity wr ot rpti t a


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rdcl outloo f t as prsed terms relevatto ter experece ad combed wt effectvea

Bt equally portat e strtegc oreato of CI rdcls reforced the solato o te blc populato fro te rest of te erc worg class elp to set te stge for ettozat o d te socl cr s s o our te Te rowdefto of dustrl uosm eboded te CIpcly excluded ost of te blac worg orce

who operated wt aral sectors of the ecooy whc cold ot be rtoalzed wt ctalsThe colozed srecropper o te souter platatolvg uder codtos f depedece rdcllydfferet fro those of factory worer could ot be orgzed cetlzed bureucratc uoe old left strtests cose to vod capagto reorgze te ercaoy e tey cose toelec te progr tt e uo hd advoctetey were posto the orazato o rural blac

ople to soe ue ad later date. Te strust ofhte rdcls b surets te hetto s oepu d ndrect cosequece o te falure ofe uo s prora.


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FOTOTES

1 wrd Kester, Revlt mng the Shrerers

ew r : Cv Frede , 1 9 , p Themrty the mterl n ths rtle hs beenderved rm mnusrt suresprtulrly thevery eellent nd mplete lletn t theSthern Hstrl Clletn n Chpel ll, C Hwever , the ns derble bdy se ndrylterture n the unn hs been ery helpul ngdng the dre t ns my nlys s Students

lng r mre detled dsussn theseevents rm derent pltl ersetveshuld re er t the llw ng bs nd rt le s Je r ld ue rb h, The Sthern Ten nt s Fre rsUnn Slst Crt s the ew el , brstry nter, 9) ; vd gene Cnr, TheFrtten Frmers Urbn Un ver s ty Ill n sP r e s s , 1965) ; Sturt Jmsn, Lbr Unns nme r n r ulture U S eprtment b ,reu br Sttsts, ulletn #3; erR ny , Srrw Sng n l nd ht e , ew Suth Summe r , 19 j M S ent rmn , n

Thms , rns s Shre rppers , nd the Rse veltgrulturl Ples, 1933-193 " MssssVlley Hstrl Reew September, 90) ls, Mt he ll s nter ew n the Clumb rlstry Prjet n n unublshed Ph ssert-

t n , nld H Grubbs , The Suthern Ten ntFrme rs Unn nd the ew el , Unversty Flrd, 193 )

CIO Pbltn, #10; the lterture n the grwthnd elut n the C O s ne ther ery gd nrvery exten s e . Hweve r , the fllw ng wrsshuld be studed bere begnnng t devel p ture the se mplex events Sul l nsy ,

Jhn L ews, n Unthrzed grph ewYr : G P P ut nm ' s S n s , 1949 ; lterGlensn, The CIO Chllenge t the F C mbr dge rvrd Unv Pre s s , 90) ; Sdney Len s , et ,Rght nd Center Hnsdle : Henry Regnery C mny,949) ; Edwrd evn sn , Lb r n the Mrh ewYr : Unvers ty s , 93) ; rt Pre s , Lb r s


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Giant tp Nw Yk Pin Publih 964 ;Rnal Radh Th cpat lgy f icanLab tui On th ft V 1966

3 "Th Rual Maand th Wk f Ou Paty "

Cunit Mach 18, 1935.4 H . Mitchll t nald Hndn Octb, 937 an Mitchll t Gadn acknOctb 23, 93 in thn Tnant FaUnin Pap uthn Hitical Cllctin ThUni ity f Nth Calina Chapl H ill N C

Hnn t Mitchll Octb 27, 93 TFUPap

. R Butl T Mb Ecuti Bad Cng f ndtial Ogani atin Fbuay 4, 1939 TFU Pap

7 F a tail icuin f aical cnfict within th unin Mak Nain Thclin f th thn Tnant Fa Unin93-39," unpbli hd Mat ay ClubiaUniity 1967

8 H L itchll t Nan Tha pil 3, 1939,TFU Pap

***

OUR C ON TR I B UTORS g J AME S 0 9 B R E N i s a r a d u a t e s u d e n a h e Un i ve rs i y o f W i s co ns i n , was ene r a l e d i o r o f

h e REP c o u n e r = e x s e r i e s TOM K RYS S r a n G h o s re s s

C l e ve l a n d i s now i n S an F r an c i sco ROB E RT S TAROB I Ni s a n Aoc e ro ss or o f H s o ry a W i s co ns i n ; DA LTOM IC H ec en l y r a du a e d f rom U . W n ow e a c he s s c ho o li Mi wau ke e FRA N K L I N ROS EMO N T h e a d s B l a c k Swa n P r e ssi n Ch i c ao ; MA NA I S O N i s a ra d ua e s u d e n a Co l umb i a ; D A L EV i s a C l e ve l an d e x i e , e d i s he Th i rdC a s s J u n k Ma i B u d d h i s O r ac l e ; MART I N G L AB E RMA N i se d i o rS p e a k O u i n De ro i was a UAW r a nk - an d - f i em i l i a n f o r m an y y e ars ; R C RUMB J O EL B EC K a r ea r i s s f o r e l l ow D Q a nd Z A Com i x JS G I B E RTi s a v i s i i n ro f er umb i a h i s f a l h i sf r s book , r i e rs P a r s an s was re l e ase d r ec en l y

***

S u p o r n s u b s $ a n d u : We n e e d y o u r e l


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Un ions nd Blk it io

Glaerman

he Nero ad the Aeria abor Mveet, uliuab , ed it rde Ci ty, Nw Yrk hork, 968 40 , $ 7 bk

57

hi book he t fil a reat void aterial a ruial area of Aeria lif, akioiderable iforatio o bak wrker ad thtrade uio vet eaily a ibe t earlyhatr, dvoted riarily to the hitory f thrbl, ar e iay valuable: Aut M r adEllitt dwi k o blak eader attitude toward

the labor oveet, erbert ta o th idi Wrkr, ay Marhal uthr ui adMark aro ad ald adh the A o f L .rvide very ueful otributi to a udrtadi f th urret ituati The athloy aa who, hwevr, ad artiularly the artdeai wth idiate iue ad aruet arearrd by a traditioal viw of the trule for bak liberatio t i a view fro befor thtie of Deb ad, athouh it i ewhat odifidhere t rove th ot lari traditio withurret reaity, t doe t uh beyod th ti

wr oa of "ak ad hite, it ad iht "he Nr ad the Aeria abor Movt

da riarily with the raied uio ovet, whih i a raoab eouh area of diuio butdoe ot jutify ithr the tedey to idetify theuio with the wrker a a whle or the dititio that are ad whe the two are viwd earaty ab, i hi itrodutio, ote "that thffort of th C eaderhi t rai th rak adfie to it ow level of equaitaria oioue

were iadequat " 8 The idea that the labr


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leaderhp r any gnan par ha had a mre radal nune han he rank and lerker a myth h de pread upprt B whenunn eader ue a lnguage tha ntantly eed

her at t eem muh mre reanale t eleveha ther nune releted n ther aand ha ther language a reetn h theyel eve e the n une the r n tuent Te leader unverally ue he harhet dplnar meaure agan ther memer n uh quen aldat trke r vlan mpany-unn ntrat hen te egn t h a lte regard r

pejue agant Negre a they fr prejudeagant n-tre plege t ma egn t beneear tae them eruly

hte rer are ht hrugh wh prejueagant ba It uld e dfult t magne tt be thee ater enture f laver and atem f euatn eneranment an mmunanmpete dmnaed rat dtrne But here

ae been an hen rer have attempted tverme ertage an ave een pue a yte r eaer The etrt aut plant durng WrldWar II are a ae n pnt Thuand utherner te an ak men and wmen fund themeve rng de y e t uthern hte prpaganded ear f tre f rae mngere prepared t aep he wr hen they ameNrth In man plan al nterure ar raeand e lne e ame mmn By the end f the wrt a apparent tha the a haraert f heunn leader' delgy wa n equalt uttmt and he ram nheren n th et waqu kl rea rmed Ne her he unn nr teader ever gave anythng mre han veralalleg ane t ral e qual y The gan made were

made y te d re t pre ue la wrker Whennatnal nn uh a the U mved agan thevertly ra prae me uhern al ta nt frm any equaltaran nune a allut rm the need plte he perully-pledlak rer n ther memerhp n the nrh


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59

UNONS AS UNONS

More fudame al ha he c osc ous es s " of

uo leaders bes lef o sychoaalyss s herole o he uo as such Jac ob s o says ha "heuos r gh to orgaz e o b arga c olle cvelyo mrove the welfare o her members mus beforfed cosaly by rogressve democracsoc al ad e c oom c leg s lao Smlarly heoso of he Negro worker Amerca soceyot merely as a worker bu as a Negro wh uque

eeds ad eress cao be mroved whou acoual growh ad lcao le o demo-cra c rcle s 2 2 . ) Ths s radtoallyhe ob ect ve ba s s f or the Negro abor coalt o The roblem s he uo suto ad how t haschaged me Old ca egore s o loger al adhere s ltle ot alkg as f hs were19 8 sead o 1968

Let us be sec c : The u os ' r ght t oorgaz e to barga collecvely s o logere qualet o to mrove he welfare o he rmembe rs " Oe could ask whose welfare was mrovedby Joh L Lew s rgh o b arga away he ob s of50 000 mer s he 950 ' s by acce g ulmedmecha zao of the me s whos e welfare was roe ced by Harry Brdges oorous waerfro c o-

trac whch reduce he youger workers o secodclass saus he uo ad o he ob ad whosewelfare s mroved by Reuher ' s corac s whchseadly desroy he workg codtos of the auow orker s for rval frge b eef s The se wereamog he mo s mlt a of he dus r al u o s Mos u o s are much wor se t s o ac c de alha the rght to orgaze ad barga collecvely

o he grea dusral uos s srogly rotecedby the for ce s o law ad order most c rcuma ce s Ths of course does ot aly o ewer uos erheral dusres such as agrculture Thebasc fucto of the uo has become o artcae he admsrao of roduco ad toroe c the rela ve o s o o a favored ew Th s should be v sbl e o ayoe aml ar wth


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condtons n basc nduty whose head s not stll bac n the thrtes.

Unde these ccutances the obectve

mutualty of nteest between black and whte wkeshas to be sught elsewhee. t can be found n theunn only n the sense that the unon ha becehostle to the basc nteests f both black and

whte woers . t cannt be found n the s mpleqestons f race but athe n the fact that the condton of lfe and work frce black workes and whte worers to fght the me enemy an eney whch

not smply the abstract syste but the patculansttutons of ths socety tat oppress thse wht domnates ncludng the goernment the corpratons and the unns.

he need to struggle wthn he unn oementganst racsm and racst practces shuld not blndete the stuent o actst to a sense of hstorcad economc development. Battle s over conscousne s s n tse f hae accmpl hed lttle here. ner M.Rosen n h s artcle n the C notes: Mstadances secued by Negro ndustral workes dungthe C s l fe t e were due to domnant econocforces specfcally the acute and polonged laboshotage whch prevaled durng the econd Wld War. hus ecnomc foces wll not secure advances wthoutstuggle but strggle wll not secure adances thatae no relaton to the specfc hstorcal condtons

And t s the pnt f hstory at whch the boo s weae st. There s l ttle recgntn of thecontnung een gwng pwer and sgnfcance fthe black ndustral wkng clas s. n the ne hand blacs contnue to seve a a peanent eserve ayof the unemployed fr a bluecollar sector n whchthe absolute numbe f obs has sen n the last

decade. n the ther hand they ( along wth the whte ndustral woe) cntnue to resde n actcal poston for the pssblty of a uccessfulscalst evolutn t th basc geas of the calode. The pesece f blak mte n a aut plant s ly d and hyle the


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asi fr suh evelments as DRM DgeRevutinary Unin Mvement ) whih has shut wnthe main Dge ant se ve a t ime s Bak wrkers

man signifiant segments f Amerian inustryfrm the ins ie They an shut it wn they antranfrm it e stry it

61

The mtin f miins f wkes in thethirties t transfrm Ameian siety le t

effetive unity etween ak an white inustrawrkers an revente the unemlyment frm leaingt rae wars But the stugge fr l ie rat in was

then , an is t ay, unt e re y the reat in Thegrwth f the Klan , f the Blak eg i n, f themvement s f C ughli n an Geal L K Smithattemte t unter the unrest an the revlu-t i nary utre aks The i r e quivaent s are everywher evient tay as a esnse t the strugglefr ierat i n The rai a re iner must geyn efens e nt the ffen s ive , ase n the

strategi strength f the lak inustria wrkeran hs aility arry the white wrkers alnw ith him The great e st ari e t suh a eve-ment is the ntin that struggles f ak an whitewrkers have t take lae within the framewrk fthe la unins

An examle f this latte ntin isJa s n s efense f refeent i a hiing fr

egres 13-14

) He is fre t reue theque st i n t te rms that ae managea le w ithi n aunin framewrk is n t the grauate in me taxrefeent ial? et , et n fat , f urse ,eferent ial hi ring aey s at he s the surfae f lak wrkers were efeentialy hire eveywhere they wul still e the ast hie an, ye ni rty stanas , the f irst fi re But the

unin has n hie ut t efen the seniritysystem whih isriminates against lak ee,yung e e an wme n t s funti n in thi ssiety is t aminiser the rues y whih itsmemer s are te te against aitali sm s wrstevis, an there is n way it an relinquish thisfunt in withut eas ing t e a unin What i sequie is nt efeentia hiing exet as a


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modest loca deman) but a complete reorganization ofj ob s An tht is possibe nly on the bsis of anew society, one in which jbs are not depenent on

te reqrements of manaers bt on the coectivede c i s ion of the workers Tht may b e Ut opin ieaor a pract ic al po s s ib il ity, according to how onese es it In e iter case , it i s in fundamentaopposition t the nions as they now are or astey may c on ce ivably be come

Nots on th S. S.c

Jms Girtere c on ' t ave been a bette r sett ing hn

Rtger for the Fourth annl session f te Sociistolar s C onference R iing ot from New Y ork C itytrog the New Jersey indstrial wasteland ws likese e ing an nedit ed vis i on f the ftre , a mvingpi tre of the de it s of or progres s What nd i s

not yet higway or torn p to ecome igway ooks ie a gi ant parking lot overgrown y we eds , giedby motiones pllted ditches, and spotted byoccasional hosing projects, fence off like resident al re servations

e three dys of sessions were strng togetery one idea, tat an examination of the new raicalcontitency in the niversities and among ethnic and

racial grops wich might make p a new radical movement ws crci al at th is t ime The progre s s ion of theconference from anaysis of the past to panning,owever tentatively, for the ftre gave te meetingsa momentm the y a neve r demons trated be fo re hefirt eion raised two immensely important esti on : the role of te intelle ctal i n so c ial change,iscse y Christper Lasc of Northwestern and


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e s m f Rge s , e e f eme g lss, exme by ebe Gm fe se Uve s y . Te pblem e e lle -us vlve e sese, e vey essee f e

feee f lely, e ssump f ms fe pps e uees ws elle-uls mp le ply . Geue s -geees bu s le eupe e sess eme uee f e eme f e fee e . Gum , s mp ppe , exmee e meup bev f e Amewg lss llee e mel xs

ssp w s fe me e lLef s vew f e ple .

e se y s se ss s sply fuse e mveme e Ue Ses espeflly e peul e vs f eef beee bs ew s Te j spee wsH Cse se evsg b, Te Css fe e Iellel se pbbly lssettled) e ues f blwe es eme l mveme . e mg spee e spve few le mmes f mpe s Csepu vey pesl bsevs mp sms f e Lef s pe , eve s -ue s w ege s . Te se ss self efeee ue vs mml pssles fpe beee e e lef e bl

vee y fe , geel su ss f e

ele speees, e lem f geg e syf ble l els sg beme ee gume u e pe s e . Peps bee Cuse s pe sl e e g -spe Ms Sppes, e f ews Ces, gve esely pesl u f s w

l ves s espse Cuse s v f e me C mmu s veme s ues w l s . I s g e b ug emee g e f s few mme s f ex eme , fe e uee ese e spel elsp f es ls e bl mvee-ue s e ey ges, beuse es sfee sfm sm Sppes ' w sy ws e f


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sssf transfrmatin frm immigrant t ft-wingpbi sr and dit r Yt i s rnt ing f it r vad a brak dwn in mnta mmn i at i n .Sapps rad tat ad "rad Stain in t1920 s " and di s vrd Ngr Qu stin H adbm ativ in Ngr ratins wit t radiamvmnt and ad frm tr mvd n t t Jwisst i . and man in t adi n nti nd t qat ant i mit i sm in Amri a wit ra ism Bt vr ar t fw ba ks in t adi n did nt ats qstins f tni rigin mst sti agitat tft and divid its ptntia nstitn is a ga

f t di s astrs past f Amr i an radi ai sm . Itingrs bas f t nd t nfrnt tat pastn sty bt as b as t radi a mvmnt r fts t tni spits f Amrian sit

On t fina da t nfrn mvd t ttr nd f t sp raw ing Rutg r s amps ; t radbtwn t tw sinking dwn int Nw Brnswik wra wrng trn n wa ads abrpt int strts t

f t 3 s r ant r int t t im s s as ft Bak gtts wr wdn sing jts pgain st t st it s f sp r igwas ading t ftwn On s pr sn in ti s srt f msm itr nfrd t sns f t past s aims pn tprsnt and ndrsrd nd t strik t iniff rnt dirt ins and ra nw ndr st andings

Svra tings at tat ast sssin pd t

d s apr b Jams instin n t prsptsfr panning a nw siaist part gav maning tman f t idas w i ad b n xprs sd dring tprvis tw das . C ar v rting was adingp t tis prpsa . Radia stdnt s d is afftdmbr s f t nw midd as s and baks insti nargd wr t ptntia nstitn fr a nwpart.

instin s anasi s attmptd t dirtpanning fr a nw siaist rganizatin ang tins indiatd in man f t paprs and mmnts ft prvis tw das and n t tr was an ndr rrnt f di ss at isf ati n in t adin . isrstd in part bas f wat was nt said andpart bas n imprtant mvmnt grs wrrpr sntd n t pan ta t ast da . But mr


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radical america - vol 2 no 5 - 1968 - september october

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