radical america - vol 10 no 3 - 1976 - may june

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 10 No 3 - 1976 - May June

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Edors: Frank Brhead, Margery Daves, Mara Erien, Lnda Gordon Jim Green,Mchae Hrsch, Aen Hunter, Henry Norr, Jm O'Bren, Ann Wthorn

Assocate Edors Peer Bsknd Pau Buhe Een DuBos Marceo Gaeott Daneorgakas Martn laberan Mark evan Maro Montano Mark Nason BranPeerson esey Prot Shela Rowbotha Stan Wer

RADICAL AMERICA ubshed bi-monthy at Union Square, Somerve,

Massachusetts 24 (MAILING ADDE O Box B N Cambridge Massachsetts 24 Subscrpton rates $ per year $ for two years, $ per year for theunemployed Subscrptons wth pamphets are $4 per year, $2 for two years Add $to al prces for foregn subscrptons Doube rates for nstitutons Free to prsonersBuk rates 4% reducton from cover price for fve or more copes Bkstores mayorder on a consgnment bass

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IARC

MayJune Volume Numr

TRODUCTION

STALISM AND CAReJoby

TH GI MOVEMENT TODAY:TH VOLNTEER ARD FORCES MOVENT RANKSLin A1band, Stve R & Denn Wdmans

POEMS TO BATTLE HLP HALN.

TH BOLSHVIKS AND WORG WON,Anne obf

LEERS


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duc

Organizing and party-building have aroused widespread interestand debate within the North American left. This issue of RadicalAmerica tries to address some of the problems raised by this debate.

One of the matters that especially concerns us is the revival of

interest in Stalinism For three decades from the mid-1920's to 1956 Stalin's leadership in the Soviet Union and his pronouncements on alltopics from revolutionary strategy to science and philosophy dominatedmost discussion among socialists. But Khrushchev's criticism of Stalinin 1956 the break-up of Soviet domination over the internationalcommunist movement and the worldwide emergence of a New Left inthe 1s seemed to put his influence to an end, especially amongyoung people

In a recent issue of Radical America, we defined ourselves as partof "an antiStalinist left Several readers have questioned this selfdefinition and pointed out correctly we think that its use imposes on usan obligation to explain just what we mean by Stalinism and why we areagainst it We accept and welcome this obligation but we do notpretend that we can meet it adequately in one short statement.Stalinism is a complex phenomenon On the left today we confront it inorganizations that talk of ideological cohesion discipline and

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scece bu prcce domsm uhorrsm d ro Wesee Ssm orzo forms h eere he vue ofcersm he epese of democrcy d emphsze he uhory ofhe pry d s edershp e epese of he opry msses

d eve owereve pry members Ssm so voves drsrrow eve cors o Les Boshevsm of he re whch deooc debe d cuur epresso re permed bu soroud he des of s poces MrsmLesm he hds ofhe Sss ceses o be phosophy d mehod d becomes heooy he es of whch c be ced rerdess of coe who cocree veso of cocree codos s source ofeer ruh The decc essece of Mrsm s overwhemed bymechc deermsm

I he hsory of he Sove Uo Ssm me ddo omssve represso d he desruco of democrcy wh he pry ecoomc pocy h ve he deveopme of he "forces ofproduco hevy dusry echooy d scece prmcyover he ecessy for he rsformo of soc reos hrouhprorced css srue Ths pproch resued he ccepce ofherrchc coro of eerprses rece o mer ceves doerce of wde eques of come d prvee IeroySsm eed he subordo of oher pres d peopes o hepoces of he Sove Uo d cerzo of uhory he

word commus moveme h ored he rhs of oher os dhe eed for oher pres o deveop srees pprope o her owcodos

We hope fuure ssues o deepe d refe hs premrydefo of wh we me by Ssm d o py roe he serchfor erves Tody however s cer h he fuece of S so he rse wheher mesured by he sprou of MrsLespres h hoor d me hm or by he ew eo pd o hswrs o hoy srey nd phosophy I hs ssue of Radical

America Russe Jcoby ddresses oe mjor source of hs Ssrevva: he ssece o he pr of he Chese Commus Pry hhe revouory rdo rus from Mr d Ees hrouh Le oS d he o Mo. I hs rce o Ch d Ssm Jcobyrues h he defese of S by he Chese s rey cc d spr of her srue wh he curre ruers of he Sove Uo Heshows fac h S cossey opposed he successfu sreesof he Chese vouores d o sever occsos ws resposbefor dssrous defes I ddo Jcoby shows h o my cerquesos of socs heory d srey ecoomc deveopme

he roe of peaas or he hd of dspues wh he pry forempe he Chese owe her reve success o pursu pocyvery dffere from h of S

Oe cam of he Sass of course s h hee s fudmecouy from he Boshevk Pry uder Le o he CommusIeroa uder S I cosder he ors of Sa's rue


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Rua hrfor w hav b forcd o uo h aduacy of bolhvm boh h rvoluoary ragy ad h coco of h rvoluoary ary for dalg wh h roblm of

comorary ocal modr dural cour A Bobroffak a crcal look a ary hr ay o h Bolhvk adworkg wom durg h rod 1905 o 1920 k h r US.workg cla h workg cla of rrvoluoary Rua cludd alarg rooro of wom Bobroff how ha h wom wr vrymla ad crad a wd vary of orgazao o v hr

d. Sh alo how ha h Bolhvk laggd bhd rahr ha ldh wom; ha h ary m amd o caur ad u hwom mlacy for rdfd ary am ad urd auoomou wom orgazao ad h wom av dfg

hr ow goal Bobroff furhr ugg ha h Bolhvk olcrflcd o oly aud bu alo h ovrall hrarchcalorgazao of h ary

A al ar of rvoluoary ocal ragy h rol of hmlary Th rc dfa for h workg cla Chl ad back Porugal hav vvdly llurad h for u Our ow rc whh mlary occurrd wh h co of h Vam wr auoular war fogh largly wh cocr ad accomad by alarg awar movm Th codo ar ow largly chagd.

Wha ar h roc for orgazg h mlary oday? Ha hcrao of a allvolur army lmad h dco ha wrh ba for much of h G orgazg h 1960? Th ar huo addrd by da Albad Sv R ad D Woodma. Thy rac h org ad growh of h volur army hmrgc of a w kd of GI movm wh h rak adam h obl for boh uo orgazg ad olcal workwh h armd forc oday. Th auhor how ha h chaggcomoo of h armd forc cloly rlad o chag hcoomy Thy alo how ha h abc of war h GI movm

of oday aralll h ruggl h wdr ocy cocragrmarly o wag workg codo ad ruggl aga auhoryfor corol of o lf

All of h arcl ar cocrd wh w way ha ocal arlookg a our uao oday W would lk o rmd our radr haw valu your fdback vry much ad w call your ao o our"r co a a lac whr rc ad obrvao rlago our arcl ca b chagd a brf ad fmal way

Fally may of you ar awar ha w hav lauchd a

fud-rag drv o ovrcom our dfc ad ra our crculao oha w ca bcom lf-uorg Th drv off o a uccfular ad w would lk o hak h may radr who hav roddo grouly o our aal If you hav corbud y w ho youwll do o; bu you ca alo hl by ubcrbg f you ar a wadradr by akg bookor ad lbrar o cary Radal Amria by

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becomng a "sustanng subscrber and y gvng gft subscrptons Weknow that these are hard tmes but ths s ust what makes t somportant that Radica America survve and grow.

The Radica America edtors

OA QUARTERLY JOURNL OF EVOLORY THOGHT

umber Wne

ALI W GOLDNER Polog to a hoy of Rvolnary IllcasKARL KORSCH: T Thss o Maxs Tay ()AUL BREINES Kosch's Road o Max

AUL MTTIC -Bolshvs Cos n GanyUGLAS KELLER osch's Rvolonay HsocsmLEORDO CEPP osch's MaxisSKAR EGT O h Polac o Coso n Kl KoschGIACMO MRR MO Thoy f h Css ad h Pol of CosuonURIO CERI: l, Lkcs ad oschGIACOMO MRRMO: osch IlyRICHAR IFIELD: The Young Hglad h Dalcc of Sal con

reviews o/bks andjoual, an nex o/ssues

Subscpons pe ya dvdal sss); $ sos. Fo ods plase Rem paym .S. ccy oly. ddss all cosodc o

Ts Sooy Dpa asho vsy S. Los, MO US


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Stsm ad Cia

ll Joby

The resurgence of Stalin an Stalinis is a gri coent on he sate of the eft in the Unite States For a left that has passehrough ol an new phases it arks regression an rereat.In he for of MarxisLeninis, an incantation onoize

y the new counist oeent, Stalinis is increasingy in oke if not practice, by the organize an isorganize lef As forua i is he leftwing contribution to the how to inustry is eualy gity of eceptie aertising The MarxistLenin s pckage conains itte of Marx an Lenin (or Mao) bu iberaluantes of Stalin an ol Counis Party oga. Toay MarxsLennis is conagious an few see iune.

Th new Stainis has ony contept for its forerunner the new ef. Ths is conept wihout an ob ec; the new left has not sipyae hs been oliterate erase fro in an eory.

When recae i either raws a blank or eokes the faint oor ofaiure e he tepation to sing the irtues of the new ef uste resise this s no ony teious but etracts fro a serious stuy of s weaknesses an strenghs The fac itsef of the re l of Sinis sugess a funaental failing of the new left,is inabity or refusa to ele ino the hstory of Marxis

OPPOS: M e-g e Log M 18-85


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reouio This faiig taks its rvge oy a ft iocet of hsory cou toay be co by th rhtoric a aswers of he0s

The absece of a historica cosciousss is a fuaeta rea

so hat ais but oes ot brig about the rtur of Staiis A ore pecific caus is the Chiese Reoutio Th attractio of he hes Routio roub as th eft ra ito obstaces a hoe The atura ethusias was grou i the affiitis h he eft prcie if oy isictivey; the eft sshe ty of the Chies Reouio a its cocer for cuture coousess a hua participatio a of which appear to be ckg i coteporary Russia ce the iifferece of the eft owar the vie Uio et this ethusias for Chia has be chaee by the viet/Chia spit back to a thusias for

Si Stais Russia That is th officia Chiese ersio ofhe oiet/Chia spit has bee accepte without resrvatio by ost parts of th North Aerica eft The Chese verio of course ates reisiois" as coecig with Khrushche eerythig prior to Khrushch Stais Russia rceivs the reoutoary sea of approva ius so istakes " ThisChies itio has ha a icacuabe effct o rerig Sta s accepab a ee esirabe to th eft

The roy has be isse th regeeratio of Saiis has

coe by way of a historic oppot a aterate Maois Stai s o frie of the Chiese Routio; a i aost ery par cur Mao a the Chies Revoutio have iverge fro Stai st oes Th otio that Maois pus Stais as up to a sge reoutioary sciece" is sciece fictio The surgica seprtio of Russia revisiois" fro Staiis is siiary ythoogy Russia revisiois" is ot th egatio of Staiisut its uitessece

Ths artice epores so aspects of the reatioship of theChese to the Russia rvoutio Maois to Staiis; i is a excerpt fro a oger ssay Stai MarisLeiis a theLef I ake o cai to be rawig upo origia rsearch asources; i fact I cai the opposit Th argut is iberateyse o rcet a accssib works This ca ueri he fa hat he history of a Ria/Chise ivrgec is hary ob scure; oreover it ca suggest th books a artics whr ageera stuy of Maois vrsus Staiis ca begi

Afr the war i Europe was ovr Stai set Mao Ts

tug a Russa book o partisa warfare th fruit of Rus sia exprice urig th ra ivasio Mao rea ita showe it to Li Piao his best iitary coar

Li reark If e ha ha this as our tbook we ou have be aihiat t years ago' ()


11/84

The ierpreaio of he Chiese Revouio is exceeigy if ficul; here is ile agreee eve aog is hisorias. u here is agreee. I geeral a exaiaio of he Chi e se Revouio shows ha i iverge sigificay fro he Ru

sia Revouio a ha oreover i succeee i spie of Sais a he Coier's irecives. I oher ers here is a revou ioary process associae wih Mao whih is isi fro ha associae wih Sali. This eas ha he Chiese efee of Sai cao be ake a face value. The efese of Sali i fac was ue ore o he eves folowig Khrushchevs rise opwer.Iasuch as Khrushchev cae o power as he euciaor of Sa li he Chiese appeal o Sali i heir ispues wih he Russia eaer. Thus he fraework a ers of he ifferece bu ohe subsace i fac he issues have ohig o o wih Sai.(The releva eves will be iscusse beow. I is ira o grasp his; fo r i is he failure o uersa he exe o whichhe Chiese efese of Sali is o real bu acica ha has is e uch of he lef i he sese of viewig SaiusMao as up hoers of a sigle revouioary heory a pracice agais Rus sia revisiois. Nohig is furher fro he ruh The re arks here ie oly o be suggesive o a exhauive suy of he Chiese Revoluio. I is oly a uesio of opeig up cer ai areas of iscussio.

The Chiese Revouio a Maois ca be see as buckig a ivergig fro he Russia oel a irecios i a leas hree areas: (A he role of peasas (B poliical orgaizaio (C eco o ic orgaizaio a iusrializaio. A gace a severa peri os of he hisory of he Chiese Revouio wil flesh ou heseivergeces

The Role of Peasas

27 is a oal poi i he hisory of he Chiese CouisPary a Mao. Prior o ha year a uie fro exise bewee

he Chiese Couis Pary (CCP a he Kuoiag. SiceChia was o ye a uifie coury a is proearia was sa a weak i seee logical for he CCP o uie wih he Kuoiag uer he leaership of Chiag Kaishek i orer oachieve aioal uificaio a liie socia refors Thus heCo ier ecie i 23 Isofar as he workig cas is o ye iffereiae as a absouey iepee force he E.C.CC Execuive Coiee of he Couis IeraioaU cosiers ha i is ecessary o cooriae he aciviies of he Kuoiag a of he youg Couis Pary of Chia.

As siple as his ay appear i is o. I he hisory of heCoie here have bee ay kis of uie fros The iffereces bewee he epe o he aure of he aiace or suboriaio ivove e.g. oes he Couis Pary ue i revouioary progra ? isba is orgaizaioal iegriy ? ec.


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While the CCP i approe a coalition with the Kuointang it op pose the for eane by the Cointern; accoring to one co entator, the CCP profounly istruste the Kuointang an was incline to regar it as a collection of new warlors an newureaucrats (2

One chapter of the story can be quickly tol. In 2 Chiang be gan a ajor ilitary swing, the Northern Expeiion, to i Chi a of walors an unify the coutry. Aance work for thisexpe ition was perfore by the Counist arty. In Shanghai, oexaple, Counistle labor unions reolte, seizing the cityin anticipation of the arrial of Chiang an the Kuointang. At this point, the official Cointern position still calle for coalition withChiang. Stalin announce ays before Chiangs arrial in Shanghai:At pesent, we nee the Right. t has capale pple, who still

irec the ary an lea it against the iperialists. Chiang Kishek has perhaps no sypathy for the reolution, but he is leaingthe ary an cannot o otherwise than lea it against the iperi alists. (3) In Shanghai Chiang was greee as a liberator; specific instructions fro the Co intern irect workers to hie or bury their weapons Chiang entere the city unopse. Then, on Apil 2 27 he launche a counterreolution a cooinate an ethoical assacre an execution of CCP ebers an sypathizers which was literally a lethal low to the CC an

Cointern policy. ( This was, in short, a ajor efea or theChinese Reolution an the Co itern licy o unite ont. The collapse of the CC P /Kuointang alliance as a isaster for

the CC P an for Stalin, who was in the ist of a stuggle with Trotsky an neee ictories in China to inicate his ition. The usual course was aopte it was ecie that Cointern po icy was not wrong, but that CCP leaership was since it ha een guilty of right errors kowtowing to the Kuointang. It was also ecie that the Chinese Reolution was now entering a new phase of reolt an insurrection. Uner ipossible conitions, the

Cointern coane uprisings by the CC Mao later charac terize this perio as one of reckless action (aenturis Instea of organizing an orerly retreat, " party ebers an followers were coane to unertake local insurrectons all oer the country without the slightest hope of success. The upshot of this policy was siple the counist oeent in the cities was annihilate. The urban proletariat neer agai playe a role in the Chinese Reolution not until a ictorious Mao en ere the citie fro the countrysie in The total efeat o

this licy, then efine the uniqueness of the Chinese Re olution: it shifte fro city to countrysieWhat was to becoe the Maoist strategy, peasant reolution, was

fore these ery sae years eelope either in opsition to or in ignorance of Stalin an the Co intern. To presere the Kuo intang/CC alliance, in fact, Stalin ha orere that the raical is of the peasantry be curbe to check the peasant s oer


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zeaous action wit te wer of te Party Heauarters. )Maos orientation was ifferent.

Maos ie of actiity was te countryse an te peasantry; e a paye ony a inor roe in te eents of te city. Te e

traya repression an iseaersip of te uran proetariat a proetariat wic in any case was s a in Cina eant tat e ony possiiities were now outsie te cities. It cannot e pre tene tat a focus on te peasantry was uttery new to Marxis, o Lenin or to Stain; ut tis is not te point Hiterto Marxis a een essentiay concere wit an uran proetariat an onyin a seconary way wit te peasantry. Wit Mao tis is reerse te proetariat is inor te peasantry an entire teory an practice. Tis is Maos contriution to Marxis a teory of pesantreoution

One of Mao s ery first writings Report on an Inestigation of te Peasant Moe ent in Hnan spels tis out; it was written in 27 te sa e year as te uran isasters. To ge creits were tey are ue if we aot ten ints to te acco pis ents of te eocratic reoution, ten te aciee ents o te uran weers an te iitary units rate ony tree points wie te reaining seen points wou go to te peasants in teir rural re oution." (7) Tis ay not see so original or noe ut witin te istory of Marxist teory it reerses te reationsip between

te peasantry an te proetariat. Te peasants ere are te ajor force an te uran roetariat an ajunct. Te eresy o tis octrine in ters of traitional Marxis is i picity a itte y e Maoists te sees; for tis sentence one of te ost exicit in te roe it assigns to te peasantr is o itte in recentCinese eitions of te Rert.

Te reaining stages o te Cinese Reolution can arey e entione ere te creation of rura soiets by Mao; te wars of exter ination" y Ciang wic finaly force te CC P on te epic

ong arc" to Yenan; te Japanese inasion of Cina an te secon unite front" etween te CCP an Ciang; te efeat of te apanese an te en o Worl War an te recoenceent of Co unist/Ciang ostiities leaing to Co unist icory in Tree ponts are wort e pasizing about te Ci nese pat to reoution ( te protracte ilitary strugge unike te Russian Reoution were te iitary pase was relatieyrief); (2 te peasant an rural orientation; an (3 te i portant roe of nationais Te relatie signiicance of rura reolutin an peasant nationalis nee not e iscusse ere; but it soue note tat uc o te support or an succss o te CCP stes fro its assu ing te ante of nationais olowing te inasion o Cina by Japan (

Sain was not intereste in aiing te Cinese Reoution anore often tan not suborinate it to te iperaties o Russian foreign icy. Te rura soiets organize by Mao i receieofficia" recognition, but were originaly ignore or oppose by


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Sti. In geerl Stlin ws concerne wit Jpnese iperilis s tret to Russin integrity or tis reson e eee tt te Kuoitg coul proie ore o buer tn wt were to i soe rurl sligty ereticl Counists. Een ter

Worl Wr II Stli ws isig te Cinese to see teir reoution in or o iing Cing. He stte te! Ater te wr we iite Ciese coes to coe to Moscow n we iscusse te sitution i Ci. We tol te bluntly tt we consiere te eelopent o te uprising in Cin no prospect tt teinese cores soul seek ous ieni wit Cig Kshek n issole teir ry Te Cinese cores gree ere wit te iews o te iet cores but went bck to Cin cte oterwise. Not tt tis pssge surizes te

iiculty o cpturing te essence o Cinese Mrxis. Teoretic lly, tey prete e to toe te oicil Coitern Stli line i prctice, oweer, tey ierge siply ignorig te preilgoctrie.)

Fi lly it soul be note ere tt t te e o Worl Wr II te SSR irectly iere te Cinese Reolution wen teyriely occupie Mncuri te ost eelope n inustrilize regio o Ci. At wrs e tey coul e gien it oer to teounists wic ccoring to one istori woul e i

eect ecie te ciil wr witout igtig sice te Counists wo lrey ointe te rurl res o nort estern Ci, oul wit te Mcuri wr tentil t teir con e oertrow te Kuoint g t will. ( Rter te Russins sys teticlly strippe Mcuri o ll oeble euipent, crte it bck to Russi, n surreere te proice to te Kuointng.

Te ept igiicnce o te ntgoniss between Stlin n te iese Reoution soul ot be iiize by optig teorul o Stlin's istkes." Tese istkes" coer te entire

inese Reolutio Te Ciese teseles stte in tteroctsio: We o ot ee is tli istkes In te lte twenties, te tirties te erly ile orties te CieseMrxistLeiists resiste te inluece o Stlins istkes. " Te recet Russin ttcks on Mo n Mois be te rei sioist or wtnot y be on rget i tt tey coir ol Stli/Mo oppositio. Tey cn be ccepte, tt is but wit n iportnt uliiction wt te Russis ttck s egtieeture cn be ccepte s sitie one. Oe recent Russi t

tck sttes! Te reue t ppels Mo kes in s writings to te utority o Sti n cittios ro i were lso itee siply to crete te ipression o erece to ussi MrxisLeiis I ctul ct Mo kes ypocritic use o Stlis e A coection o Mos speeces t close eetigs reels tt Mo clle Stlin etpysicin ccuse hi o eig oppose to te iese Reolutio. (2)

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Sttlng Dffrncs Wthn th Party

Aong potcal an conoc nsons th Chns ffort

s th hstory of th prtur opny or plcty fro thStanst a Sot ols n th potcal nson to us thost gnral trs thr has bn a contnuous Chns attptfro th arly rctfcaton capagns of th 10s through thCutural Roluton of th 10's to trat potcal ffrncs cutur conscousnss an subctty n a ocratc an non authortaran annr at last as contrast to th Sot Unon

A ganc at th Rctfcaton Capagn of 12 whch n any ways prfgur th Cultura Roluton ay llunat th Th

Rctfcaton Capagn was a struggl or powr an theory by an battl Chns routon t was an attpt to rsol th prats arsng fro a rnw Japans offns soaton by th Kuontang an th ncssty to rct gurrlla warfar an routon or a w an cntraz ara wth a ass of nw an unschoo party brs (3 As such t was an uca tonal an poltca ffort to ntrprt an apply a rc SotMarxs th only Marxs wth whch th Chns wr fal ar to ry unqu Chns contons nc t was rct aganst a ogatc an fora Marxs assocat wth th t

Unon whch was rrlant to spcfc Chns contons. It cal n short for a Chns Marxs f a Chns counst who s a part of th grat Chns pop boun to hs pop by hs ry fsh an bloo taks of Marxs apart fro Chns p cuarts ths Marxs s ry an pty abstracton Cons qunty th Snfcaton of Marxs that s to say akng cr tan that n a ts anfsatons t s bu wth Chns pcu arts usng t accorng to ths pcularts bcosaprob W ust put an n to wrtng ghtgg ssays on

forgn ols 14 Th capagn sought to rpac a fora an rrlant Marxswth a Chns Marxs; n ong ths Mao chapon lnts whch atr bca stnct to Chns MarxsLnns no taby cntralzaton an th ass n both of whch wr ackng fro Sot Marxs A corolary to ths was th hanng of tcal ffrncs wthn th party n a nonont annr.

Th rct targt of ths Rfor Mont was th C ntrn an Stalns agnts n Chna spcay Wang Mng Ths agnts wr known as th Rturn Stunts snc thy ha stuMar n th Sot Unon for a nubr of yars an ha bn snty th Contrn to or or lss rct th Chns Routon.Nss to say thos who ha bn on th scn for a ong pro an n th thck of th batts (such as Mao wr non too paswth th rturn stunts Sot soutons (fro Staln to Chns probs Al th spcfcs of th rfor ont ust b sn


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effrts t dvere frm nd undercu te vet mdels repre- seted b e returned sudens. Te mss le tself su t

s te rrelevnce f te fren Mrxsts t jude eer smene s flse Mrxst r rue ne e need nl t fnd u but s reltns t te brd msses f rers nd pes- ts (1

ltcl dfferences n te prty ere ls treed n yc srpl dvered frm te ussn mdel tln d c-ured te bt f rresn nd murdern s ppnents bu M stted ute penl n te refrm dcuments N mtter tm u re deln flse s f urt t nstll errr s t f te slest use nst e enem ns ur cmrdes nl des rm Te Cese Cmmunst Prt des n rel terrr fr nursmen t reles n ru ( All nlyses

f e refrm mvemen cnclude t s n pure f te - vet tpe n ne s mprsned r dsppered (17

Mre recent rns b bt te vets nd e Cnese me t cler e ve mdel nd utr ere t ssue n te0' s ecfctn Cmpn Te ffcl Cnese ccunt f te

str f e CC P stes t e cmpn s dreced nstdctrnres s represented b Cmrde Wn Mn erernt f e Pr's strcl experence nd culd nlyte rds r prses frm Mrxst rts (18 Wn M

mself leder f te retured studets lter mved te vetnn sdn n te n vet splt Wt e s rttenrecetl bu te ecfctn Cmpn s bvusly dsrted but prbbl nl prtlly s. Accrdn t Wn M cred n te cmpn tt ussn Mrxsm s] suble nly fr led n te ussn revlun nd.nsutble fr ledn e rld nd te Cnese revlun ndJ t te ledersp nd sssnce f te Cmmunst nernnl t e Cnese Cmmunst Prt s etrel rn n nl nvld nd neffecve' bu even

rmful (Mre recenly bt e bref 100 Flers cmpn f 1d te Culurl evlun f te lter 0' s cn be cnsdered n brd utlne s recfctn cmpns Bt ere effrs educte d free te prt frm ve mdels revmp utrty reltns nd n enerl del nternl cnflct nd bureuc- c n specfclly nn ve mnner Ts s penly sted n te 100 Flers cmpn nd n M s mrnt r On eCrrect Hndln f Cntrdcns mn e Peple Tese

ere

resnses e Hunrn revlun f 1, c ln t ures n Plnd pnted sme bsc fln te lnst ss- tem d burucrc At e ver mnmum t s e nblty receve dssen nd cnflc tu terrr nd repressn c fnll led n explsve stutn s n Hur M stedIf e persst n usn metds f errr slve nernl n

sms my led t te rnsfrmn f ese ntnsms

4


17/84

nto antagonss of a natonny ty as an n un gary." 20)

Th noton of nonantagonstc contactons" was not org nat by Mao but cnts togt on t Ts a at onc

ant tat conflcts sst n a socalst socty Cna an tat nsofa as ty wr non antagonstc ty coul b sol wthot olnc Ts was a sa on to t gula us ofrror by Stalns to sus conflcts Accong to Mao All attts to us anstat os o coc asurs to sttl ologcal qustons o qustons of gt an wrong ar not only nffct but aful cannot abols lgon by an strat c o foc ol not to bl n t cannot col ol to g u als ny o tan w can foc

t to bl n Mas only way to sttl qustons of an ologcal natu of contosal ssus aong t ol s by t ocatc to t to of scsson of ctcs of suason an ucaton an not by t tho of cocon or r sson. 2

Th Cultural Roluton s too cnt too colx an too ob scur to scuss at lngt t can b sa ow that n a broa sns t was attn on t ous ctfcaton caagns a ast catonal ffot ct at tansfong ngran

habts authoty latons cultu an so on ust orcoh wong tnncy of so coras to slgt th ologcal cltual an ucatonal font 22 uc a oga s loyal to a ao concn of Mao a concn wt cultu an conscousnss rytng wc t baucatc aoac nglct o su rss To look at tngs an not ol s to o an nffct job " stat Mao 23 T ont was to uno sons not fo abo but fo blow by fasonng t as an conscousnss of t asss Ts gat task of tansfong custos an hab

ts s wtout any cnt n han stoy 2 Ently thCultual Roluton was also uc o tan ths t was astuggl o oltcal an conoc ow wt t fcaton ofMao Tstung us as a !

On ts last ont not what Ega Snow attbut to Mao: tha h cul a bn ncssay so as to stulat t asss to s antl an ncust buaucacy Of cos t rsonalty cult ha bn oron ccorng to Ma It was ar th Char an sa to oco t habts of tr osan yars of rorworsng taton Th socall Four ras thos thts a to Mao slf: rat Tac rat Lar rat Su Coanr rat lsan wa a nusanc. Ty woul all b lnat soonr o lat." 2


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Ecoomic Dffeece ilizio

I i ecoomic ogizio ppoc o iilizio Cia a igificly epae fom e lii moel. ii wiely ocmee fc. of e ecooic ce a impac o ocil poliicl ogaizio e le will loepa fom e lii moel. K. . Kol oli coolei ia wo oe Ci obee Ueibly e Moiike al oe Commi e bee coiioe by iy logyea of iim. I impoe o em wy of og a lagagemeo of lyi iepeio " B e oe i i

moe fcae eliy iof ei ecoomic licy i oalii. I i impoible fo o beliee ee i Ci - ybi liim c be eece o ecoomic be iclly ifee fom oe li we o ebli" (26)

e oie lii moel of ecoomic ogizio i oiae wi e coceio of eoce i ey iy moe e pee o ey iy i cpilim. i icle eplicio of e fee iegl o cpili mfce lckf picipaio by woke iecy a of expe ec

94950 cco o e oow of e Ciee icoy Riagee o coc iil i i Ci fom op o boom ui which wol fige i Cia fi ieYe Pl. e oie moel w e gol e mea.

Diaifcio i e oie moel e fom ely 953 oppoiio o Ko Kg oem mgeme. eoema mgeme" ie em fom li combie "li e m bie oem mgeme fo collegimm ageme. e poiio pee i ee e fom e o

fifee me o e bo of combie We co go o mgig i wy (27) em mgeme w eblie moemphaiclly i Mci he cee of Ci' ey iya of i' gee iflece e omi of Ko Kg.e oppoiio o Ko wic filly ee im w i ewo of oe ly he a bee oo zelo i pomoighe oie moel of ecoomic eelopme wic feae coceio o eay iy elie oomy fo pofeioalmageme." (28)

Aley i ee ye e ope ck w lace o eie moel of iilizio wi i commme o ey iuy expe iecy ec. e ec bega fo a lee oe oe wic ee paiipaio ecealizioig iy e m fco ec. Mao wiig fom e mi950 c e Ge Relaioip " gge iifciowi oie iilizio "We e o epee e mikeo ome ocili coie wic ce exceie imceo ey iie e expee of lig iie gicl


19/84

ure (29 Accordng to Jack Gray, tere were two roads durng e frst FveYear Plan On te one and, te orodo road, gvng te greatest possble prorty to modern eavy ndustry asthe man engne of growt Ths wa a varant of te Sovet road

On te other and, tere was t alternatve represented n Cnay Maos deas, wc sougt to put te development of heavy ndustry n te contet of an respondng to, te attempt to n crease and dversfy producton n agrculture to moblze local savngs and labour to dversfy te rural economy ; to create ntermedate tecnologes (3)

It would be too smple to clam tat later developments notably he Great eap Forward te Communes, and te Cultural Revolu-

on were only logcal progressons of tese frst departures from Sove models of ndustralzaton t s true, however, tat tey followed te same contours empass away from eavy ndustry and toward ntermedate tecnology efforts to overcome expert/ worker dvson, poltcs n command, etc n sort tey steeredCna on a course dstnct from tat prescrbed by Staln's proram for ndustralzaton For eample, one of te mportant n_ structons of te Cultural Revoluton, Along te Socalst or theCaptalst Road" (967 denounced rgtsts" for makng a fets f pyscal nvestment and tecnology, wle neglectng te role of extratecncal factors deology, entusasm, uman bengshemselves Te people and te people alone make story." Ts statement also called for te replacement of managers and tecn cans by revolutonary commttees, partcpaton by sopfloor workers, etc (3

Some recently publsed wrtngs of Mao are etremely eplct n he crtque of te Sovet model of ndustralzaton placng e resnsblty squarely on taln Tese wrtngs are readng notes, " apparently from te lae 95's, and are comments on var ous ovet publcatons ncludng taln's Economc Problems of

Socalsm n te USR" (952 Runnng troug tem s a constant reteraton of Staln's overempass on eavy ndustry Tese notes confrm tat Mao was a sarp crtc of Staln and SalnsmMao comments for nstance, tat Staln understood dalectcs butno very muc Te notes nclude some very suggestve remarks about te Sovet Unon

In dealng wt te contradctons between te state, te collectve, and te ndvdual Staln overstressed te

publc nterest at the epense of te ndvdual nterest and tereby planted te seeds for te subsequent exces sve empas on ndvdual nterest, n e form of materal ncentves wc s successors are sad to ave m plemented. As a result of tese and oter errors and de spte talk to te contrary, te Sovet Unon never realzed even a true collectve ownersp system (32)


20/84

hese remrs ie he ie the i f ure i iuit d refute simpisti is h ussi rei-siism eis ih Khrushhe

The ietChi if

i i is eer t s smehi u the iiere itsef As hs ee rued here i sme er fudmetrespes the Chiese eui th pe d impii dierd frm the ussi euti d per f deepme It is ft heer tht i the iie rif the Chiese he defeded

i ut s ted erier this is the voury f he ieChiese differee t is essee he prese differees theChiese he ih the ussis re t ruded i ussire ih i s pi r pst re hih hs urred ut rher stem frm mti f iter emi imperies d e deepmets i frei ffirs

T repitue he sdrd ftrue rxiseiist ier preti ti dies i 953 d Khrushhe mes seure his er se ith iet deuii f i t the ei- e Cress i 956 A the sme ime Khrushhe hmpis frei iies etri he reutir ussi d Chiese ps, suh s deteeto ith he West peefu rsiti t m- muism d reemets ith e Wes uer ms A f his sms f reisiism t the Chiese h ei defedi is reutir hr d pst the de erie sitis imperiism is pper tier he id is frm he esuer r is e et.

he re str is sme mre mpx As ed erier seer times the tism etee d i s fuded i is effrts t tr d mis) mmd he Chiese e-ui As sid t Edr i 96 huh the Cm muis Pr f Chi is memer f he Cm iter si this i sese mes ht ie Chi is rued s r heCm ier We re erti fihti fr emiped Chi ur the ur er t s 33 Heer i des seem tt this s tis im hee his id t Mhuri d K K fi he itr f the Chiese euti s dreted trii Chi suserie psiti.

Aut s id t huri d K Frz hurm hssted 1 As the iiet fi itesified e f the mst ehemet d persistet etis hured he Chiese ist he ussis s tht the st t tried t iterfere i iterChiese ffirs I ther rds the ussis ere ttempi tur Chi it seite Frm ht is f ti s e- hir i Ester Eurpe duri the sr perid it is uie ie th he tried ri Ci it te sme id f peri


21/84

r. I ) Ths s he Sliis ecyMreover he aegedy revision is po iy f Khrushhev deene

hhe Wes , wasno new bua cons ant fr om he Russi an revolu-

n hrugh the Salin year s From th e eary days, Russia sough

greemens wih hostie capialist neigbors. E. H. Car has..!ted h he AngoSovie ra e reay of March 1921 [andJheRpalo Trea y with Germany in he spri ng of 1922mark ed he be-

gnnng of a eriod of ipomai ativi y in which peaceful coex-

sen e w ih poenialy hostile capialis counries was accepe

s he immeiate goa of Sovie foreign poiy." (35 ) Thesiionost cosely ssoie ith Sti, socilis i oe courywas in fat a recognition ha revouion was not on the world's

ed

Chis iy iself, i pricur uri the yers of 19555, s oe of oois or oureois ios i 195 i sie rey of pecefu coexistece ih Ii d i 1955 heu Coferece se forh the pricipes of euris Aou

hs peri Scur ses, Like he Russis, the Chiese c- eped eurs s li stce d souh re of ree- es ih coutries illi o ccep i (6 The ourekof eic ith he Russis i the s1956 perio out eete ih he Wes s, for these resos, o sipe reur to soe

ure ureisioist Siist (or Chiese) forei poicy rther is ppris of e situtio This e situtio s defiedy he fct ht e Russis h orited the first ert seie deeope the ICBM issile cple of eieri ulers oer lo ises

I is irt to ote ht foeipolicy csiderios ere he ieite cuse of Chiese disstisftio ih Khrush- he ith Khrusces deucitio of Stli Iitilly, i fct he Chiese suprted liited itio o Slis ley ihi

he Couis oeet This icy eere flloi Khrush hes speech, he the Couist orld s rocked ih ier fc ich iclue reouio i Hury d rios i Pohi d Mo seeed recepie to soe of he teps o rek y fro Russioie Couist oeet iii y supporte Gouk d the oio of uliy o soilistios. (7) Itely Chi refleted tis se licy his s he period of Mos O the Corre Hli of Coritios hih expliciy etioed Hury d ipicily referre to he

fiure of St o e ith cofic s el s he perio of herief) 00 Foers here soe disse d disussio s eure.

I te 957 hoeer, tere s h c e cled "left ur Chese policy ot ierlly d exterlly erlly he suio seee o e oe of ecooic ecessiy Russ fi- l i h eer ee lre, d he Russi odel of iustri- zi i ot see o e seri Ci el Iustriizti


22/84

was procedng oo slowly; as Mao staed, we are an outsand ng people wt a very long sory, yet our seel outpu s low we mus catc up e sall catc up wt Brtan n een year

(38) Ts nsued e Great eap Forwar wc soug on te

bass o a delberately nonSovet approac laborntensve projects, decenralaon, ntermedae tecnology rapdly and urously to ndusrale

More or less a te same e, tere s a le urn n oregn polcy, nauguraed by Maos amous speec ta e Eas wnd prevals over te es wnd As noted above ts was nspred by te new weapons, especally e BM, wc Russa ad jus esed and wc alered te balance o orces am o te opnon at te nternatonal suaon as now reaced a new turnng nt

Tere are two wnds n e world today

Te East wnd pre vals) over e est wnd 39) Mao slged te dangers o a nu clear olocaus eactly e concern o ruscev and te Rus sans Accordng to Mao, a oregn statesman ad told m a an aomc war was oug, e wole o manknd would be ann lated sad tat te wors came o te wors and al o manknd ded, te oter al would reman wle mperalsm would be raed to te ground and te wole world would become socals (4)

Te res o s sory canno be told ere but evdently a coll

son course was set ruscev was anous o work out a deente wt te es and an agreement on nuclear weapons; ts was no real s rom Salns oregn polcy Te nese were anous to acqure nuclear weans rom te Sove Unon, and n bo n ternal and ernal polcy were movng le An nal agreement on sarng nuclear tecnology beween Russa and na ad been sgned; but gven e ncreasngly mltant nese pronouncements on war w te es, and ter apparen nderence to te uman cos o nuclear war, ere was obvous reluctance on e Russan

part o carry troug Mreover, t was a prerequste o detente wt te est tat te spread o nuclear capablty be stopped or,more eacly, tat Russa deny nuclear ad to na , as Scur mann sates, Te great blow a sparked e splt between na and Russia came n June 959 ruscev suddenly normed te nese tat, as a condton o detene wt Amerca, e was un laterally abrogatng te nuclear sarng agreemen o October957. (4 Naturally s was regarded as a great berayal by eCnese: te sellng ou o a socals country so as to come to terms wt an enemy

Itshouldat leasbenoed, however, hathis Russianacionwas

no completely unfounded A he ime, it seems, hedangerwas

hat the USA would provide nuclear weapons o Wes Germany

ussia feared most ofall the remilitarizaion of Germany, which,

i should be recalled, invaded Russia in both World Wars. There

waslittlethe Russians wanedless hannuclear bombsunder West

German control. It thismayhave been he trade-off" wih


23/84

e UA nclea ams wld say es Gemany an CinaMeve Mas lse al ab e pssible cnseqences n clea wa bvisly did n endea im se w geninelyeaed i Ma saed a e esl a nclea wa cld mean a n e debis impeialism e vicis peple wldceae a ly beail e emselves (42 Te Rs sians may ave g n wi easn a ae e nclea wa ee wld be n sc beail e

In any case is isse med e e invie i wic was cmpleed seveal yeas lae wen scev sd denly and wi nice widew all e Rssian ecnmic advi ss m Cina Te debae cse did n emain n is single pin deene and nclea ageemen wi e es; b is was e saing pin and did inse many e e isses.

Fm e Cinese pin view e Rssians in psi deene ennced spp evlinay mvemens inclding Cina isel In is sense e Rssians wee e evisiniss cam pining peacel c eisence ae an amed sggle N ma- e w is cnlic is appaised i seems clea a neie side cld legiimaely appeal sme alinis plicy since e si ain wi nclea weapns was essenially new B i anying i was e evisinis" Rssia a was ms lyal alins legacy in eign plicy.

Tis is n say a ee wee n legiimae easns eCinese appeal alins pas; ee wee. Ma and e Cinese wee geninely sced a e scev dennciain alin; n s m becase ey deended alin weve as becase ey ad n been niied in advance Tey cnsideed is acins a vi lain Cmmnis slidaiy and ne ei cages againsscev was aile cnsl wi e aenal paies in advance. Meve i seems a Ma el smewa vlneable e cages cl e pesnaliy and neman le

wic scev ad accsed alin A elecin is was e delein Te Tgh Ma TseTng as e icial pay idelgy m e pay cnsiin in 95 6 (43 Tee was an e nealy pesnal edge e cnlic Ma and e Cinese igly el a wi e dea alin ey wee e ldes andms impan Cmmniss ey wee e veeans m e 9 2's wile is geneain ad passed m e scene in Rssia

Ye scev essenially a nbdy wi n eal evlinay pas w was nly a sbdinae alin dennced alin and

cmpleely eemped imsel Tis e Cinese appeaed as e eig disnesy as i was and a cmplee vilain e gidelines ciicismselciicism Meve is nbdy veysn began ea e Cinese sabbily; e insled e cmmnes e Gea eap Fwad eeed ecnmic pesse and e neged n a nclea ageemen s as sign ne wi a capialis cny i all is i is ndesandable aalin began l


24/84

ood to the Chnese and tha ther own crtcsm o hm becameuted To those unamar wth the hstory o the Com ntern andhe Chnese evouton Chnas quaed deense o Staln s un-ortunatey taken at ace value

nay t shoud be noted that recent deveopments n Chnese

oren pocy put n doubt the meanng o the Sovet/Chnese rtor at east ts current meann It no onger seems that the ussanrevsonsts are the only ones champonng detente and searchnor alances O course, no snge act o oregn pocy can beudged n soaton nor do any one or two necessary consttute arend but t does seem that a seres o Chnese actons has marked cear retreat rom the purty o an antmperast stonThs s symbozed by the Chnese contnung ceebraton o Nxon

Other actons can be added that suggest a change n oregn -cy: or exampe the Chnese suprt or Pakstan aganst the rebeon n Bangladesh No matter how ths s slced t seems thatthe Chnese preerred a unted Pakstan as a buer aganst a hos-te Inda In derent terms they suprted a dctator over an nsurrecton, and that ths may have been a conused an contradc-tory revot does not decsvely change the story Chnese ad to theC eylon government s also consstent wth ths moded oregnpocy n the Ceylonese rebelon they joned wth the SA, the

SS and Brtan all o hom had ther on reasons o helpngo put down the revot Chou Enas messageto Srmavo Bander-anake o C eyon smacks o the language o the estabshment Were glad to see that thanks to the eorts o Your Excellency andthe Ceylon government, the chaotc stuaton created by a handuo persons who style theselves Guevarsts ' and nto hose ranksoregn spes hav sneaked has been brought uner conrol (44)The denuncaton o Guevarsts s a ong ay rom mperasms a paper tger

Ths lst o recent Chnese oregn pocy shts can be extended eg ngoa It does not necessa rly mean that Chna has be-trayed ts revoutonary rsponsbltes It oes suggest, hoever,that the terms o the Sovet/Chnese spute ere ore a sokesreen than a reaty or at he very least, were partcular to thepost1956 years but have lost ther eanng n the 970 The Sov etChnese conlct must be reevauate t sply cannot bemantaned that the Chnese always an everyhere support revoutonary strugges and the Russans o not o nterpret the Nxon

st to Chna as a bo or beraton and Nxons vst to Moscoas proo o Sovt revsons, s not dalectcal but conusedthnkng In the past uch o the paralss o the Comunst pates as due to ther ness eense o the Sovet Unon thsparayss s not reversed by the ness eense o Chna


25/84

OOTNOTES

C P Fitzrald THE BIR OF COUST CHINA (Pn 964) p 2 B hwa CHISE COUNISM AN T OF MAO (Hr &

Row 967) p 63 This is old (95) but still o t luacots o arlir ars st su o whol rvolu L Bico OGINS OF THE CN REVOLUON (o UP 97)

3 R Nor MOSCOW CHINE COMMU (o UP 96) p 4 st accot o is at is in H Iaacs TRAEY O

CHNE REVOLUTION (ord UP 96; rt iti 9) Wn k was wrin Isaacs was sti t Trots For or a hncls a critiqu o Trotsk's sit s C Brt STANS FAIURE IN

CNA (No 966)5 J Ch'n MAO AN C REVOLUON (Oo UP 965) p

346 Chn p 27 A CUTARY SRY OF CHI COUNI C Br

(Anum 966) p 3 Coar ition i A CUNTARY SRY i at u

LECTE EINS FROM WOS OF MAO TTUN (Foi Pss Pking 97) p 2

9 For l o naonalism in Chins rvolon s C A JPEASANT NAONASM CONIST WER (o UP 962) or

a partial bl s M ldn NAN WAY (Haa UP 97)0 Nor, MOOW A CHI COMMU p 22 C P Fitzrald T BIRTH OF COMMU CHINA (Pnin 96)

p 972 M Alis V orgiv T PPCAL VWS O MAO

TUN (Pgrss Publications sow 97) 64653 ldn, E YENAN WAY p 90 E CAL THOUGHT OF MO N S hram (Pra

gr 969) p 2 is is xcllnt oll whih is bas on oxts i not oicial csod vrsions ng b hram is wo ring s his biogrh M\O N (Pnguin 96) (wri wi

Carrir dEncauss) MARXISM AN SIA (ln L 969)5 Cit in J P Harrison N MARCH WER (Prar 97)

p 3466 MOS CNA PARTY REFORM CUMEN 9424 B Con

(Univrsit o Washingon Prss 9) is is a vr usul volu7 discussion in intuction MO 'S CNA C n

YENAN WAY p 96 Schram MO p 2229 Wang M CHINA CULTRAL REVOLUON OR COUNTERVOLU

TIONARY COUP ? (Novost Pss Agn scow) pp 464720 Ci i M ldn TEARY INT IN COUNI CNA (Har

va UP 67) p 2 On Corrt Hdling C AS p 4322 IMORTNT CUMEN ON THE GEAT PROLETA CULRAL

REVOLUTON IN CHINA (Fori nag Prss ng 970) p 523 S hram Cultural Rvolon in Hisrical Prstiv AU

THORITY PARTICIPATION AN CUTURAL CHANGE INCHINA S hra(Cambrid UP 973) p 79 is is xclnt accot


26/84

24 PEOPLE'S DAILY, ci in R lon MAO'S REOLUON CHINESE LICAL CLRE (University of Califoa ress 1972) p 489

25 K. Mhnert CHINA RETRNS (Siet 1972) p 19726 K S Karo CNA : THE OTHER COMMUNISM (Hi & Wang, 96) p

21 Ka is one of e few China visirs to pursue activey e questo of Ch

na's defense of Sn27 F hurmann IDOGY AND ORGANIZATION IN COMMNIS CN

(University of Caornia Press 1971) p 2798 P Bridam "Factionaism in e Centra Coittee n P AD

ESHIP RVOLUTIONRY WER IN CHINA, . J wis (CadUP, 1970), p 209

29 J Gray, e Chnese Me in CIALIST ECONOCS A Ne(Penguin 1972), p 499

30 L Wheelwrit B McFare THE CNE AD C(Monhy Review Press 1970), p 126 ff

32 All qons fm R vy "New Lit on M, CNA QUARRLYNo 61 (March 1975)3 POLICAL THOG OF MO p 41934 F hur THE LOGIC OF WORLD WER (Paneon, 1974) p 244 35 E H Carr, T OCBER EOLUTION (inta 1971) p 8336 F hurnn T GIC OF WORLD WER, p 33737 Se D Zaa THE NO-IET COFCT 195661 (Aeneum, 1964),

p 56 ff e aso, for alysis documents W Grii, T NORIF NOET LATIONS (MIT Pess 1967)

38 Schram Cultural evolion in AUTHOTY, PARCIPAON ,p 52

39 Zoria T SINO IET CONFLICT, p 16040 hram, M p 29141 hurmn, THE GC OF WRLD POWER, p 30242 Schram MO, p 30243 hram Cutura Revouon in AUTHORITY, PARTICIPAON ,

p 4544 Chou Eni, leer to Sirivo Bandaranaike NEW FT REW No

69 (ptct 1971), p 91

R USSELL JA COBY i the author of SOCIAL AMNESIA: ACRITIQ OF COORMIST PSYCHOLOGY FROM ADLER TLAING. He i ao a member of the Red Book colctive "n Cambge,Msachusetts


27/84

n our cuent issue (no. 8Har Chotiner: The American Revolution and teBicentennial

Lo uis Menashe The Problem of Solzenitsyn

David Febach Toward a Marxist Theory of GayLiberation

n forhcoming issues:Richard Lichtman Marx and FreudA seies of aticles on Afo-Aeican politics, histoy,

and culture

SOCIALIST REVOLUTIONGEND UBSNG CMNY

6 SNCEZ STREETSN FRNCSC CFRN

NEADDRESSCTY STTE/Z Subscription (6 issues 1 oreign subscription 11 Singe issue ontribution Jaes Weinsteins Ambiguus Lgcy 3 wit subscription


28/84

Rose Hl co-der of ve Amean Ve88e (SA sqres off th be secutyofer who ttempts unsucce88y to concte her bnner on the moing of theUS.S r '8 depent e bnne ead8, ood k on you aptin ue msn " December 5 1974


29/84

The GI Movement Toy:The Volunteer Armed Forces

And Movemet i the Raks

L b

S

As cnty as mid 974 many antia citics of t ountmy pointd to t dangous iiood of a pofssionaizd so-dey, a sma, sted cad sti foc discipindnd igy motiatd Today, many of t miitays tougened

hdco a aing Sgt. Roc o Easy Company cant ac teopofi pactim mission and t substitution of pay scaso patiotism. Ony t Sgt Bios main, t ons o und-stand tat top sgants may ad in atim, but in pactim tymnag T toops ty manag consid tmss gonmntepoys in unifom, and oftn o sidbysid it ciiianmpoys of t Dpatmnt o Dfns (DoD Wit ciiian andmiitay pay scas no ind by a t aady fuzzy in bten t citizn and t sodi as bn bud n fut

On of t nations agst pubicmpoys unions t Amicandation of Gonmnt Empoys (FGE as quic to tadantag of at it cad a community of intst btn DoDemoys in and out of unifom and announcd ast summ tatt intndd to stat a sodis union in ugust 976 Wat as inndd to b a pofssionaizd miitay may soon bcom a miiay o oganizd os

7


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oe ie o oninue bo h he wr nd he drf, but only rie The longer he wr lted, he ore people quesioned gov ernen oliy People que ioned he governen s right o tny quesioned he governents rgh o drft young men nd end hem off to wr The iliry n riulr ws eperiening

I rii of legiiion, nd the sw th fro drft motiv ed wrie ry to n llvolunteer eeie fore beme ne esry onession to he niwr nd nidrft movemens

I ws he GI ovement h beme he ri l pressure from wihin whih evenully won nuber of reforms in the terms of lry serve Consder Nvy Cpt Jk Cldwells sense of he GI moveent of tht perod He is Chief, Operions Center the Sureme Hedqurers of the Alled Powers of Europe, n ereely hghlevel st In he ls 2 yers lrming hnges

hve ken ple in ll of the US rmed fores sndrds of perne, ourtesy, disipline performne ombt effetiveness, nd loyly o the ntion hve suffered stedy del ne D eserton nd drfdodging were eused s ev dene of h gher morl ty Srong ledership ws out Rp sessions were in Durng the wr n Vietnm, sbotge of sh ps nd rrft whih hd been ourring n the Nvy for some tme shrply nresed On bord ship, severl mutines ourred These mut n es, lled r os by the press, were fomented by minor ty personnel nd were

generlly unpunished " (ARMY TM S MAGAZIN, July 23, 9 5 Fed wh hese problems, the miltry hd o hnge t eper mented with n ombudsmn system t Fort Crson, n unpree dened grevne system for lowrnkng enlsted people whh deended on demortillyeleted brrks representtves A young enlisted mn held the ombudsmn pos s h s sole m ltry resonsiblty nd hd the power o bypss the h n of om and nd lk diretly to the bse's ommndng offer One Pentgon observer, Colonel Robert He nl lled th s system of sov ets bsed on the Bolshevk model n the Nvy Admrl Zumwalt eeriented with loosen ng up of the regultons govern ng en listed people s personl lives dress odes hiruts, leve and libery oly These two preVOLAR eperments nd doens of ohers, were for the m l try proess of sortng out ust how farhey hd to bend n order to wn bk the ooperton of those n he rnks

TH MLTARYS N FORM MAKNG TH TRANSTON TO VOLAR

The volunteerfore onept ws the nme atthed to two rel e hnges n the orm of the m lry elm nt on of the draft nd lberlton of the terms of miltry serve, espelly the onditions of work These two hnges though, ould not onfl t wh he eqully neessry overhul of the mltarys se and


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stucue. I accoace wt e miitay s ew msso of com-aeaiess, te Navy was allotte a moe mpo tat ole, e sie of te stag amy was timme 4% te eseves weeeefe up a soles jobs wee tue ve to cvlas weev- e possile. Te Amy was ow committe to fgt oly / was,

evise owwa fom /, but a alf as may soles to o i wt. I sot VOLA plaes a lttle maeuveabty Wle tei assgmet was to emate te bass fo u est te aks, ey st a to ecut eoug soles to fll te ostes as welas cofom to ote cages wic we e o less pessg Te cages wic wee eque te mltays buget, sze, tems of sevice, ecutg a eteto, ofte pouce ew poblems o agg avate ol oes VOLA as woke oly i a lmtesese.

Buget. (l Te Cogessoa avesaes of te Petago s mis- siofstes ae te youg, mostly Democatc, wastewatcfuuget fste s. Tey ague tat efese, lie ay ote tem i e atoal buget, as to make o wt wats ssble to fu.Miltay ecesstes ae ot of ei coce. Te yealy spg me itual wc fs tese two stags ockg os ae te Co- gessoal eags o te efese buget

Defese outlays (all fgues epesse tems of costat o

as we e lowe Fiscal Yea (FY 974 a FY 975 ta i ayoe yea sce 97 A compa iso of efese epeitues FY 969 a FY 975 eveas te same t e a % eucto ov-

e si yeas. te last tee yeas DoD outlays ave staye at appoimaely te same level. Futemoe, we DoD speig s measue as a pecetage of tota US output (GNP, te DoD s shae as bee eclig sce te Koea wa. I te last eight yeas it as oppe fom 9. 3% to 6%. We DoD speg is measue as a pecetage of e atoal buget, its sae ecle

om 4% i FY 966 to 5% i FY 976. By mi 97 fee al outays fo social pogams (come mateace, ealt, eucato, etc supasse miitay speig as te lagest sigle categoy of oulays i te feeal uget. Sice te te gap as oly wee. Te fact of te DoDs ecliig sae of te atioal buget i-cates tat te mltay s ot te politcal eavywegt t s cacke up to be.

But wat appes to te moey tat te Petago fally gets ts as o ? Sice 968 te pecetage of te mlitay s outlays e vote to pe soe costs civia a mitay payoll, fam y housig, PX susiies, ealt se vices wet up 5% eve toug e total umbe of DoD employees wet ow 3% Toay 57 outof evey DoD ola goes o pesoel costs Wit tese costs sg at te same tme tat teD buget emas faly costat ove te last tee yeas, ote categoes ave a to sqffe.eseac a evelopmet p ocuemet (cut to af ts FY 969 eve a opeatos a mateace ave bee especally ut


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hese reds wihi he miiary ude are i par a prdu he las deade of srule ewee he mmad ad hse h fihe ras hese oflis eher wih he ed f he dra aue he Peao o mae he erms f servie mre favrale hefirserm soldier his sraied a already sreamlie DD ud-

e ausi heir eisi physial pla ships plaes uil i s deerirae, ad delayi ew srui u he re ihi he D D ude als iesify he fli While a a y ahiis mae sars ou eari au fur imes wha he wuhave reeived i 968 e is liely e se sea a hiry- yearold airraf arrier, plaued y roedw iers a a iadequae pars iveory S he wids up wri l er ad harder, uder diios ha e wrse, eer he resul haee a wave of proess ad some ouri h muiies ver issues reaed livi ad wori odiios

DD Sereary Rumsfeld s proposals for he FY 977 D D ud-e are a aemp o reverse hese ude reds Fir as par he urre oservaive oueraa o overme spedir sial prrams, Rumsfeld alls fr a larer DD udeWihi he ude he is asi for us i persoel ss, a ramai oss fr proureme 37%) ad researh ad devep-e (5%

fa, i he urre fisal year he verme has areay ried free sme DoD fuds y ui a eefis ised GI f all pliial shadis ad eperiee have' ee plesedih his ree ur of eves, whih iluded elimiai f heI ill fr reruis wh si afer July 1975 radual reduis iverme susidies whih i he pas had ep s ehaeries lw ourih refusals pay already prmised reelismeuses sali dw of he rae of iremeal pay ireaseress ad he Peao have ried o eplai he us as e- mizi measures via fr aioal seuriy u day' s - iers are he hampios of aial seuriy hey e were

espeially sie ha eoomizi is a heir epese I Rumel uesis lead a furher delie i elised pepes sadar livi, oday's rumli i he ras uld eme omrrwrar

Size rp sreh for he aiveduy armed fres has eeashed 0% sie 968 Reserve sreh i 97 was dw y rom 970 levels aial Guard sreh remaied sa

er he same perid he Army was u aou i half ad he resu y au a hird Par f he impa of hese us was uffere

y he iviliaizaio f may jos ha sodiers used hld fa iviias ow mpse he ul f he Army's emplyees ia e peraios, researh ad develpme supply ad maie-ae

ui a roop sreh may have resoved sme pres,u i eraily has reaed ohers Coressial hearis r he


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v s 1 96 budget revealed severe problems in 36 out of 86ings (job ctegories) in erms of overall manning firsttermeention nd career manning." n fact so many Nvy senior pettofices have quit that they have left 42%of its shps and squadrons

in stte of marginl combtreadiness." The ob ratings thatre critically short are those involving dirty work like mchnistmae and boiler technician and those having no complement in thecivilin economy like gunner s mate Even though other ob categories have more than enough people to fill them the Navy has aough tie switching people around On enlistmnt a savvy recruitcn specify in the enlistment contrct which ob he or she is will-ing o perform. orcing I to work outside his or her specialthas been interpreted in the courts as breach of contract Add to

hi he highl specialized and technical nture of many of thesejobs and you can see why the days of the interchangeable I are athing of the past.

Cuts in personnel strength have been matched by reductions ineuipment The number of planes in the Air Force rmada hseched 30yer low And mny of those on the inventory listscn t get off the ground When the Air Force was told to deliveranks and guns to Israel i n 1 3 it discovered that 60% of theirnew C 5 transports and 35% of the old C 1 4 1 cargo planes wereinoperable because they needed maintenance or parts. In addition smaller number of technically more sophisticated planes isntnecessarily more efficient The Navys F4 fighterintercepter isnooriousl accidentprone in addition to costing several timesmore than its predecessor. The Navys fleet now numbers 492ships roughly 320 ships below the minimum it sas it needs to dois job. If the ry to keep old ships afloat they risk spectacularccidents and dissatisfaction among the crew. But if they decom-ission their old vessels they only increase the workload on heships which remain All new construction is ver expensve espe-cill of the modern nuclearpowered ships. But building moreeconomicallyinclined conventionallypowered ships is unproducive in the long run since they become obsolete ooner.

Internal refor ms Even before the official inauguration of VOLARin June 93 the military began to institute hundreds of new poli-cies directed at internl reform Sweeping pay raises and bonusesfor enlistees in less popuar specialties were among the first TheArm allowed slightly longer hair while the vy tolerated beards

nd longer hair in a variety of styles. The Navy lso switched tonew dress uniforms that make all enlsted men nd women looklike junior offices Most services tried to substitute sitive re-inforcement for negative punishment in basic training drawing onnew advncements in industral psychology and behaviormodificaion techniques. New dormitorystyle buildings which llow formore privacy have replaced many older quonsethut barracks.


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rmy Wants To Jon You We Pay You $350 A Mont To Learn New Sk Te once controversa concept of equa pay for equaork, wheer ts one by workers in or out of unform, has nowecome accepte Soon after Congress autorize te icy of

omparabty (equa compensaton between feera empoyees anmpoyes of prvae frms, tey extene te cy to ncueedra empoyees n uniform If any GI a oubts about wat isr her empoyment status ougt to be nenture servant or fera emoyee ts aw erase tem Those n te ranks soonook p te fgt to turn soerng into a job ke any oter In facthe efense Manwer Commsson surveye saiors n te Sane area n the spring of 5, an foun tat unres over icyhanges an benefit cutbacks was so g tat

te iea of unon

aon came up frequenty In ate June, te Amercan Feeratonf Government Empoyees (FGE announce ter intent to startnoning GIs Tese events hen examine aongsie te tougtsan actons of enste peope an enste mens wves, revea aew tren Te Vetnamera GI movement as been transformey VOLA a set of poces t epe prouce nto a fferenmovement VOLA as combine wit oter canges in the mitarys form an functon to create expectatons among enstepeope an enste mens wves wc t cannot fufi eform

movements are te resut tey are strugges for partia an oftenreaabe mprovements n vng an workng contions pay anenefts an soca servces

Recruiting. Wt te en of te raft, recrues a to sign upone out of every tree pyscay n menay quafie noncoege maes No peaceme American mtary a ever a to ohs before In fact, for te first ten monts of te VOLA experim nt, recruirs for a servces faie miseraby ut as unempoymen fgures soare an te numbers of men an women inunform pummete, recruters foun temseves meeting teirquotas y FY 95, tey more an met teir quotas, an in aiton mprove te menta an mora quaty of te recuits

Te new poo of recruts tens to be more eucate, a itte oer shty more rura ess wite, ess mae, more marri anvery unempoye We ony 5% of enste peope are femaeabout 0% of te FY 95 recruits were women In te ast threeyears for exampe, te number of women in te Army as sot uphree tmes Te vast majorty are n te four owest pay graesespte cams to te contrary, most enste women win upworkn as meca or enta tecncans, amnistrative cerks,or msceaneous workers

About % of a enste GIs are ack an te percentage aseen ncreasng grauay since 968 ut te fgures are far fromeven servce by servce ack enste personne make up about% of the A rmy, but ony 0% of te Navy Concentration by ob


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ter is mm Witi te Arm B sdiers mde u f mbt rms eistmets i te first f f 9 te v sterds (te ffiers buters d iters used t eB. mst re iipi. As i sme dut sttis ieKre s m s f te eisted puti is B f Wite

Miitr reruiters re mpeti it ter pui drivte empers te pe br mret Eve it te e mi situti fvri tem te miitr s d t udrueits dvertisi budet d bst its reruiti stff substtif bd times re d times fr reruiters t i te d e

uptur mes Te ve tried t ver tis evetuit b eim ti te ter eistmet tereb extedi te etf m firstterm e istmets Tis devie i e usi te first b but t d mu mre Te reet dismti f te

eetive ervie Admiistrti m prve t be ver ti misti mve.

eteti Tis fiure mesures te umber f epe reeist It iudes pepe reeist fter servi e term(t t six ers s e s tse ve reeisted sever times befre (reer perse. t surprisi te et siders te reteti rte e iditr f te miitrs etA reteti rte mes tt tried d uified trs re evi d te st f tis sied br dri is ermus

A servies suffered frm ver reteti rte duri te r ers ie te e d f te r d te strt f te emi sump, reteti s vst imprved Te Arm fr exmpe reeisted 0% mre me d me i te first six mts f 9 t i te sme perid f te previus er.

Cress s eped ude reeistmets b pssi teeetive eeistmet Bus At f 19 But e it sti it dre tse buses fr sme b teries ut beefits d irese rss te brd, d estbised pesi sedue tt eured er retiremet m reeistees beme dis eted it miitr servie d ues but te future. Tse it sme e f etti better de utside te miitr eft Tse tried i b speities it ivii uterprt et t reer users d prepred fr teir trsiti t e emer Oters eft tive servie fr iti i te reservesWe te em pis up m mre disruted s it uderte ers servie i eve Eve m f tse reeist veee i ved i sme ti miitr refrm strue d st euse te disie t its tem utside eve mre

TH E OOITIO MOVEMET I THE AK ICE VOA

As te miitrs frm d fu ti ed s did te mve met i te r s et t mst bservers it ppered s if te


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movement had disappeared atogether If he msscircuationmagaines and newpapers ohered o cover he miiary scene ata, they rered ups and downs in recruiting satisics, or harm

es accouns of the Navy s first women o e assigned o ship duy.ditors ignored the movemen in he ranks ust as hey ignoredhe rank andfie movement in aor n contras the eft presswas certainy incined o cover he opposiion movement in theranks ut acked he means to do so The nework of efteaningI support proecs coffee houses ok sores newspapers,counseing ceners had not adaped we o he postceasefireavouneer force When ha network disapeared so did henews sources The resu of his informaion drough wa he appareny sudden ransformation of a ush and ooming I movemen into a deer Was this reay he cae ?

The Penagon s own staisics revea some evidence o the conrary Since 96 he Marine orp, Navy and Air Force figureso n asenteeism (AWOL ! asent without eave cimed amot wih-out interrupion By mid974, he Marine orp AWOL rae was64% higher, and the Navy's 300% higher, han heir repective war-time 970 rates Strangey he Armys rae decined seadiy inhe same period perhaps ecause i was he ony ranch in 970whose ranks were fied with drafee The servicewide averageis a is highes eve in modern hisory (6 incidents per 000 en-ees in FY 97 ormaria and nonudca punhmentrae have remained at warime eves Arice s (nonudiciapunihmen impoed y a commander wihou ria have cimedseadiy in he ast three years, and now and a 0 per 000troops one of the highes raes on record Bad discharges (any-thing ower han honorae have ao cimed In FY 97 nearyone out of every eigh s reeased was suck with a ad dischargeaso a modern record

VOLAR panners hoped ha eiminaing he draft woud asoeiminate he rouemakers They carefuy poted the raio ofinduced recruis o thoe who aegedy signed up of heir ownfree i By 974 they shoud have een ae to reathe a sigh ofreief as he as drafee and drafmoivated enisee eft theranks Today hat s igh of reief has ecome a sigh of despair Aas,even uicy paycheck and uicier onuses have een unae o uymotivaion or esprit de corps

The staisics proay refec a convergence of two rends On

one hand reations eween he command and hose in the ranksare rained Any instiuion hat has o rey on punishmen andpunitive firings and uffers from unprecedened aseneeism is inroue On the other hand Penagon officias have defended hecourtmartia and puniivedischarge figures as a heathy houseceaning They argue hat VOLAR's recruiing successes now a-ow them to weep out rouemakers from the ranks In fac theArmy has een honoray discharging etween 200 and 1 700 re


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uis ah monh un a nw poliy ha s sgn o o xalyha.

Bu h movmn n h anks has on mo han gs isissasfaon y vong wh s f n spi of h shnkingnum of nws sous aiviss n an ou of unfom n SanDigo Nofolk V gna Okinawa Washingon D Bln anlswh hav hlp us nfy h followng ns

hallns o a sminaon On of h fs aks inVOLARs faa ou n Oo 973 whn naly 200 Blakan Puo Rian sols of h 2n nfany Divson in Koasimulanously ook ov uilings on nghoing ass na hKoan DMZ Th Pnagons aoun of h vn was ha aioing was sa y a lak soalis lu Thi spons waso oa many of h sols in h mos oulsom uns ako sasi ass W inviw a ozn of hos sols a hSF Innaional Aipo Thy foun h Pnagons aoun laughal an ask Now how an you all a a o whn all ofus h goup nlu Blak Puo Rian an Wh solis)w fighng ogh agans h MPs ? Thy jok aou howing hi op sgan hough a aaks wnow an hn mon-sa a spial hanshak a ap hy ma up Two fingslok knukls knok lows ump as hy xplan wasa oss wn a lak pow ap an a pa sgn Daps ausually xhang only wn Blak s so his was am upso all h ls whav hi olo oul say hy

In un 974 naly 8 wmn lf h aiaf ai USSMway in s h n Yokosuka apan as ppa o sail foa Paf us Th muliaal goup was l y Blak anPuo Rian sailos n an anmlay nwspap pou yavss wh Paf ounslng Sv n Yokosuka hy xplain hi mans whh inlu n Miway asm in a-

ss oumaal snns uy assgnmns pomoons; im-pov lving an wokng onons ; sop g ualiy; liv hapain of his omman; sop hompong a poliy whh ha has hom as shf fom San Fanso o Yokosuka.

n anuay 975, Blak amn an WAFS womn in h AiFo) a h Sagi A ommans Mno Ai Fo Bas inNo h Dakoa ook ov a nng hall o all anon o a isimnaion on as an n own All 27 su n foing has omman o kon wh hm as a sngl oy a pou

sily foin y DoD gulaions No hags w flTh npnn movmn of Blak an Puo Ran Is hasollow appoxmaly h sam lin of vlopmn as h Blakan Puo Rian movmn ous h mliay : mans foequal amn affimaivaion pogams an i aionagains ais simnaion This paalll vlopmn is no ainin u a logal onluson of a miliay ma up of ii


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zesoldiers Populr movemens in civili sociey re reflecedwihi he miliry For exmple, he whie bcklsh which heBoso nibusig moveme represens hs is miliry couerpr oo seimen mong brod secors of whie enlised

people h heir Blck peers re benefiing from reverse discrimiion.

Chllenes o womes oppression, While he miliry is no hediscriminiofree insiuion i clims o be i hs hd o bedo he demnds of he women who re now rushing o join Thewomes movemen hs mde sizeble den Women recruis run,jump, hurdle d climb heir wy hrough he sme bsicrinigprogrm s me, excep for hree ddiionl progrms rpe pre

venio, birh corol, nd grooming Elised women hve o kenidepede cio o issues of priculr relevnce o wome, l-hough hey hve priciped i oher ypes of fighs Rher i iswome who re mrried o firs nd seconderm enlised menwho re newly rdiclized force o be reckoned wih Thesewomen hve been he ceer nd in he led of wo of he mosimrn cmpigns o de he VR BOu movemen o regi hereelisme bouses Congress illeglly wihheld, nd he A Vcmpig o preve he siling of he U Corl e see below)

I boh isces, hese wome refused o suffer silenly ndpushed heir demds even he expense of he miliry mission.oe for now re he dys whe he commnd could cou on loyl wife o sed her husbd off o sixmoh cruise erful buproud o mke her scrifice for he beefi of niol securiy

Helh d sfe issues Chllenges o he sedy deeriorionof livig nd working condiions hve coniued hrough he Viem er nd mouned in he hree yers of VOLAR Mrines i

Okiw risked muiny chrges in conducing work refusl juso ge oiles repired nd he islled in heir rmshckle brrcks ilors on he submrines U ook d U Hddock,silors ssigned for reme o he Nvl Drug Rehb Cener isouhern Cliforni women whose husbnds were sioned o hedesroyer U Robinson, d crewme o he U Fox remog hose who hve clled enion o hese problems Those ohe desroyer U Agerholm, he U ere nd he U C hicgo promped by dngerous livig d workig condiions, hvewrien nd disribued heir ow udergroud ewsppers Thepges of he Diegobsed Ceer for ervicemes Righsewspper UP FROM HE BOTTOM re covered wih leers dews ricles from reders descriig he hzrds

I December 194 some U. Corl e crewmen nd womewhose husbds were sioned o he ship opposed is deploymeuil living d workig condiios were improved The crew expressed heir dissisfcio by kig uuhorized bsences, co


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uti o soos o efuss he eess ei hie ith ots i the food es i the hu ie i the ttesses, the ce s tios ee uesteBut ht de the deptue of the cie coteste pui issue s oiztio of o oe th eihtee oe ho

ee ives, ifies d etives of Co e ee es eeses i efets the oe si tht the ship s otseoth the vs udet of the Co es coditio o thee s o eso h the ship shoud ot e put itoo fo jo epis efoe sii o its ext cuise hiethe e of thei oiztio ve Aeic esses (A )eee tiid ptiotic thei chee to the vs uthoits ot The oe theed 00 situes o petitios sttitht the ship shoud't si uti it hd bee epied The petitio

ee set to Coess the chce tht the oud oveie thevs odes

Ecooic issues I Auust 19 eisted e d thei ivesfoued oriztio to i c eeistet ouses hihee ie deied Coess to 28000 v techiis he v ecruits sied up fo the uce poe o dvceeectoics pos the ere poised ouses up to $6000he the copeted thei fouth e of the sixe po

ue 19 Coress eiited ost of the ouses etoctive d dstic educed the est Eve thouh the ve-et cked out of its ed of the eistet cotct, it sti cosideed the cotct idi o those ho sied ios d theiives ized coutettc i isco, Lo Bech, ieo, ewpot ews iii Chesto, outh Coi, dHoouu, Hii foi chptes of sie oriztio ceRBOut The ded s sip, Give us bck ou vie eeistet bouses o et us out for bech of cotct " Echchpte iitited w suit, d soe picketed bses d ecruiti offices The suits e to icude ove 00 pitiffs d echhpte hd t its core roup of t est to doze e doe The RBOut chpters hve hed toethe ove the eihteeo oths of e proceedis, d cotiue to ock the vsot eve tod

Chees to estrictios o eso fedos The oveetfo ihts hs joted of the coutrs schoos chuches, puic d pivte epoers ke to this reit of ife oeve the iitr is bei oused fo its subes eve if t isi up up To AC esbis, PC Bbr Rdoph dt ebbie tso, ere booted out ith essthhoobe dishres fter ki their sexu peferece ko, eve thouhoth ee cosidered ode sodiers b thei iedite supei-os Ai oce Techic Seret Leod Mtovich s o the


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oe of TIME mgzine fter musteing up enough courge tome pecedent cs out of his own punitiv dischrg Mtlovichecounted the showdown with his commnding officr in n inteiew with Andrew Kopind in NEW TIMES (88/75 Wht th hell

does this mn ? his CO blutd out fter rding Mtlovich somingout ltte It mens Mtlovich sid sting stighthed Brown ersus Bord of Eduction. " Open chllngs liethese e re but only the wellnown signs of mssiveessisib netwo of brs clubs nd newsppers which mep the ghettoized gy militry subcultue.

Two othr suculturs Blcs nd dop cultur orintdWhites hve wged fight of thir own over the Army s haircutpoiy Admittedly GIs ll though the sixtis complind of th

shothir icy Only since mid74 though hv thy mde politil issu of it Throughout the NATO commnd in Europdiscipline ws dy so lx tht th brss decidd to ty to holdthe line nd enforce th shorthir requirmnts. In Britin Airoe Sgt Dn Pruitt publicly rfusd ordrs to cut his hir andimmeditely won th hrts nd minds of US soldirs throughoutEurop Athough h ws sntnced to the stockd nd kiced outwith dishonorbl dischrg his suprtrs considrd his un-ompromising stnd victory in itslf Othrs soon followed Dri Smith young blc womn refused to tk off hr Afroig young liutnnt Mtt Crroll, won normous support forhis refusing ordrs to gt hicut PC Lou Stoks fought to kphis shouldrlngth locs; Bbett Peyton fought to kp her hirin conrows Th most importnt cse ws tht of eight Gs sttioned in Berlin They got signturs of support from on out ofeery thre of th 3500 GIs sttiond in the city nd wr bckdby Dutch soldirctivists who srved undr th sm joint NA TOommnd.

LONG AIR ? SO WAT ? " vs. OUR INTERPRETATON

The thrd tht wves ll ths fights togthr is tht thy rl redfining in ction how much itizen nd how much soldirthe GI ely is Th stnding rmy ws foundd on th concept ofthe citizensodir OLARs mssg tht soldiring is just jobie ny othr hs hlpd blur th line ven further Th movmnt

in the rns is now ttmpting to ers it ntirly Sgt Dn Pruittemd Thy force us to look diffrent (from ciilins) nd tryo me us diffrnt W ar not This is more tu at home wherwe my be enggd in domstic wrs aginst our brothrs nd sistes PC Lou Stoks offerd his intrprettion IA citizen doesnot cese to b a citizn once he becoms soldir but bcoms asoldie becuse h is a citizn

Een within th Pntagon itslf thr r critics of OLAR whowondr if this is an rmy tht cn fight whn clld upon to do so.


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Colonel Roert Heinl writing in the SATURDA V NNG POSTAugustSeptemer 94 , pointe to what he terme a very Amerian misoneption ongre an the ountry seem to elieve thatthe only prie we nee to pay for a goo volunteer Army is in ollar The har reality i that laking morale iiplinepro-

esional selfesteem an attleworthines the Amerian armyin its present state will not e fit to fight half a war let alone onean a half nor woul it e if it ha 33 /3 ivisions an anotherthouan perent military pay raise n the solier heart liethe wellsprings that make him fight : isipline loyalty unit priespirit Thee are the very thing our postVietnam Army is strug-gling har to regain an the fiel of attle where the eiion willbe reahe is not Germany or Fort Benning ut still an alwaysas General Arams knows the olier ' heart "

What Colonel Heinl i s talking aout is a vauum of motivationan an inifferene to the militar miion t is te militarysequivalent of inustrys lueollar lue" mae famous y youngworkers at GM' Lorstown plant f enliste people an enlistemens wive have anything to fight for it is themselves LikeLorstowns reel everyone is looking out for numer one Thisattitue i expree primarily in the oure of aytoay reformights These ontets o not in an of themselves ontain any inherent hallenge to the mission n fat it's not so farfethe to

imagine a Korean warera omat unit emaning the replaementof their ommaning offier eause hi ugment uner fire waspoor But toays Gs have onsistently suorinate the militarmission to their own nee an esires although they by no means

General your tank Is a mighty vehicle.It smashes down forests and crushes a hundred menBut I t has one defect : It needs a driver

General, your bomber is powerful-It flies faster than a storm and carries more than an elephant

But It has one defect : It nes a mechanic

General a man Is ve usefulHe can fly and he can killBut he has one defect: he can think!

Bertolt Brecht


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nended o do o aher n he coure o puhng her own de-mand, hey evenuall reach a in where hey have o decdewheher o keep puhng i i mean ha he mion i impared.or eample, omen whoe huban were on he S.S Coral Seawere old by he Navy ha puing he hip no ryock or reparwa mpoble becaue no oher carrer wa available o ake iplace The women were no much mpreed wih h lne o rea-onng and old he Navy heir mion would u have o wa.I precely h el o bale" where Colonel enl know hePenagon ill long

A a reul, he Penagon ha had o rely on a very mall numbero pecally raned an highly movaed Specal orce eam ocarry ou enive miion like provng raning and upror Marco counernurgen roop n he Philppne. They illhave no large orce capable o carrying ou a uained hough lm-ed nervenon .S. Marine pu ahore on a Camboan landdurng he Mayaguez even, or inance were beed by Cambo-dian orce The S. roop were young, ineperenced, poorly lepoorly norme, an more care han moivae. The irornenanry dvion lke he 82n hch raned n he Calornadeer or a mock nvaion o Perolana, are no prepared or a

real rial by ire A Jame Serba o he NEW YOK TIMES wroela ummer, would almo be a hame o ak he Army o puall progre o a e by orerng o go ou and gh a war

SOME POBLEMS O ACTIVISTS

Wh he comman connung o moernize, an wh he AGEchedule o begn i rive or a oler ' unon n he all, be-come all he more imporan o uneran how hee rend

owar reorm ll aec GI ' aude owar he purpoe o heirwork. The comman uneran ha i only capable o carryngou i mion conlic ihn he rnk conined ihin reaonable boun. An ha conlic can only be conane when hemiliary mion no unaccepable o a large number o enledpeople I aion, hey an he comman mu come o erm onhe coniion uner hch he m on i o be carried ou Whenhoe erm are in queon, conlic reul which make ulllnghe m on ne o im ible The LONDON TIMES reached a

imilar concluon n an arcle on he growing oler movemenn Europe There alo he queon o he reliabiliy o he con-crip hemelve I hey are no prepare o cu her hair, oro be on uy a he eeken, i hey ini on holng demonra-on, ring amphle an ormng rae union, can hey berue o igh, or carry ou oher milary ue when orderedo do o ?

Movemen hch challenge he purpoe o he miliary can onlybe ucceul i hey aain ome organizaional orm Ye he


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/

pocss of builing hos foms is also h pocss of suggl orlimi improvmns wihin h prsn orr. How ls is thatpinc o b acqui ? Baracks commis an baswiis of barracks rpsnaivs w crat b Amican soldirs uing h Back Hom Movmn a th n of Wol Wa Throughou Erop an h Pacific ths commis link upusing h miliars own communicaions an transpoation sstms. n massv an illgal monsraions th flaunt thiw in h fac of isss bas commanrs an Prinialicts Dsp th govrnmn's insisnc ha h sa n posiion to psrv h S g in h mging col war Is fught an won h right to com hom. Bu th collciv xpincqui to cra hos commits was acqui uring th Ioganizing ivs bfor h war Man of h Is involv in thBck Hom Movmn ha participa in hos ivs an havinl not fogon h lssons lan in ha fight

Two istinc approachs to I wok hav volv sinc thasfi an h incpion of VOLAR largl in rspons o hispoblm of h rlaion bwn rfom sruggls an challngsto h militar mission Th firs approach is ga owa poducing popagana which criiqus h miliar mission and paslittl atnion o h mor munan movmn o improv h condiions of work h scon buis is citiqu o h mission an

its own poliical prspctiv an insa publicizs an suptsjus abou an movmn fo parial forms h wo approachs hl o b muuall xclusiv.

Th spaaion of hs wo appoachs rsuls in no stag atl Thos who appl h fis purl antiimprialis pspctiv unabl to gow bon small propagana collctivs which atac likmin nlis popl who go on o o mo f thsam. Bcaus h writ off all movmnts for paial rfomsh on't paicipat in hm an consqunl hav no ffc o

thi vlopmnt h main puists of sorts an wih th n th wa xrcis vituall no mass influnc On h oth handhos who appl th scon fom prspciv wihout vloping citical sanc of thi own inpnn of th movmnt in thnks a also suck Th hav no wa o brig th gap bwnh aoa movmn for rforms an hir mo longangjctivs. So h conribu lgal ai laflts mimo mahins an a fw books on socialism an hop hv hlp outin a goo figh. But might no ha figh simpl sp up th mili

s own mornizing ffos ? Wha if som goup of sailosith h hlp of hs wllintntion but uncitical actiists initits a campaign o coc flagant violations of saft rgulins a th comman insta f puting up a figh hals thiniiativ maks h impovmns an in h pocss wins thspc of thos in his comman ? Insa of limiing th ffctivss of h miliar insa of woking to cra solis ogani


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aons c sand ousde and pposed te can command e oa mpac o ese acvss uncrca parcpaonas been o make e mary run more eceny

e AFGEs prosed sodersunon drve ms just ver eoron Because s a cange n e srucure o e reaton eteen e GI and te command s a muc more sgncan reorm an a smpe cange n cy W s srucura reormbrn e opposon movemen n e ranks no e AFCIOod, and oong e prncpe o comanagemen subec tesoder o ye anoer can o cmmand ? Or e drve ead a broader and deeper radcaaon n e ranks, ne c exceeds e ms o e A FGE s orgna nentons ? e oucomes no one c can be seed y cassc ormuas

In France e soders movemen as been gtng o a yearo n e rg o orm a unon Sunned by e unons o eFrenc Communs and Socas pares, e soders receved eesan suppor o e CrstanDemocrac rade non Federaon (C FD e ar e s e ny coeren ca orce csuppors e soders nave Is mans o nsde and usde e army ave or some me parcpaed n e movement orsoders rgs No er eors are dreced oard gvng or a srucura reorm a unon ancapas and an

mars conen In e Neerands, an organaon o socassoders (BVD orks nsde e enyearod conscrpts unn(VVDM pusng or beer erms o servce and condons o orkand ousde as e, quesonng e NAO aance and e purposeo mananng an army useu ony n e even o cv ar

Here ed do e o eed e eampes o e Frenc and Duccomrades e e European poca cone s vasy derenrom ours e probem o reorm and revouon n e armedorces s e same or em and us Ho ese bu n e process o

sruge are od abs saken, deas resaped e baance o cassorces aered ne nsrumens o srugge orged ? s peranso css srugge n e mary as does o a n any oer nsuon. e no ave an opporuny o sape e deveopmen oe vouneer armed orces Te AFGE drve s ony e mos recen epresson o a oporuny e aenaon o ensed peope and ensed mens ves rom e purpose o er ork ander dssasacon e condons o ork and e erms ose rvce no concde a sca crss o e sae c ms

e mary's opons Add o s pcure a mary c asbeen deeaed n Indocna umaed n Europe and deegtmed' ome and VLAR's vuneraby becomes apparen I remansor us o ake advanae o s opporuny e ass


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OOTNOTE

Because is secion ars e opsie of wa many ef-wing ciic ofe D bt ave ard, a more deai eaion of ou souces andcaries is in ode. Te figures were ten fm SATSA AA

O T . 975 S pan of ommece, Bueau of e Budge vaius House nate Ard ices ommiee eaings on e FY 97 andY 977 D bt; S. NEWS & WRLD E Augus 8 975 oge Areeman T GRWTH OF AAN GOVENNT A GY FT WELAE STATE (tanford nivesiy Hve niuion es, 97p 0527.

or e ntaion of tre in e edea bet, d D and domcroram os see reeman, ave. o reaed aysis of Fedea gtrends te reaion of D ouays domeic ouays, see ames onr T IAL RISIS OF AE (New York : St arins es, 973

The eoretica poac bt anaysis i sumied in e eface

James Oonr's THE ORORATIONS AND A (New Yok aerCon, 974) p 05 deve e fuy in i FAL IS F TESTATE

e catery of defense outays descris ac endiues fo miiayrsonne, eid pay, opeatons mainenance, pocuemen D&E, mry consrucon, famiy ousing civi defense miiay assisance I doenot ince gss obigations incurred but no snt, e NASA bud o epecentae of foei aid or inst on e nationa deb atibuabe miiycons o past wars e ames e, "apiist anning and iiyEeitures REVEW OF RADAL AL EONOIS (Fa 974) 69 fo rsuasive aumens incude tese caegories wen deemin

te size of te miiy bget and is iact on e economy e er er, d are at a ouays for veans affais od c we Ye even if ese factors inced ey affec ony e ie e iry bt, t e tnds is decining sae of e GN de era bget, is decine reative e dosc-outay ion of eedera bget

e authors have been active the sors' and vetrns movents in Okinawa, Cafo and the Paci Norhwst. Thy nd

oters are now starting a newspper directed toward the anti-militryoveent in th aed forces, and are interestd in involngeinded peop Send comments and questns to thm car ofRADICAL AMERICA

4


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Poems to Battle d Help He

" . ,

'

46

NJ.


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N.J the author of INS URECTION/ES URECTION: A POEMCYCLE TO BA LE AND HELP HEAL, om whh these photopoems are repnted. He a member of Working Peops Artts(P O Box .0909, San Francco, CA 9.140) whh publhed the book


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Th hv dWkg Wm, 190520

Bobroll

The liberation o women require among other thing thatomen be encouraged to develop their bility

radical america - vol 10 no 3 - 1976 - may june

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