Radiation in Universities

By: Ferdos Albayedh

Instructor: Dr. Thomas Tenkate

Outlines !  Introduction

!  Overview of the Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Encountered in Universities

!  The Source Encountered

!  Who, What and How?

!  Type of control measures associated with X-ray machines

!  Recommendations for management

!  Summary

Introduction

!  University is a place of education and practice. The use of technology takes place in the development of education and the learning process.

!  Technology could include the use of Radiation for medical reasons, experimental and research purposes

Overview of the ionizing and non-ionizing radiation encountered in Universities

!  The difference between ionizing radiation and non ionizing radiation: !  Non-Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that carries less

energy can only excite the water molecules, when it’s equal to 1216 kJ/mol.

!  Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that carries more energy than 1216 kJ/mol can remove an electron from a water molecule.

Overview of the ionizing and non-ionizing radiation sources encountered in Universities

Ionizing Radiation

Non-Ionizing Radiation

X-rays

Microwave Radiation

Infrared Visible

Sun

Radio Waves

Microwave Oven Cell Phone X-ray

Machines

Laser

Laser Devices

UV

Biological Labs

The Source Encountered

!  One of the sources encountered is the medical X-ray machines, such as Radiography and it produces X-ray type of radiation.

!  The medical X-ray machines are used for patient diagnostic purposes.

!  How does the medical X-ray machine work?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Mi8tqGQlo

Who, What and How?

!  Who is exposed to X-rays?

!  What is the limit of radiation exposure?

How are the risks of exposure assessed?

Exposure: 1 x unit= 1C/Kg air

Absorbed Dose (D): 1Gy= 1J/Kg,

Equivalent Dose (H): ΣwR x DR,

Effective Dose (E): ΣTwTΣwR x DR

Type of control measures associated with X-ray machines

!  The most used instrument to measure the exposure or the dose generated by an X-ray source has an ionization chamber detector, which is:

The Personal

Dosimeters

Recommendations for management

Summary

!  Radiation can be used for medical reasons, experimental and research purposes in Universities

!  Universities encounters ionization and non ionizing radiation.

!  X-ray workers are limited to an exposure of 20mSv and the general public is 1mSv.

!  Personal Dosimeter is the most used instrument to measure the exposure.

!  Guidelines to meet safety and accuracy.

Bibliography !  X-Ray Safety Manual. (2007) (1st ed., pp. 7-12, 14,17, 27).

Toronto

!  Ccohs.ca,. (2013). Microwave Ovens and their Hazards : OSH Answers. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/microwave_ovens.html

!  Chemed.chem.purdue.edu,. (2015). Ionizing Radiation. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/radiation.php

!  Dictionary.com,. (2015). the definition of visible radiation. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/visible-radiation

!  http://www.dosimeter.com/electronic-dosimeters-readers-telemetry/rad-60r-personal-electronic-dosimeter/. (2015).

!  Ehs.utoronto.ca,. (2015). Radiation Safety. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://www.ehs.utoronto.ca/services/radiation.htm

Bibliography !  Lucas, J. (2015). What Are Radio Waves?. LiveScience.com. Retrieved 4

December 2015, from http://www.livescience.com/50399-radio-waves.html

!  Study.com,. (2015). Infrared Waves: Definition, Uses & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/infrared-waves-definition-uses-examples.html

!  Getdomainvids.com,. (2015). x ray system - get domain pictures - getdomainvids.com. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://www.getdomainvids.com/keyword/x%20ray%20system/

!  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Mi8tqGQlo. (2013).

!  India Smart Grid,. (2012). http://www.desismartgrid.com/2012/07/india-smart-grid-task-force-isgtf-key-recommendations-and-further/.

!  Dosimeter.com,. (2015). RAD-60R Personal Dosimeter. Retrieved 4 December 2015, from http://www.dosimeter.com/electronic-dosimeters-readers-telemetry/rad-60r-personal-electronic-dosimeter/