rabies in south asia - epidemiological investigations c.k.singh and b.s. sandhu rabies...
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RABIES IN SOUTH ASIARABIES IN SOUTH ASIA- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATIONS
C.K.Singh and B.S. SandhuC.K.Singh and B.S. Sandhu
Rabies Research-cum-Rabies Research-cum-Diagnostic Laboratory, Diagnostic Laboratory,
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Animal Sciences UniversityUniversity, , LudhianaLudhiana , , Punjab, Punjab, INDIAINDIA
[email protected]@gmail.com
Talking from highest Talking from highest prevalence of rabies in prevalence of rabies in EurasiaEurasia More than 20,000 human deaths occur More than 20,000 human deaths occur
every yearevery year 17.4 million humans are bitten by dogs in 17.4 million humans are bitten by dogs in
India every yearIndia every year Over Rs. 1200 crores are spent annually on Over Rs. 1200 crores are spent annually on
post bite vaccination assuming about half post bite vaccination assuming about half of the exposed do not get PETof the exposed do not get PET
Over 15 Crores is spent on PET in farm Over 15 Crores is spent on PET in farm animalsanimals
The StudyThe Study The study was conducted on brain The study was conducted on brain
tissues collected from a total of 356 tissues collected from a total of 356 animals including 231 dogs, 79 animals including 231 dogs, 79 buffaloes and 46 cows.buffaloes and 46 cows.
The brain tissues of only those The brain tissues of only those animals that were suspected to be animals that were suspected to be suffering from rabies clinically were suffering from rabies clinically were included in this study. included in this study.
Impression smear from hippocampus of a rabid Impression smear from hippocampus of a rabid dog showing magenta colored intracellular Negri dog showing magenta colored intracellular Negri body (arrow) in a neuron. Seller’s stain x875body (arrow) in a neuron. Seller’s stain x875
Section of Hippocampus of a rabid dog Section of Hippocampus of a rabid dog showingshowing intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic Negri bodies intra-cytoplasmic eosinophilic Negri bodies ( arrows )( arrows ) in neurons. H&E x875in neurons. H&E x875
Incidence in animalsIncidence in animals
SuspectedSuspected ConfirmedConfirmed 356356 201 201 231 dogs231 dogs 128 dogs 128 dogs 79 buffaloes79 buffaloes 44 buffaloes 44 buffaloes 46 cows 46 cows 29 cows 29 cows
Initial Signs of RabiesInitial Signs of Rabies
Rabid DogsRabid Dogs About half About half the rabid dogs go the rabid dogs go off feedoff feed & show & show
change in behavior change in behavior few few exhibit exhibit feverfever. . Ocular Ocular involvement involvement is is rarerare..
Rabid CowsRabid Cows Almost every Almost every rabid cow goes rabid cow goes off feedoff feed and and
about half about half the rabid cows exhibit the rabid cows exhibit feverfever. . Few Few rabid cows exhibit rabid cows exhibit ocular involvement ocular involvement ..
Rabid BuffaloesRabid Buffaloes Majority Majority of rabid buffaloes go of rabid buffaloes go off feedoff feed and and
more than half more than half exhibit exhibit feverfever. . Majority Majority of of buffaloes show buffaloes show ocular involvement ocular involvement ..
Most susceptible Most susceptible Age/SexAge/Sex Incidence in higher in adult dogs (Incidence in higher in adult dogs (>3 >3
Yrs.Yrs.) and pups () and pups (<6 M<6 M). ). The incidence is The incidence is minimum in 6 M to 3 Years dogsminimum in 6 M to 3 Years dogs..
The higher incidence of rabies in The higher incidence of rabies in male dogs male dogs is largely due to their is largely due to their gregarious wandering and furious gregarious wandering and furious nature especially during breeding nature especially during breeding season. season.
Signs & Symptoms -Signs & Symptoms -Dogs v/s BovinesDogs v/s Bovines Only 24 percent rabid dogs show Only 24 percent rabid dogs show
hyper salivation hyper salivation that is that is characteristic for bovines. characteristic for bovines. So, So, Veterinarian need not look for clinical Veterinarian need not look for clinical hypersalivation while suspecting dog hypersalivation while suspecting dog rabies.rabies.
Only 30 % rabid dogs show Only 30 % rabid dogs show paralysisparalysis . . Paralysis is not necessarily Paralysis is not necessarily the end sign in dogsthe end sign in dogs..
Signs & Symptoms -Signs & Symptoms -Dogs v/s BovinesDogs v/s Bovines About half of the rabid dogs About half of the rabid dogs
continue to recognize continue to recognize their ownertheir owner Most rabid cows and buffaloes Most rabid cows and buffaloes fail fail
to recognize to recognize their ownerstheir owners
Signs & Symptoms -Signs & Symptoms -Dogs v/s BovinesDogs v/s Bovines
More than half (61%) of all rabid More than half (61%) of all rabid animals show aggressive behavior. animals show aggressive behavior. Majority of Majority of aggressive rabid dogs inflict bite aggressive rabid dogs inflict bite wounds wounds to humans and/or other animals.to humans and/or other animals.
Aggression of bovines is limited to Aggression of bovines is limited to inflicting trauma to themselves. inflicting trauma to themselves. No No rabid bovine ever bites rabid bovine ever bites other animals and/or other animals and/or humans.humans.
Bovines - SimilarityBovines - SimilarityBellowing in BovinesBellowing in Bovines Majority Majority of both cows and of both cows and
buffaloes (66%) reveal buffaloes (66%) reveal prolonged prolonged and prominent fits of and prominent fits of loud loud bellowingbellowing
Bovines - Differences Bovines - Differences Drooling Saliva -Drooling Saliva -32% v/s 32% v/s 86%86% Drooling saliva is often reported as Drooling saliva is often reported as
the characteristic feature in rabies in the characteristic feature in rabies in bovines bovines
It was found that hyper salivation It was found that hyper salivation was exhibited by less than half (was exhibited by less than half (32%32%) ) of rabid of rabid buffaloesbuffaloes
However, hyper salivation was more However, hyper salivation was more commonly exhibited (commonly exhibited (86%86%) by rabid ) by rabid cowscows..
Bovines - Differences Bovines - Differences Micturition in BovinesMicturition in Bovines Rabid CowsRabid Cows Reveal Reveal frequent frequent micturitionmicturition Rabid BuffaloesRabid Buffaloes Frequent micturition is Frequent micturition is not not
common common in buffaloesin buffaloes
Month-wise IncidenceMonth-wise Incidence Increased incidence in Increased incidence in dogs dogs was reported was reported
during January, February, July and during January, February, July and November. November.
Increased incidence in Increased incidence in buffaloes buffaloes was was observed during January to Marchobserved during January to March
Increased incidence in Increased incidence in cattle cattle was was observed during March, April, June, observed during March, April, June, August, October and NovemberAugust, October and November
Major Area of ConcernMajor Area of Concern
78% of 78% of owned owned rabid dogs rabid dogs were were not vaccinated not vaccinated prophylactically.prophylactically.
There is high incidence of There is high incidence of rabies in ownedrabies in owned/community /community dogs.dogs.
YearYear TotalTotalPositivPositiv
ee
SexSex Off Off feedfeed
ParalysiParalysiss
SalivatioSalivationn
AggresAggressivenesivene
ssss
FeverFever RecognizRecognize Ownere Owner
VaccinatioVaccinationn
Difficult Difficult standinstandin
gg
Difficult Difficult intakeintake
AgeAge
M FM F + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - <<66MM
6-6-12M12M
1-21-2yrs.yrs.
2-2-33
>>33
19951995 3232 17 17 1515
15 15 1717
10 2210 22 8 248 24 22 22 1010
6 266 26 12 2012 20 4 284 28 7 7 2525
6 266 26 1111 33 44 00 1414
19961996 2525 13 13 1212
11 11 1414
8 178 17 3 223 22 16 16 99
5 205 20 8 178 17 2 232 23 6 6 1919
8 178 17 88 33 44 44 66
19971997 3030 22 822 8 23 723 7 10 2010 20 8 228 22 15 15 1515
4 264 26 18 1218 12 8 228 22 9 9 2121
6 246 24 88 33 77 11 1111
19981998 1313 9 9 44
8 58 5 3 103 10 4 94 9 9 49 4 2 112 11 7 67 6 1 121 12 5 85 8 2 112 11 33 11 33 11 55
19991999 2828 18 18 1010
17 17 1111
8 208 20 8 208 20 16 16 1212
6 226 22 15 1515 15 13 1513 15 9 199 19 8 208 20 66 11 44 33 1414
TotalTotal 128128 79 79 4949
74 74 5454
39 8939 89 31 9731 97 78 78 5050
23 23 105105
60 60 6868
28 28 100100
36 36 9292
30 9830 98 3636 1111 2222 99 5050
%% 62 62 3838
58 58 4242
30 7030 70 24 7624 76 61 61 3939
18 18 8282
47 47 5252
22 7822 78 28 28 7272
23 7723 77 2828 8.68.6 1717 77 3939
Characteristics of rabid dogs
YearYear TotaTotall
SexSex Off Off feedfeed
MicturitioMicturitionn
ParalysisParalysis SalivationSalivation FeverFever RecogniRecognize ze
ownerowner
BellowingBellowing Difficult Difficult standinstandin
gg
AgeAge
M M FF
+ -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - <<66MM
6-6-12M12M
1-21-2YearYearss
2-32-3 >>33
19951995 1010 2 82 8 8 28 2 3 73 7 4 64 6 9 19 1 5 55 5 5 55 5 3 73 7 5 55 5 11 00 11 11 77
19961996 33 2 12 1 3 03 0 1 21 2 1 21 2 3 03 0 1 21 2 1 21 2 1 21 2 1 21 2 11 00 00 00 22
19971997 33 2 12 1 3 03 0 2 12 1 1 21 2 3 03 0 0 30 3 0 30 3 2 12 1 2 12 1 11 00 11 00 11
19981998 1010 4 64 6 10 10 00
3 73 7 4 64 6 9 19 1 4 64 6 1 91 9 2 82 8 4 64 6 22 00 11 11 66
19991999 33 1 21 2 3 03 0 1 21 2 1 21 2 1 21 2 2 12 1 0 30 3 1 21 2 2 12 1 00 00 11 00 22
TotalTotal 2929 11 11 1818
27 227 2 10 1910 19 11 1811 18 25 425 4 12 1712 17 7 227 22 9 209 20 14 14 1515
55 00 44 22 1818
%% 38 38 6262
93 793 7 34 6634 66 38 6238 62 86 1486 14 41 41 5959
24 24 7676
31 6931 69 48 48 5252
1717 00 1414 77 6262
Characteristics of rabid cows
YearYear TotaTotall
PosiPositivetive
SexSex Off Off feedfeed
MicturitionMicturition ParalysisParalysis SalivatioSalivationn
FeverFever RecognizRecognize ownere owner
BellowinBellowingg
Difficult Difficult standingstanding
AgeAge
M FM F + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - + -+ - <6<6MM
6-6-12M12M
1-21-2yearyear
2-2-33
>3>3
19951995 66 0 60 6 2 42 4 1 51 5 2 42 4 0 60 6 2 42 4 1 51 5 2 42 4 2 42 4 11 00 00 11 44
19961996 66 1 51 5 3 33 3 1 51 5 2 42 4 1 51 5 2 42 4 1 51 5 2 42 4 1 51 5 00 00 11 22 33
19971997 88 0 80 8 7 17 1 2 62 6 0 80 8 4 44 4 3 53 5 0 80 8 3 53 5 3 53 5 22 00 33 00 33
19981998 1212 1 111 11 12 012 0 4 84 8 2 102 10 4 84 8 6 66 6 4 84 8 4 84 8 6 66 6 00 11 22 33 66
19991999 1212 2 102 10 9 39 3 3 93 9 3 93 9 5 75 7 4 84 8 6 66 6 4 84 8 5 75 7 22 00 11 00 99
TotalTotal 4444 4 404 40 33 1133 11 11 3311 33 9 359 35 14 14 3030
17 17 2727
12 3212 32 15 15 2929
17 2717 27 55 11 77 66 2525
%% 9 919 91 75 2575 25 25 7525 75 20 8020 80 32 32 6868
39 39 6161
27 7327 73 34 34 6666
39 6139 61 1111 2.22.2 1616 1414 5757
Characteristics of rabid buffaloes